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Yang L, Sato M, Saito-Abe M, Irahara M, Nishizato M, Sasaki H, Konishi M, Ishitsuka K, Mezawa H, Yamamoto-Hanada K, Ohya Y. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels among 2-year-old children: findings from the Japan environment and Children's study (JECS). BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:539. [PMID: 34856947 PMCID: PMC8638176 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-03005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study aim was to obtain epidemiological data on vitamin D levels for the pediatric population in Japan. We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in 2-year-old Japanese children using data from a large ongoing birth cohort study. Methods Data for analysis was obtained from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) and a Sub-Cohort Study (SCS) of JECS. We evaluated the children’s serum 25(OH) D levels by 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles, and the rates of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. We also presented a weighted prevalence rate for vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency among all children in JECS. Results After excluding children with missing 25(OH)D2 or 25(OH)D3 data, we analyzed 4655 remaining children, of whom 24.7% (95% CI, 23.5–26.0%) had vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL), and 51.3% (95% CI, 49.8–52.7%) were at risk of vitamin D insufficiency (20–30 ng/mL). The estimated prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among all children in JECS were 25.4% (95% CI, 24.1–26.7%) and 50.9% (95% CI, 49.4–52.4%). Vitamin D deficiency was found in 22.9% of boys and 26.5% of girls. Median serum 25(OH) D concentrations were lower among participants measured during winter and spring than among those measured in summer and autumn. The highest rate of vitamin D deficiency was observed in Hokkaido, the northernmost prefecture of Japan. Conclusion We analyzed data on serum 25(OH) D levels from a birth cohort study and found that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are very common among 2-year-old Japanese children. Sex, season, and latitude affect serum 25(OH) D concentrations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-03005-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Yang
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miori Sato
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayako Saito-Abe
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Irahara
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minaho Nishizato
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hatoko Sasaki
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Konishi
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazue Ishitsuka
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Mezawa
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medical Subspecialties, Medical Support Center for Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS), Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1, Okura, Setagayaku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. .,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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