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Han HX, Su W, Zhou DB, Li J, Cao XX. Hepatitis B virus-related cryoglobulinemia: Clinical characteristics, virological features, and treatment. Virus Res 2023; 336:199212. [PMID: 37640269 PMCID: PMC10474225 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a rare etiology of cryoglobulinemia, and its clinical characteristics, virological features and treatment are poorly understood. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 23 patients with HBV-related cryoglobulinemia from 497 cryoglobulinemia patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2015 and February 2023. We analyzed the clinical characteristics, virological features and management of patients with HBV-related cryoglobulinemia. RESULTS The 23 patients (13 males; median age 48 years) were all mixed cryoglobulinemia and serological HBsAg positive, while 15 patients exhibited HBV-DNA replication. The presence of HBsAg in cryoglobulins was evaluated in 7 patients, all of whom were positive. The most commonly involved organs were kidneys (69.6%), skin (65.2%), peripheral nerves (21.7%), joints (8.7%), gastrointestinal tract (4.3%), and cardiac (4.3%). Eight patients received antiviral therapy with nucleot (s)ide analogues (NAs) alone, 12 patients received NA- and corticosteroid-based regimens, and 3 patients received NA- and rituximab-based regimens based on the severity of clinical symptoms. After a median follow-up of 44 months, four patients died, and one patient was lost to follow-up. All remaining patients (n = 18) achieved clinical remission, and HBV-DNA replication was not detected in 16 out of 18 patients. There was no HBV reactivation in patients treated with rituximab. The three-year overall survival and progression-free survival were 87.0% and 80.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HBV-related cryoglobulinemia patients should be treated with antiviral therapy. Corticosteroids and rituximab are effective for severe cases, but patients need to be closely monitored for therapy-related infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xiao Han
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China
| | - Dao-Bin Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China
| | - Xin-Xin Cao
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China.
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2
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Hermanussen L, Lampalzer S, Bockmann JH, Ziegler AE, Piecha F, Dandri M, Pischke S, Haag F, Lohse AW, Lütgehetmann M, Weiler-Normann C, zur Wiesch JS. Non-organ-specific autoantibodies with unspecific patterns are a frequent para-infectious feature of chronic hepatitis D. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1169096. [PMID: 37387781 PMCID: PMC10300640 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1169096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with hepatotropic viruses are associated with various immune phenomena. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of viral hepatitis. However, few recent data are available on non-disease-specific and non-organ-specific antibody (NOSA) titers and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in chronic hepatitis D (CHD) patients. Here, we examined the NOSA titers and IgG levels of 40 patients with CHD and different disease courses and compared them to 70 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. 43% of CHD patients had previously undergone treatment with pegylated interferon-α (IFN-α). The antibody display of 46 untreated patients diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) was used as a reference. The frequency of elevated NOSA titers (CHD 69% vs. CHB 43%, p < 0.01), and the median IgG levels (CHD 16.9 g/L vs. CHB 12.7 g/L, p < 0.01) were significantly higher in CHD patients than in patients with CHB, and highest in patients with AIH (96%, 19.5 g/L). Also, the antinuclear antibody pattern was homogeneous in many patients with AIH and unspecific in patients with viral hepatitis. Additionally, f-actin autoantibodies were only detectable in patients with AIH (39% of SMA). In CHD patients, IgG levels correlated with higher HDV viral loads, transaminases, and liver stiffness values. IgG levels and NOSA were similar in CHD patients irrespective of a previous IFN-α treatment. In summary, autoantibodies with an unspecific pattern are frequently detected in CHD patients with unclear clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hermanussen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Lampalzer
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Bockmann
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annerose E. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Piecha
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Pischke
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W. Lohse
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Weiler-Normann
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine and Martin Zeitz Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious diseases, and Tropical Medicine), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Site, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Mazzaro C, Bomben R, Visentini M, Gragnani L, Quartuccio L, Saccardo F, Sebastiani M, Filippini D, Lauletta G, Monti G, Gattei V. Hepatitis B virus-infection related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Clinical manifestations and the effect of antiviral therapy: A review of the literature. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1095780. [PMID: 36824142 PMCID: PMC9941626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1095780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, about 20% of the patients develop extrahepatic manifestations such as cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV), polyarteritis nodosa, non-rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This review analyzed literature data on clinical manifestations of HBV-related CV and the impact of antiviral therapy with analoques nucleotide. Methods A PubMed search was performed to select eligible studies in the literature, up to July 2022. Results Some studies have analyzed clinical manifestations in HBV-related CV and have investigated the role of antiviral therapy with nucleotides analogues (NAs). Clinical manifestations of CV vary from mild to moderate (purpura, asthenia and arthralgias) to severe (leg ulcers, peripheral neuropathy, glomerulonephritis, and non-Hodking lymphoma). NAs therapy leads to suppression of HBV-DNA; therefore, it is capable of producing clinical response in the majority of patients with mild to moderate symptoms. Conclusion Antiviral therapy with NAs is the first choice for HBV suppression and control of mild to moderate disease. In severe vasculitis (glomerulonephritis, progressive peripheral neuropathy and leg ulcers), rituximab alone or with plasma-exchange is always indicated in combination with antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mazzaro
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Haematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy,*Correspondence: Cesare Mazzaro,
| | - Riccardo Bomben
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Haematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Marcella Visentini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Gragnani
- Centro Manifestazioni Sistemiche da Virus Epatitici, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Saccardo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saronno General Hospital, Saronno, Italy
| | - Marco Sebastiani
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Lauletta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Liver Unit, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saronno General Hospital, Saronno, Italy
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Haematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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Cheng T, Li G, Ning H, Hao L. Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection Improves Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. J Arthroplasty 2023; 38:300-306. [PMID: 35963280 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may place patients at increased risk of postoperative adverse events. However, there is limited information on the effects of antiviral treatment (AVT) on postoperative outcomes following total hip arthroplasties (THAs). METHODS A multicenter retrospective database query was used to identify patients infected with HBV undergoing THAs between 2012 and 2017. All eligible patients were divided into 2 cohorts on the basis of AVT before surgery: the treated group and the untreated group. The treated cohort was matched at a ratio of 1:3 to the untreated cohort by propensity score matching. Operating times, blood losses, all-type complications, surgical complications, lengths of stay, 90-day readmissions, unplanned reoperations, and implant revisions were compared between the 2 cohorts. After these patients were further stratified by liver fibrosis status, multivariate logistic analyses were performed by controlling for differences in demographics and comorbidities. In total, 918 patients chronically infected with HBV were identified. Over four-fifths of these patients (83.0%) did not receive preoperative AVT. Of interest, more than half of the untreated patients (54.1%) were previously undiagnosed. RESULTS The untreated group had significantly longer mean operating time (82 versus 76 minutes, P = .007) and higher mean blood loss (515 versus 465 mL, P = .03) than the treated group. Moreover, they were more prone to experiencing surgical complications (25.4% versus 16.7%, P = .01), longer lengths of stay (6.2 versus 5.4 days, P = .0005), readmissions (12.4% versus 5.8%, P = .02), reoperations (16.7% versus 9.6%, P = .03), and revisions (11.1% versus 4.5%, P = .02). Multivariate regression analyses found that AVT significantly decreased all-type complications, reoperations, and revisions in patients with significant fibrosis (all P < .05). CONCLUSION The AVT of HBV infection prior to THAs could reduce the risk of developing postoperative complications, regardless of the presence of liver fibrosis. This finding emphasizes that surgeons should recommend HBV screening and treatment integrated into preoperative medical optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, The People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, The People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Huiming Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, The People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Hao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, The People's Republic of China
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Virus-Associated Nephropathies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912014. [PMID: 36233315 PMCID: PMC9569621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While most viral infections cause mild symptoms and a spontaneous favorable resolution, some can lead to severe or protracted manifestations, specifically in immunocompromised hosts. Kidney injuries related to viral infections may have multiple causes related to the infection severity, drug toxicity or direct or indirect viral-associated nephropathy. We review here the described virus-associated nephropathies in order to guide diagnosis strategies and treatments in cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring concomitantly with a viral infection. The occurrence of virus-associated nephropathy depends on multiple factors: the local epidemiology of the virus, its ability to infect renal cells and the patient's underlying immune response, which varies with the state of immunosuppression. Clear comprehension of pathophysiological mechanisms associated with a summary of described direct and indirect injuries should help physicians to diagnose and treat viral associated nephropathies.
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Kolli H, Ali MJ, Campoverde Reyes KJ, Lau DTY. Case of cryoglobulinaemia associated with chronic hepatitis B. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e249630. [PMID: 35623656 PMCID: PMC9150156 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a woman in her 50s with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who had a longstanding history of arthralgia and swollen joints associated with severe fatigue. Investigations were consistent with a diagnosis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cryoglobulinaemia. Two months after treatment with tenofovir alafenamide, an antiviral therapy for HBV, there was a significant improvement of her symptoms and undetectable serum cryoglobulins. Cryoglobulinaemia is a relatively rare extrahepatic manifestation of HBV infection and only presents in about 2%-4% of the patients with CHB. Its clinical manifestations include purpura, renal dysfunction, arthralgias and neuropathy. Since the presentation of cryoglobulinaemia in CHB can be non-specific, one needs to have a high index of suspicion to avoid delay in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Kolli
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Weslaco, Texas, USA
| | - Mukarram Jamat Ali
- Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daryl T-Y Lau
- Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Retamozo S, Quartuccio L, Ramos-Casals M. Cryoglobulinemia. Med Clin (Barc) 2022; 158:478-487. [PMID: 35216803 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate in vitro at temperatures below 37 ̊C. Cryoglobulin-associated disease is heterogeneous, as not all patients present with it, includes various syndromic presentations (vasculitis is the most common, hyperviscosity syndrome is more exceptional), and can be associated with acute clinical pictures with high mortality. Until the appearance of specific antiviral treatments, the main aetiology has been chronic HCV infection, and currently it is mainly associated with systemic autoimmune diseases, malignant neoplasms and cases with no identified aetiology (essential cryoglobulinemia). Treatment should be modulated according to the predominant etiopathogenesis (vasculitis or hyperviscosity), the severity of internal organ involvement and, especially, the associated underlying disease. Due to the complex aetiological, clinical and pathological scenario of cryoglobulinaemia, early recognition of the most common clinical presentations, a comprehensive clinical assessment of the different organs that may be affected, and multidisciplinary work led by a unit specialised in systemic autoimmune diseases is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Retamozo
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Quirón Salud, Barcelona, España
| | - Luca Quartuccio
- Departamento de Medicina, Reumatología, Universidad de Udine, Udine, Italia
| | - Manuel Ramos-Casals
- Servicio de Enfermedades Autoinmunes, ICMiD, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España; Departamento de Medicina, Universitad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
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8
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Ma X, Li H, Gong Y, Liu F, Tong X, Zhu F, Yang X, Yang L, Zuo J. Psoralen inhibits hepatitis B viral replication by down-regulating the host transcriptional machinery of viral promoters. Virol Sin 2022; 37:256-265. [PMID: 35305922 PMCID: PMC9170971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global public health challenge due to its highly contagious nature. It is estimated that almost 300 million people live with chronic HBV infection annually. Although nucleoside analogs markedly reduce the risk of liver disease progression, the analogs do not fully eradicate the virus. As such, new treatment options and drugs are urgently needed. Psoralen is a nourishing monomer of Chinese herb and is known to inhibit virus replication and inactivate viruses. In this study, we evaluated the potential of psoralen as an anti-HBV agent. Quantitative PCR and Southern blot analysis revealed that psoralen inhibited HBV replication in HepG2.2.15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, psoralen was also active against the 3TC/ETV-dual-resistant HBV mutant. Further investigations revealed that psoralen suppressed both HBV RNA transcription and core protein expression. The transcription factor FOXO1, a known target for PGC1α co-activation, binds to HBV pre-core/core promoter enhancer II region and activates HBV RNA transcription. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that psoralen suppressed the expression of FOXO1, thereby decreasing the binding of FOXO1 co-activator PGC1α to the HBV promoter. Overall, our results demonstrate that psoralen suppresses HBV RNA transcription by down-regulating the expression of FOXO1 resulting in a reduction of HBV replication. Psoralen is a nourishing monomer of Chinese herb that inhibits the replication of HBV. Psoralen decreases the expression of transcription factor FOXO1 of pre-core/core promoter. Psoralen suppresses HBV replication by down-regulation FOXO1 in HBV-producing cells.
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Khoo T, Lam D, Olynyk JK. Impact of modern antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B and C on clinical outcomes of liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4831-4845. [PMID: 34447229 PMCID: PMC8371504 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i29.4831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with the hepatitis B and C viruses have significant worldwide health and economic impacts. Previous treatments for hepatitis C such as interferon and ribavirin therapy were ineffective and poorly tolerated by patients. The introduction of directly acting curative antiviral therapy for hepatitis C and the wider use of nucleos(t)ide analogues for suppression of chronic Hepatitis B infection have resulted in many positive developments. Decreasing the prevalence of hepatitis B and C have concurrently reduced transmission rates and hence, the number of new infections. Antiviral treatments have decreased the rates of liver decompensation and as a result, lowered hospitalisation and mortality rates for both chronic hepatitis B and C infection. The quality of life of chronically infected patients has also been improved significantly by modern treatment. Antiviral therapy has stopped the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis in certain patient cohorts and prevented ongoing hepatocellular damage in patients with existing cirrhosis. Longer term benefits of antiviral therapy include a reduced risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma and decreased number of patients requiring liver transplantation. This review article assesses the literature and summarises the impact of modern antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B and C on clinical outcomes from liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Khoo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Danielle Lam
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
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10
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Maslennikov R, Ivashkin V, Efremova I, Shirokova E. Immune disorders and rheumatologic manifestations of viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2073-2089. [PMID: 34025065 PMCID: PMC8117740 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i18.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatotropic viruses is not limited to the liver and can lead to the development of various immunological disorders (the formation of cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, autoantibodies specific for autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis, and others), which can manifest as glomerulonephritis, arthritis, uveitis, vasculitis (cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, isolated cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis), and other rheumatologic disorders, and be a trigger for the subsequent development of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis. A further study of the association between autoimmune liver diseases and hepatotropic virus infection would be useful to assess the results of treatment of these associated diseases with antiviral drugs. The relationship of these immune disorders and their manifestations with hepatotropic viruses is best studied for chronic hepatitis B and C. Only isolated cases of these associations are described for hepatitis A. These links are least studied, and are often controversial for hepatitis E, possibly due to their relatively rare diagnoses. Patients with uveitis, glomerulonephritis, arthritis, vasculitis, autoimmune liver diseases should be tested for biomarkers of viral hepatitis, and if present, these patients should be treated with antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Maslennikov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
- The Interregional Public Organization “Scientific Community for the Promotion of the Clinical Study of the Human Microbiome”, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Сonsultative and Diagnostic Center 2 of the Moscow City Health Department, Moscow 107564, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Irina Efremova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Elena Shirokova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov University, Moscow 119435, Russia
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11
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Gao Y, Chen D, Li Y, Chen H, Ran X. Extremity Gangrene Caused by HBV-Related Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis in a Patient with Diabetes - A Case Report. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:1661-1666. [PMID: 33953593 PMCID: PMC8092113 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s308687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We presented a case of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related type III cryoglobulinemia vasculitis (CryoVas) characterized by extremity gangrene in a patient with diabetes. The 60-year-old female had a 10-year history of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. She complained of sudden onset pain and swelling of toes which quickly progressed to gangrene, with fingers becoming pain and dark violet. The patient was initially misdiagnosed as diabetic foot (DF). Although DF is one of the common chronic complications of diabetes, it rarely involves the hand. What is more, the ischemic manifestations of the extremity were not consistent with the results of the vascular examination and immune system changes. The patient had Raynaud's phenomenon, arthralgia, and extremity gangrene. Test results showed cryoglobulinemia multiple positive, polyclonal immunoglobulin with rheumatoid factor negative, lower complement 3, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, and HBV infection. HBV-related type III CryoVas was finally diagnosed, and a conservative therapy strategy was given. Six months after treatment with cyclophosphamide, corticosteroid, nucleoside/nucleotide analog therapy, local debridement, and dressing change, she recovered and kept no recurrence by following up for 30 months. To our knowledge, this is the first report of extremity gangrene caused by HBV-related CryoVas in a diabetic patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Gao
- Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwu Ran
- Diabetic Foot Care Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Chuang YC, Chen YR, Kuo TH. Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis with underlying occult HBV infection and Waldenström macroglobulinemia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24792. [PMID: 33607837 PMCID: PMC7899821 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, defined as negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) but detectable HBV DNA in serum and liver tissue, has very rarely been described in cryoglobulinemia (CG) patients. This case report sheds light on the possible link between occult HBV infection and CG. PATIENT CONCERNS A 76-year-old man presented with rapidly deteriorating renal function within 1 year. DIAGNOSIS Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis was diagnosed through renal biopsy. Initially, the patient tested negative for HBsAg, but a low HBV viral load was later discovered, indicating an occult HBV infection. Further studies also revealed Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). INTERVENTIONS We treated the patient as WM using plasma exchange and rituximab-based immunosuppressive therapy. OUTCOMES After 1 cycle of immunosuppressive treatment, there was no improvement of renal function. Shortly after, treatment was discontinued due to an episode of life-threatening pneumonia. Hemodialysis was ultimately required. CONCLUSION Future studies are needed to explore the link between occult HBV infection and CG, to investigate the mediating role of lymphomagenesis, and to examine the effectiveness of anti-HBV drugs in treating the group of CG patients with occult HBV infection. We encourage clinicians to incorporate HBV viral load testing into the evaluation panel for CG patients especially in HBV-endemic areas, and to test HBV viral load for essential CG patients in whom CG cannot be attributed to any primary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Che Chuang
- Education Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital
| | - Ying-Ren Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital
| | - Te-Hui Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wang CR, Tsai HW. Human hepatitis viruses-associated cutaneous and systemic vasculitis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:19-36. [PMID: 33505148 PMCID: PMC7789062 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatitis viruses (HHVs) include hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus, and hepatitis E virus and can cause liver inflammation in their common human host. Usually, HHV is rapidly cleared by the immune system, following acute HHV invasion. The morbidities associated with hepatitis A virus and hepatitis E virus infection occur shortly after their intrusion, in the acute stage. Nevertheless, the viral infectious process can persist for a long period of time, especially in HBV and HCV infection, leading to chronic hepatitis and further progressing to hepatic cirrhosis and liver cancer. HHV infection brings about complications in other organs, and both acute and chronic hepatitis have been associated with clinical presentations outside the liver. Vascular involvement with cutaneous and systemic vasculitis is a well-known extrahepatic presentation; moreover, there is growing evidence for a possible causal relationship between viral pathogens and vasculitis. Except for hepatitis delta virus, other HHVs have participated in the etiopathogenesis of cutaneous and systemic vasculitis via different mechanisms, including direct viral invasion of vascular endothelial cells, immune complex-mediated vessel wall damage, and autoimmune responses with stimulation of autoreactive B-cells and impaired regulatory T-cells. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa are recognized for their association with chronic HHV infection. Although therapeutic guidelines for HHV-associated vasculitis have not yet been established, antiviral therapy should be initiated in HBV and HCV-related systemic vasculitis in addition to the use of corticosteroids. Plasma exchange and/or combined cyclophosphamide and corticosteroid therapy can be considered in patients with severe life-threatening vasculitis manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrong-Reen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
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Alfraji N, Upadhyaya VD, Bekampis C, Kuzyshyn H. Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Syndrome (MCS) due to untreated hepatitis B with uncommon presentation: case report and literature review. BMC Rheumatol 2020; 4:58. [PMID: 33292799 PMCID: PMC7672878 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-020-00159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) syndrome is a systemic inflammatory syndrome that causes small-to-medium vessel vasculitis due to cryoglobulin-containing immune complexes most commonly caused by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), and rarely by chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). Its clinical presentation is significantly varied, with manifestations ranging from purpura, arthralgia, and myalgia to more severe neurologic and renal involvement. Pulmonary involvement as organizing pneumonia, alveolar hemorrhage, and pulmonary vasculitis have been reported, but appear to be quite rare. Case presentation We report an uncommon case of a patient who presented with primary pulmonary syndrome without renal involvement in the setting of MC, due to untreated chronic hepatitis B infection. Early diagnosis and consequent institution of glucocorticoids, B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibody and antiviral therapy led to a favorable outcome and prevented any fatal sequelae. Conclusion Pulmonary compromise in MC syndrome is very uncommon and carries a high rate of mortality. Therefore, in patients with HBV presenting with hemoptysis, physicians must carry a high clinical suspicion for alveolar hemorrhage secondary to cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasam Alfraji
- Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, 07753, USA. .,Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Neptune, NJ, 07753, USA.
| | - Vandan D Upadhyaya
- Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, 07753, USA
| | - Christopher Bekampis
- Department of Medicine, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, 07753, USA
| | - Halyna Kuzyshyn
- Department of Rheumatology, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, 07753, USA
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Mazzaro C, Dal Maso L, Visentini M, Ermacora A, Tonizzo M, Gattei V, Andreone P. Recent news in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-related cryogobulinemic vasculitis. Minerva Med 2020; 111:566-572. [PMID: 32573522 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.06771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that causes hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Twenty percent of HBV patients may develop extra-hepatic manifestations, such as polyarthritis nodosa, glomerulonephritis, dermatitis, poly-arthralgia and arthritis, and aplastic anemia. The association of HBV and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV) has been highlighted by several epidemiological investigations. CV can develop in 0.5-4% of HBV infected patients. It has been demonstrated that suppression of HBV replication by nucleot(s)ide analogues (NAs) effectively induces clinical response in most patients with mild to moderate CV, but low responses are seen in severe CV. Based on this evidence, NAs therapy represents the first line therapeutic option in subjects with mild or moderate HBV related CV. Peg-interferon-Alfa can be an alternative treatment for HBV related CV, but the few studies published so far have shown no encouraging results. In patients with severe vasculitis and/or skin ulcers, peripheral neuropathy and glomerulonephritis treatment with rituximab (RTX) and NAs should be considered as a first line treatment. The long-term administration of low-medium glucocorticoid doses has been widely used in few studies to control clinical symptoms, but it should be used as a second option, when RTX is ineffective or not tolerated and in association with NAs. This review focuses on novel treatments for HBV related CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mazzaro
- Unit of Clinical Experimental Onco-Hematology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy -
| | - Luigino Dal Maso
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Marcella Visentini
- Depatment of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ermacora
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Maurizio Tonizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Valter Gattei
- Unit of Clinical Experimental Onco-Hematology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Pietro Andreone
- SMECHIMAI Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Internal and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
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