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Videlock EJ, Xing T, Yehya AHS, Travagli RA. Experimental models of gut-first Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14604. [PMID: 37125607 PMCID: PMC10524037 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong support from studies in humans and in animal models that Parkinson's disease (PD) may begin in the gut. This brings about a unique opportunity for researchers in the field of neurogastroenterology to contribute to advancing the field and making contributions that could lead to the ability to diagnose and treat PD in the premotor stages. Lack of familiarity with some of the aspects of the experimental approaches used in these studies may present a barrier for neurogastroenterology researchers to enter the field. Much remains to be understood about intestinal-specific components of gut-first PD pathogenesis and the field would benefit from contributions of enteric and central nervous system neuroscientists. PURPOSE To address these issues, we have conducted a systematic review of the two most frequently used experimental models of gut-first PD: transneuronal propagation of α-synuclein preformed fibrils and oral exposure to environmental toxins. We have reviewed the details of these studies and present methodological considerations for the use of these models. Our aim is that this review will serve as a framework and useful reference for neuroscientists, gastroenterologists, and neurologists interested in applying their expertise to advancing our understanding of gut-first PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Videlock
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiaosi Xing
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ashwaq Hamid Salem Yehya
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Müller-Nedebock AC, Dekker MCJ, Farrer MJ, Hattori N, Lim SY, Mellick GD, Rektorová I, Salama M, Schuh AFS, Stoessl AJ, Sue CM, Tan AH, Vidal RL, Klein C, Bardien S. Different pieces of the same puzzle: a multifaceted perspective on the complex biological basis of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:110. [PMID: 37443150 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological basis of the neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD), is still unclear despite it being 'discovered' over 200 years ago in Western Medicine. Based on current PD knowledge, there are widely varying theories as to its pathobiology. The aim of this article was to explore some of these different theories by summarizing the viewpoints of laboratory and clinician scientists in the PD field, on the biological basis of the disease. To achieve this aim, we posed this question to thirteen "PD experts" from six continents (for global representation) and collated their personal opinions into this article. The views were varied, ranging from toxin exposure as a PD trigger, to LRRK2 as a potential root cause, to toxic alpha-synuclein being the most important etiological contributor. Notably, there was also growing recognition that the definition of PD as a single disease should be reconsidered, perhaps each with its own unique pathobiology and treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amica C Müller-Nedebock
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marieke C J Dekker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Research Institute of Disease of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
| | - Shen-Yang Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute of Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irena Rektorová
- First Department of Neurology and International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (I-GHHE), The American University in Cairo (AUC), New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Dakahleya, Egypt
- Atlantic Senior Fellow for Equity in Brain Health at the Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Artur F S Schuh
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Department of Medicine (Division of Neurology), Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales; Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst; Department of Neurology, Prince of Wales Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Ai Huey Tan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rene L Vidal
- Instituto de Neurociencia Biomédica (BNI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Gerociencia, Salud Mental y Metabolismo (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Marín-Sáez J, López-Ruiz R, Romero-Gonzalez R, Garrido Frenich A. Comprehensive Dissipation of Azadirachtin in Grapes and Tomatoes: The Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis and Tentative Identification of Unknown Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4466-4476. [PMID: 36881717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neem oil is a biopesticide normally applied together with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). However, neither its dissipation nor the influence of Bt has been previously evaluated. In this study, dissipation of neem oil was investigated when it was applied alone or together with Bt at 3 and 22 °C. A methodology involving solid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed for that purpose. The method was validated obtaining recoveries from 87 to 103%, with relative standard deviations lower than 19% and limits of quantification from 5 to 10 μg/kg. Azadirachtin A (AzA) dissipation was fit to a single first order, being faster when neem oil was applied together with Bt and at 22 °C (RL50 = 12-21 days) than alone and at 3 °C (RL50 = 14-25 days). Eight related compounds were found in real samples with similar dissipation curves compared to AzA, and five unknown metabolites were identified in degraded samples, with increasing concentrations during parent compound degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rosalía López-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Almería Research Centre for Agricultural Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
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Toxicity of extracellular alpha-synuclein is independent of intracellular alpha-synuclein. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21951. [PMID: 36535974 PMCID: PMC9763379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson´s disease (PD) pathology progresses throughout the nervous system. Whereas motor symptoms are always present, there is a high variability in the prevalence of non-motor symptoms. It has been postulated that the progression of the pathology is based on a prion-like disease mechanism partly due to the seeding effect of endocytosed-alpha-synuclein (ASYN) on the endogenous ASYN. Here, we analyzed the role of endogenous ASYN in the progression of PD-like pathology in vivo and in vitro and compared the effect of endocytosed-ASYN as well as paraquat and rotenone on primary enteric, dopaminergic and cortical neurons from wild-type and ASYN-KO mice. Our results show that, in vivo, pathology progression did not occur in the absence of endogenous ASYN. Remarkably, the damage caused by endocytosed-ASYN, rotenone or paraquat was independent from endogenous ASYN and related to the alteration of the host´s mitochondrial membrane potential. Dopaminergic neurons were very sensitive to these noxae compared to other neuronal subtypes. These results suggest that ASYN-mitochondrial interactions play a major role in initiating the pathological process in the host neuron and endogenous ASYN is essential for the transsynaptical transmission of the pathology. Our results also suggest that protecting mitochondrial function is a valid primary therapeutic target.
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Niederberger E, Wilken-Schmitz A, Manderscheid C, Schreiber Y, Gurke R, Tegeder I. Non-Reproducibility of Oral Rotenone as a Model for Parkinson's Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012658. [PMID: 36293513 PMCID: PMC9604506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rotenone has been proposed as a model for Parkinson’s disease (PD) in mice. To establish the model in our lab and study complex behavior we followed a published treatment regimen. C57BL/6 mice received 30 mg/kg body weight of rotenone once daily via oral administration for 4 and 8 weeks. Motor functions were assessed by RotaRod running. Immunofluorescence studies were used to analyze the morphology of dopaminergic neurons, the expression of alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn), and inflammatory gliosis or infiltration in the substantia nigra. Rotenone-treated mice did not gain body weight during treatment compared with about 4 g in vehicle-treated mice, which was however the only robust manifestation of drug treatment and suggested local gut damage. Rotenone-treated mice had no deficits in motor behavior, no loss or sign of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, no α-Syn accumulation, and only mild microgliosis, the latter likely an indirect remote effect of rotenone-evoked gut dysbiosis. Searching for explanations for the model failure, we analyzed rotenone plasma concentrations via LC-MS/MS 2 h after administration of the last dose to assess bioavailability. Rotenone was not detectable in plasma at a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/mL (5 nM), showing that oral rotenone had insufficient bioavailability to achieve sustained systemic drug levels in mice. Hence, oral rotenone caused local gastrointestinal toxicity evident as lack of weight gain but failed to evoke behavioral or biological correlates of PD within 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Niederberger
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-7616; Fax: +49-69-6301-7636
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Manderscheid
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Pavlova I, Drazanova E, Kratka L, Amchova P, Macicek O, Starcukova J, Starcuk Z, Ruda-Kucerova J. Laterality in functional and metabolic state of the bulbectomised rat brain detected by ASL and 1H MRS: A pilot study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 24:414-428. [PMID: 36102141 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2124450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pilot study validating the animal model of depression - the bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats - by two nuclear magnetic resonance methods, indirectly detecting the metabolic state of the brain. Furthermore, the study focussed on potential differences in brain laterality. METHODS Arterial spin labelling assessed cerebral brain flow in prefrontal, sensorimotor, and piriform cortices, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, thalamus, circle of Willis, and whole brain. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy provided information about relative metabolite concentrations in the cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS Arterial spin labelling found no differences in cerebral perfusion in the group comparison but revealed lateralisation in the thalamus of the control group and the sensorimotor cortex of the bulbectomized rats. Lower Cho/tCr and Cho/NAA levels were found in the right hippocampus in bulbectomized rats. The differences in lateralisation were shown in the hippocampus: mI/tCr in the control group, Cho/NAA, NAA/tCr, Tau/tCr in the model group, and in the cortex: NAA/tCr, mI/tCr in the control group. CONCLUSION Olfactory bulbectomy affects the neuronal and biochemical profile of the rat brain laterally and, as a model of depression, was validated by two nuclear magnetic resonance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Pavlova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Drazanova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Macicek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Starcukova
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Chlorogenic Acid: a Polyphenol from Coffee Rendered Neuroprotection Against Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease by GLP-1 Secretion. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6834-6856. [PMID: 36048341 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic motor disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Numerous studies suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretagogue has a neuroprotective role in PD models. The present study evaluated potential of coffee bioactive compounds in terms of their ability to bind GPR-40/43 and tested the neuroprotective effect of best candidate on rotenone-induced PD mice acting via GLP-1 release. In silico molecular docking followed by binding free energy calculation revealed that chlorogenic acid (CGA) has a strong binding affinity for GPR-40/43 in comparison to other bioactive polyphenols. Molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed stable nature of GPR40-CGA and GPR43-CGA interaction and also provided information about the amino acid residues involved in binding. Subsequently, in vitro studies demonstrated that CGA-induced secretion of GLP-1 via enhancing cAMP levels in GLUTag cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments utilizing rotenone-induced mouse model of PD revealed a significant rise in plasma GLP-1 after CGA administration (50 mg/kg, orally for 13 weeks) with concomitant increase in colonic GPR-40 and GPR-43 mRNA expression. CGA treatment also prevented rotenone-induced motor and cognitive impairments and significantly restored the rotenone-induced oxidative stress. Meanwhile, western blot results confirmed that CGA treatment downregulated rotenone-induced phosphorylated alpha-synuclein levels by upregulating PI3K/AKT signaling and inactivating GSK-3β through the release of GLP-1. CGA treatment ameliorated rotenone-induced dopaminergic nerve degeneration and alpha-synuclein accumulation in substantia nigra and augmented mean density of dopaminergic nerve fibers in striatum. These findings demonstrated novel biological function of CGA as a GLP-1 secretagogue. An increase in endogenous GLP-1 may render neuroprotection against a rotenone mouse model of PD and has the potential to be used as a neuroprotective agent in management of PD.
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Intranasal Exposure to Low-Dose Rotenone Induced Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation and Parkinson's Like Symptoms Without Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons. Neurotox Res 2021; 40:215-229. [PMID: 34817799 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologically Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with chronic ingestion or inhalation of environmental toxins leading to the development of motor symptoms. Though neurotoxin-based animal models played a major role in understanding diverse pathogenesis, they failed to identify the risk assessment due to uncommon route of toxin exposure. Towards this, the available neurotoxin-based intranasal (i.n.) PD models targeting olfactory bulb (OB) have demonstrated the dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration in both OB and substantia nigra (SN). Despite that, the studies detecting the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation in OB and its progression to other brain regions due to inhalation of environmental toxins are still lacking. Herein, we developed oil in water microemulsion of rotenone administered intranasally to the mice at a dose which is not detectable in blood, brain, and olfactory bulb by LCMS method. Our data reveals that 9 weeks of rotenone exposure did not induce olfactory and motor dysfunction. Conversely, after 16 weeks of washout period, rotenone treated mice showed both olfactory and motor impairment, along with α-syn accumulation in the OB and striatum without glial cell activation and loss of dopaminergic neurons. The results depict the progressive nature of the developed model and highlight the role of α-syn in PD like pathology or symptoms. Together, our findings suggest the adverse consequences of early exposure to the environmental toxins on the olfactory system for a shorter period with relevance to the development of synucleinopathy or Parkinson's disease in its later stage.
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