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Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that pre-vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs can significantly enhance their survival and engraftment upon transplantation. Endothelial cells (ECs), the basic component of vasculatures, are indispensable to the entire process of pre-vascularization. However, the source of ECs still poses an issue. Recent studies confirmed that diverse approaches are available in the derivation of ECs for tissue engineering, such as direct isolation of autologous ECs, reprogramming of somatic cells, and induced differentiation of stem cells in typology. Herein, we discussed a variety of human stem cells (i.e., totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, oligopotent, and unipotent stem cells), which can be induced to differentiate into ECs and reviewed the multifarious approaches for EC generation, such as 3D EB formation for embryonic stem cells (ESCs), stem cell-somatic cell co-culture, and directed endothelial differentiation with growth factors in conventional 2D culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
| | - Jiacai He
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Jianguang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatological Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032 Anhui Province China
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Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz S, Fathi E, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Akbarzadeh A, Fardyazar Z, Pashaiasl M. An update clinical application of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) in cancer cell therapy and tissue engineering. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:765-774. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1216857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz
- Women?s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Fardyazar
- Women?s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Pashaiasl
- Women?s Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Schiavo AA, Franzin C, Albiero M, Piccoli M, Spiro G, Bertin E, Urbani L, Visentin S, Cosmi E, Fadini GP, De Coppi P, Pozzobon M. Endothelial properties of third-trimester amniotic fluid stem cells cultured in hypoxia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:209. [PMID: 26519360 PMCID: PMC4628318 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endothelial dysfunction is found in different pathologies such as diabetes and renal and heart diseases, representing one of the major health problems. The reduced vasodilation of impaired endothelium starts a prothrombotic state associated with irregular blood flow. We aimed to explore the potential of amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells as a source for regenerative medicine in this field; for the first time, we focused on third-trimester amniotic fluid AFS cells and compared them with the already-described AFS cells from the second trimester. Methods Cells from the two trimesters were cultured, selected and expanded in normoxia (20 % oxygen) and hypoxia (5 % oxygen). Cells were analysed to compare markers, proliferation rate and differentiation abilities. Endothelial potential was assessed not only in vitro—Matrigel tube formation assay, acetylated human low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) uptake—but also in vivo (Matrigel plug with cell injection and two animal models). Specifically, for the latter, we used established protocols to assess the involvement of AFS cells in two different mouse models of endothelial dysfunction: (1) a chronic ischemia model with local injection of cells and (2) an electric carotid damage where cells were systemically injected. Results We isolated and expanded AFS cells from third-trimester amniotic fluid samples by using CD117 as a selection marker. Hypoxia enhanced the proliferation rate, the surface protein pattern was conserved between the trimesters and comparable differentiation was achieved after culture in both normoxia and hypoxia. Notably, the expression of early endothelial transcription factors and AngiomiRs was detected before and after induction. When in vivo, AFS cells from both trimesters expanded in hypoxia were able to rescue the surface blood flow when locally injected in mice after chronic ischemia damage, and importantly AFS cells at term of gestation possessed enhanced ability to fix carotid artery electric damage compared with AFS cells from the second trimester. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research work that fully characterizes AFS cells from the third trimester for regenerative medicine purposes. The results highlight how AFS cells, in particular at term of gestation and cultured in hypoxia, can be considered a promising source of stem cells possessing significant endothelial regenerative potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0204-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alex Schiavo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy. .,Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, via Giustinani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Franzin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy. .,Medicine Department (DIMED), University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Spiro
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy. .,Medicine Department (DIMED), University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Enrica Bertin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luca Urbani
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy. .,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental biology and Cancer Program, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
| | - Silvia Visentin
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, via Giustinani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Erich Cosmi
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, via Giustinani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy. .,Medicine Department (DIMED), University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental biology and Cancer Program, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
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Lloyd-Griffith C, McFadden TM, Duffy GP, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick CJ, O’Brien FJ. The pre-vascularisation of a collagen-chondroitin sulphate scaffold using human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells to enhance and stabilise endothelial cell-mediated vessel formation. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:263-73. [PMID: 26300337 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A major problem in tissue engineering (TE) is graft failure in vivo due to core degradation in in vitro engineered constructs designed to regenerate thick tissues such as bone. The integration of constructs post-implantation relies on the rapid formation of functional vasculature. A recent approach to overcome core degradation focuses on the creation of cell-based, pre-engineered vasculature formed within the TE construct in vitro, prior to implantation in vivo. The primary objective of this study was to investigate whether an amniotic fluid-derived stem cell (AFSC)-human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-culture could be used to engineer in vitro vasculature in a collagen chondroitin sulphate (CCS) scaffold. The secondary objective was to investigate whether hypoxic conditions (2% O2) could enhance microcapillary-like structure formation by this co-culture. The results of this study demonstrate, for the first time, that the AFSC-HUVEC co-culture was capable of pre-vascularising CCS scaffolds within 7 days and that the AFSCs are capable of behaving as pericytes while interacting with HUVECS to form microcapillary-like structures. However, this microcapillary-like structure formation was reduced in hypoxic conditions. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that an upregulation of VEGFR1 and accompanying decrease of VEGFR2 gene expression may be responsible for the poor response of these microcapillary-like structures to hypoxic conditions. Overall, however, these results demonstrate the potential of this newly developed co-culture system for the formation of pre-engineered vasculature within TE constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This article describes the development of an amniotic fluid-derived stem cell (AFSC)-human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-culture for use in engineering in vitro vasculature in a collagen chondroitin sulphate (CCS) scaffold. The article also describes the effect of hypoxic conditions on the networks of microcapillary-like structures formed by this co-culture. The AFSC-HUVEC co-culture was capable of pre-vascularising CCS scaffolds within 7 days. However, microcapillary-like structure formation was reduced in hypoxic conditions. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of this newly developed co-culture system for the formation of pre-engineered vasculature within TE constructs. The proangiogenic nature of this co-culture has the potential to both enhance bone regeneration while also overcoming the problem of inadequate vascularisation of grafts commonly seen in the field of tissue engineering.
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