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Guo Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Jin M, Wang S, Du X, Du Y, Xu D, Wang M, Li L, Luo L. Emodin attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in neonatal mice. Neuroscience 2024; 554:83-95. [PMID: 38944149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) can lead to mortality and severe neurological dysfunction. Emodin is a natural anthraquinone derivative that is easy to obtain and has good neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of emodin on neonatal mouse HIBD. The modified Rice-Vannucci method was used to induce HIBD in mouse pups. Eighty postnatal 7-day (P7) C57BL/6 neonatal mice were randomly divided into the sham group (sham), vehicle group (vehicle), and emodin group (emodin). TTC staining and whole-brain morphology were used to evaluate the infarct volume and morphology of the brain tissue. The condition of the neurons was observed through Nissl staining, HE staining, FJC staining, immunofluorescence and Western blot for NeuN, IBA-1, and GFAP. The physiological status of the mice was evaluated using weight measurements. The neural function of the mice was assessed using the negative geotaxis test, righting reflex test, and grip test. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis in brain cells. Finally, Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, such as P53, cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2, in the brain. Experiments have shown that emodin can reduce the cerebral infarct volume, brain oedema, neuronal apoptosis, and degeneration and improve the reconstruction of brain tissue morphology, neuronal morphology, physiological conditions, and neural function. Additionally, emodin inhibited the expression of proapoptotic proteins such as P53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and promoted the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Emodin attenuates HIBD by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingxiu Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huimei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingrui Jin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunjing Du
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Danyang Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.
| | - Lixia Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Medical Association, Guangzhou 510180, China.
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Saha P, Ahmad F. Neuroprotective, Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrillogenic Offerings by Emodin against Alzheimer's Dementia: A Systematic Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7296-7309. [PMID: 38405501 PMCID: PMC10882671 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the major causes of dementia in the elderly and exerts tremendous clinical, psychological and socio-economic constraints. Currently, there are no effective disease-modifying/retarding anti-AD agents. Emodin is a bioactive phytochemical with potent multimodal anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrillogenic properties. In particular, emodin may result in significant repression of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying AD. The purpose of this review is to accumulate and summarize all the primary research data evaluating the therapeutic actions of emodin in AD pathogenesis. Methodology: The search, selection, and retrieval of pertinent primary research articles were systematically performed using a methodically designed approach. A variety of keyword combinations were employed on online scholarly web-databases. Strict preset inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select the retrieved studies. Data from the individual studies were summarized and compiled into different sections, based upon their findings. Results: Cellular and animal research indicates that emodin exerts robust multimodal neuroprotection in AD. While emodin effectively prevents tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomerization, it also mitigates their neurotoxicity by attenuating neuroinflammatory, oxidative, and bioenergetic defects. Evidences for emodin-mediated enhancements in memory, learning, and cognition were also found in the literature. Conclusion: Emodin is a potential anti-AD dietary supplement; however, further studies are warrantied to thoroughly understand its target players and mechanisms. Moreover, human clinical data on emodin-mediated amelioration of AD phenotype is largely lacking, and must be addressed in the future. Lastly, the safety of exogenously supplemented emodin must be thoroughly evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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Zhang H, Chen W, Li Z, Huang Q, Wen J, Chang S, Pei H, Ma L, Li H. Huannao Yicong decoction ameliorates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic mice by interfering with neurotoxic interaction of Aβ-tau. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116985. [PMID: 37532075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huannao Yicong decoction (HYD) has been used in the study of AD for many years, which consists of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., Acorus gramineus Aiton, Coptis chinensis Franch., and Conioselinum acuminatum (Franch.) Lavrova. Previous studies have found that HYD could reduce β-Amyloid (Aβ) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation which are the two critical pathological factors of AD. However, the mechanism of the neurotoxic interaction between Aβ and tau in AD remains unclear. Thus, the underlying mechanisms for HYD improving cognitive function of AD by interfering with the neurotoxic interaction between Aβ and tau remain to be explored. AIM OF THE STUDY The main objective of this study is to clarify the specific mechanisms of HYD on interfering with the neurotoxic interaction between Aβ and tau of AD both in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely model group, memantine group, HYD low-dose group (HYD-L), and HYD high-dose group (HYD-H) with 28 mice in each group, while 28 C57BL/6J mice as the control group. Gavage was applied to all the mice daily for 24 weeks. SH-SY5Y model cells overexpressing Aβ and tau proteins as the intervention object in vitro experiments. Morris water maze was used to observe the learning and memory ability of APP/PS1/tau mice. Aβ deposition was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were observed by silver staining and the levels of phosphorylated tau proteins were detected by Western blot. The GSK-3β and CDK-5 mRNA expression were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Besides, the levels of PSD95, GluR1, NR2A, and NR2B were detected by Western blot. Meanwhile, cell experiments were performed to further verify the effect of HYD on tau phosphorylation related kinases (GSK-3β, CDK-5, and PP2A), which further to clarify the mechanism of HYD intervention on the neurotoxic interaction between Aβ and tau. RESULTS HYD improved the learning and memory ability of APP/PS1/tau mice. HYD decreased the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 and inhibited tau hyperphosphorylation, which reduced Aβ deposition and NFTs forming. In addition, HYD inhibited the activity of kinases GSK-3β and CDK-5, and enhancing the activity of kinase PP2A. Moreover, HYD inhibited the overexpression of NR2A and NR2B, and increased the expression of GluR1 and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95). CONCLUSIONS HYD can improve the cognitive deficits by interfering with the neurotoxic interaction between Aβ and tau. In addition, HYD can inhibit the overactivation of NMDARs and increase the levels of GluR1 and PSD95, which may play a role in alleviating neuronal excitotoxicity and improving synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1 Xiyuan Caochang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1 Xiyuan Caochang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zehui Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1 Xiyuan Caochang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qiaoyi Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiayu Wen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road East, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Surui Chang
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1 Xiyuan Caochang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1 Xiyuan Caochang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1 Xiyuan Caochang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 1 Xiyuan Caochang Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China; Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hua Jia Di Jie, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, China.
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Zhao L, Zheng L. A Review on Bioactive Anthraquinone and Derivatives as the Regulators for ROS. Molecules 2023; 28:8139. [PMID: 38138627 PMCID: PMC10745977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, which are often found in medicinal herbs. These compounds exert antioxidant-related pharmacological actions including neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammation, anticancer, hepatoprotective effects and anti-aging, etc. Considering the benefits from their pharmacological use, recently, there was an upsurge in the development and utilization of anthraquinones as reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulators. In this review, a deep discussion was carried out on their antioxidant activities and the structure-activity relationships. The antioxidant mechanisms and the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of both natural and synthesized compounds were furtherly explored and demonstrated. Due to the specific chemical activity of ROS, antioxidants are essential for human health. Therefore, the development of reagents that regulate the imbalance between ROS formation and elimination should be more extensive and rational, and the exploration of antioxidant mechanisms of anthraquinones may provide new therapeutic tools and ideas for various diseases mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- Tianjin Renai College, Tianjin 301636, China;
| | - Lin Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Litke R, Vicari J, Huang BT, Shapiro L, Roh KH, Silver A, Talreja P, Palacios N, Yoon Y, Kellner C, Kaniskan H, Vangeti S, Jin J, Ramos-Lopez I, Mobbs C. Novel small molecules inhibit proteotoxicity and inflammation: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's Disease, healthspan and lifespan- Aging as a consequence of glycolysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544352. [PMID: 37398396 PMCID: PMC10312632 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation drives many age-related, especially neurological, diseases, and likely mediates age-related proteotoxicity. For example, dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), cerebral vascular disease, many other neurodegenerative conditions is increasingly among the most devastating burdens on the American (and world) health system and threatens to bankrupt the American health system as the population ages unless effective treatments are developed. Dementia due to either AD or cerebral vascular disease, and plausibly many other neurodegenerative and even psychiatric conditions, is driven by increased age-related inflammation, which in turn appears to mediate Abeta and related proteotoxic processes. The functional significance of inflammation during aging is also supported by the fact that Humira, which is simply an antibody to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a, is the best-selling drug in the world by revenue. These observations led us to develop parallel high-throughput screens to discover small molecules which inhibit age-related Abeta proteotoxicity in a C. elegans model of AD AND LPS-induced microglial TNF-a. In the initial screen of 2560 compounds (Microsource Spectrum library) to delay Abeta proteotoxicity, the most protective compounds were, in order, phenylbutyrate, methicillin, and quetiapine, which belong to drug classes (HDAC inhibitors, beta lactam antibiotics, and tricyclic antipsychotics, respectably) already robustly implicated as promising to protect in neurodegenerative diseases, especially AD. RNAi and chemical screens indicated that the protective effects of HDAC inhibitors to reduce Abeta proteotoxicity are mediated by inhibition of HDAC2, also implicated in human AD, dependent on the HAT Creb binding protein (Cbp), which is also required for the protective effects of both dietary restriction and the daf-2 mutation (inactivation of IGF-1 signaling) during aging. In addition to methicillin, several other beta lactam antibiotics also delayed Abeta proteotoxicity and reduced microglial TNF-a. In addition to quetiapine, several other tricyclic antipsychotic drugs also delayed age-related Abeta proteotoxicity and increased microglial TNF-a, leading to the synthesis of a novel congener, GM310, which delays Abeta as well as Huntingtin proteotoxicity, inhibits LPS-induced mouse and human microglial and monocyte TNF-a, is highly concentrated in brain after oral delivery with no apparent toxicity, increases lifespan, and produces molecular responses highly similar to those produced by dietary restriction, including induction of Cbp inhibition of inhibitors of Cbp, and genes promoting a shift away from glycolysis and toward metabolism of alternate (e.g., lipid) substrates. GM310, as well as FDA-approved tricyclic congeners, prevented functional impairments and associated increase in TNF-a in a mouse model of stroke. Robust reduction of glycolysis by GM310 was functionally corroborated by flux analysis, and the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG inhibited microglial TNF-a and other markers of inflammation, delayed Abeta proteotoxicity, and increased lifespan. These results support the value of phenotypic screens to discover drugs to treat age-related, especially neurological and even psychiatric diseases, including AD and stroke, and to clarify novel mechanisms driving neurodegeneration (e.g., increased microglial glycolysis drives neuroinflammation and subsequent neurotoxicity) suggesting novel treatments (selective inhibitors of microglial glycolysis).
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Hamano M, Ichinose T, Yasuda T, Ishijima T, Okada S, Abe K, Tashiro K, Furuya S. Bioinformatics Analysis of the Molecular Networks Associated with the Amelioration of Aberrant Gene Expression by a Tyr-Trp Dipeptide in Brains Treated with the Amyloid-β Peptide. Nutrients 2023; 15:2731. [PMID: 37375635 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain peptides derived from various protein sources have been shown to exhibit diverse bio-modulatory and health-promoting effects in animal experiments and human trials. We recently reported that the oral administration of the Tyr-Trp (YW) dipeptide to mice markedly enhances noradrenaline metabolism in the brain and ameliorates the working-memory deficits induced by the β-amyloid 25-35 peptide (Aβ25-35). In the current study, we performed multiple bioinformatics analyses of microarray data from Aβ25-35/YW-treated brains to determine the mechanism underlying the action of YW in the brain and to infer the molecular mechanisms and networks involved in the protective effect of YW in the brain. We found that YW not only reversed inflammation-related responses but also activated various molecular networks involving a transcriptional regulatory system, which is mediated by the CREB binding protein (CBP), EGR-family proteins, ELK1, and PPAR, and the calcium-signaling pathway, oxidative stress tolerance, and an enzyme involved in de novo l-serine synthesis in brains treated with Aβ25-35. This study revealed that YW has a neuroprotective effect against Aβ25-35 neuropathy, suggesting that YW is a new functional-food-material peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Hamano
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Fukuoka, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Metabolism, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichinose
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Metabolism, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tokio Yasuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishijima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shinji Okada
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Furuya
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Fukuoka, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Metabolism, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovative Bio-Architecture Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hu Y, Yang L, Lai Y. Recent findings regarding the synergistic effects of emodin and its analogs with other bioactive compounds: Insights into new mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114585. [PMID: 36989724 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Emodin is a natural bioactive ingredient mainly extracted from traditional Chinese herbs. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that emodin and its analogs exert notable synergistic pharmacological effects with other bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of the pharmacological activity of emodin and its analogs in combination with other physiologically active substances, describes the related molecular mechanisms, and discusses future prospects in this field. METHODS Information from multiple scientific databases, such as PubMed, the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar, was collected between January 2006 and August 2022. The subject terms used in the literature search were emodin, pharmaceutical activities, analogs, aloe emodin, rhein, and synergistic effects. RESULTS The comprehensive literature analysis suggested that combinations of emodin or its analogs with other bioactive compounds exert notable synergistic anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects and that such combinations improve glucose and lipid metabolism and central nervous system diseases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Further assessments of the dose-effect relationship and the differences in the efficacy of emodin or its analogs with other bioactive compounds among various modes of administration are needed, and a drug safety evaluation of these combinations needs to be carefully performed. Future studies should also focus on determining the optimal drug combinations for specific diseases.
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Shen ZJ, Fu YB, Hou JL, Lin LN, Wang XY, Li CY, Yang YX. Integrating network pharmacology, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and molecular docking to investigate the effect and mechanism of Chuanxiong Renshen decoction against Alzheimer's disease. Chin Med 2022; 17:143. [PMID: 36566207 PMCID: PMC9789652 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chuanxiong Renshen decoction (CRD) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effects and active ingredients of CRD and its mechanism have not been clarified. We aimed to determine the neuroprotective effects of CRD in a triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3 × Tg-AD) and investigate the possible active ingredients and their mechanisms. METHODS Morris water maze (MWM) tests were used to determine the protective effect of CRD on learning and memory ability. Afterward, we used brain tissue staining, immunofluorescent staining and western blotting to detect the neuroprotective effects of CRD. Ultraperformance liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was applied to determine the ingredients of CRD, and the potential AD targets were obtained from DisGeNET and the GeneCards database. The protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network was built with the additional use of STRING 11.0. Metascape was used in the pathway enrichment analysis. Discovery Studio 2016 (DS) software was used to analyze the binding ability of CRD and AD-related genes. Finally, we verified the regulatory effect of CRD on the predicted core targets EGFR and CASP3 by western blotting. RESULTS Our study indicated that CRD can significantly improve learning and memory, reduce the expression of Aβ and protect neurons. A total of 95 ingredients were identified in the CRD. Then, 25 ingredients were identified in serum, and 5 ingredients were identified in the brain tissue homogenate. PPI network analysis identified CASP3, EGFR, APP, CNR1, HIF1A, PTGS2 and MTOR as hub targets. KEGG and GO analyses revealed that the TNF signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway were enriched in multiple targets. The results of molecular docking proved that the binding of the ingredients with potential key targets was excellent. The western blotting results showed that CRD could significantly reduce the expression of CASP3 and EGFR in the hippocampus of 3 × Tg-AD mice. Combined with literature analysis, we assumed the neuroprotective effect of CRD on AD may occur through regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION CRD significantly alleviated injury in 3 × Tg-AD mice. The possible active ingredients are ferulic acid, rutin, ginsenoside Rg1 and panaxydol. The therapeutic effect of CRD on AD is achieved through the downregulation of CASP3 and EGFR. The neuroprotective effect of CRD on AD may occur through regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Jun Shen
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Bo Fu
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Ling Hou
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Ning Lin
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yan Wang
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Yu Li
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xiao Yang
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Mitra S, Anjum J, Muni M, Das R, Rauf A, Islam F, Bin Emran T, Semwal P, Hemeg HA, Alhumaydhi FA, Wilairatana P. Exploring the journey of emodin as a potential neuroprotective agent: Novel therapeutic insights with molecular mechanism of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112877. [PMID: 35367766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and bark of a variety of plants, molds, and lichens. Emodin has been used as a traditional medication for more than 2000 years and is still common in numerous herbal drugs. Emodin is plentiful in the three plant families, including Polygonaceae (Rheum, Rumex, and Polygonum spp.), Fabaceae (Cassia spp.), and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus, Frangula, and Ventilago spp.). Emerging experimental evidences indicate that emodin confers a wide range of pharmacological activities; special focus was implemented toward neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, chronic hyperglycemic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Numerous preclinical evidences were established in support of the neuroprotection of emodin. However, this review highlighted the role of emodin as a potent neurotherapeutic agent; therefore, its evidence-based functionality on neurological disorders (NDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maniza Muni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan.
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Adsorption Characteristics and Enrichment of Emodin from Marine-Derived Aspergillus flavipes HN4-13 Extract by Macroporous Resin XAD-16. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040231. [PMID: 35447904 PMCID: PMC9028206 DOI: 10.3390/md20040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin, a hydroxyanthraquinone derivative, has been used as medicine for more than 2000 years due to its extensive pharmacological activities. Large-scale production of emodin has been achieved by optimizing the fermentation conditions of marine-derived Aspergillus flavus HN4-13 in a previous study. However, the fermentation broth contained complex unknown components, which adversely affected the study of emodin. Herein, the conditions for the enrichment of emodin from A. flavipes HN4-13 extract using XAD-16 resin were optimized, and a separation method with high efficiency, simple operation, a low cost, and a large preparative scale was established. The adsorption process of emodin on the XAD-16 resin conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir models. The optimal conditions for the adsorption process were as follows: An emodin concentration, flow rate, and loading volume of 0.112 mg/mL, 2 BV/h, and 10 BV, respectively. For desorption, 50% ethanol was used to elute impurities and 80% ethanol was used to desorb emodin. After enrichment with XAD-16 resin, the emodin content increased from 1.16% to 11.48%, and the recovery rate was 75.53% after one-step treatment. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the simple adsorption–desorption strategy, using the XAD-16 resin for emodin enrichment.
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Chen Q, Lai C, Chen F, Ding Y, Zhou Y, Su S, Ni R, Tang Z. Emodin Protects SH-SY5Y Cells Against Zinc-Induced Synaptic Impairment and Oxidative Stress Through the ERK1/2 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821521. [PMID: 35197857 PMCID: PMC8859424 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element important for the physiological function of the central nervous system. The abnormal accumulation of zinc inside neurons may induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which contribute to many brain diseases. We hypothesized that natural anthraquinone derivative emodin can protect against neurotoxicity induced by pathological concentrations of zinc via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway and alleviate oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y 26 cells) was treated with zinc sulfate and different concentrations of emodin, and changes in the levels of ETK1/2 expression, oxidative stress (DCFH-DA staining), mitochondrial function (JC-1 staining), lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal staining), and DNA oxidation (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine staining) were examined. Emodin ameliorated zinc-induced altered expression of levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (not total ETK1/2) and synaptic proteins (presynaptic SNAP 25, synaptophysin and postsynaptic PSD95) in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, emodin inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress and facilitated the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, our results indicated that emodin exerts neuroprotective effects against zinc by normalizing synaptic impairment by decreasing the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, reducing reactive oxygen species and protecting mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Chencen Lai
- Preparation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Fa Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Department of Miao Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanting Ding
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Songbai Su
- Preparation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ruiqing Ni, ; Zhi Tang,
| | - Zhi Tang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiqing Ni, ; Zhi Tang,
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Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth affect mitochondria and reverse cognitive decline in a senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 model. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:59-71. [PMID: 34598900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Stem cell therapy is a novel therapy being explored for AD. The molecular mechanism of its effect is still unclear. The authors investigated the effects and mechanism by injection of SHEDs into an AD mouse model. METHODS SHEDs were cultured in vitro and injected into AD SAMP8 mice by caudal vein, and SHEDs labeled via synthetic dye showed in vivo migration to the head. The cognitive ability of SAMP8 mice was evaluated via Barnes maze and new object recognition. The pathological indicators of AD, including Tau, amyloid plaques and inflammatory factors, were examined at the protein or RNA level. Next, macro-proteomics analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on protein groups and behavioral data were applied to discover the important gene cluster involved in the improvement of AD by SHEDs, which was further confirmed in an AD model in both mouse and cell lines. RESULTS SHED treatment improved the cognitive ability and pathological symptoms of SAMP8 mice. Proteomics analysis indicated that these improvements were tightly related to the mitochondria, which was proved through examination of the shape and function of mitochondria both in vivo (SAMP8 brain) and in vitro (SH-SY5Y cells). Finally, the core targets of SHEDs in the mitochondrial pathway, Hook3, Mic13 and MIF, were screened out and confirmed in vivo. CONCLUSIONS SHED treatment significantly relieved AD symptoms, improved cognitive ability and reversed memory loss in an AD mouse model, possibly through the recovery of dysfunctional mitochondria. These results raise the possibility that SHED may ease the symptoms of AD by targeting the mitochondria.
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Zhang T, Yang C, Chu J, Ning LN, Zeng P, Wang XM, Shi Y, Qin BJ, Qu N, Zhang Q, Tian Q. Emodin Prevented Depression in Chronic Unpredicted Mild Stress-Exposed Rats by Targeting miR-139-5p/5-Lipoxygenase. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696619. [PMID: 34381778 PMCID: PMC8350171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of medicinal plant ingredients is one of the goals of developing potential drugs for treating depression. Compelling evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory medicines may block the occurrence of depression. We studied the effect of a natural compound, emodin, on the development of psychosocial stress-induced depression and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) for 7 weeks was performed to replicate psychosocial stress in rats. The sucrose preference test, force swimming test, and open field test were used to evaluate their behaviors. The differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus were analyzed using proteomics. Nissl staining and Golgi staining were used to detect the loss of neurons and synapses, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the activation of microglia, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were also performed. Results Hippocampal inflammation with up-regulated 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) was observed in the depressed rats after CUMS exposure. The upregulation of 5-LO was caused by decreased miR-139-5p. To observe the effect of emodin, we screened out depression-susceptible (DeS) rats during CUMS and treated them with emodin (80 mg/kg/day). Two weeks later, emodin prevented the depression behaviors in DeS rats along with a series of pathological changes in their hippocampi, such as loss of neurons and spines, microglial activation, increased interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the activation of 5-LO. Furthermore, we demonstrated that emodin inhibited its excess inflammatory response, possibly by targeting miR-139-5p/5-LO and modulating glycogen synthase kinase 3β and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Conclusion These results provide important evidence that emodin may be a candidate agent for the treatment of depression and established a key role of miR-139-5p/5-LO in the inflammation of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, the Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Can Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Na Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathology, Gannan Medical University Pingxiang Hospital, Pingxiang, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Jian Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, the Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Na Qu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychological Trauma, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chen P, Lin D, Wang C, Song C, Wang W, Qu J, Wu Z. Proteomic Analysis of Emodin Treatment in Neuropathic Pain Reveals Dysfunction of the Calcium Signaling Pathway. J Pain Res 2021; 14:613-622. [PMID: 33707969 PMCID: PMC7943569 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s290681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain (NP) is a syndrome of pain mediated by distinct pathophysiological processes, and current treatments are not fully satisfactory. Emodin is an effective component of Chinese traditional medicine and has an alleviating effect on NP, but the pharmacological mechanism is not clear. Methods We used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique integrated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to identify potential targets of emodin in a rat peripheral nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Results A total of 177 differentially expressed proteins were identified among the sham group, CCI group, and emodin group, with a threshold of 1.2-fold change and a P value ≤ 0.05. Among them, 100 differentially expressed proteins (51 up-regulated and 49 down-regulated) were identified in the CCI group compared with sham group. Moreover, 108 differentially expressed proteins (65 up-regulated and 43 down-regulated) were identified in the emodin group with the CCI group as reference. The enrichment analysis of Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed an important role of calcium signaling pathway, neurotransmitter regulation, and long-term potentiation (LTP) in emodin-treated CCI model. Real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis revealed that emodin decreased expression of calcium signaling related proteins, including calmodulin (CaM) dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II), phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1), protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase C (PKA), and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), compared with the CCI group. Conclusion Overall, these findings indicated that emodin might alleviate NP by regulating the calcium signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Lin
- First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiwen Song
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglian Qu
- Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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