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Tang W, Xie Y, Yan Q, Teng Y, Yu L, Wei L, Li J, Chen Y, Huang X, Yang S, Jia K. Exploring the Experiences and Support of Nurses as Second Victims After Patient Safety Events in China: A Mixed-Method Approach. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2024; 17:573-586. [PMID: 38501130 PMCID: PMC10944798 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s451766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the current status of experience and support of nurses as second victims and explore its related factors in nurses. Design A sequential, explanatory, mixed-method study was applied. Methods A total of 406 nurses from seven tertiary hospitals in China were chosen as participants between September to October 2023. The Chinese version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Questionnaire (SVEST), Somatic Complaints of Sub-health Status Questionnaire (SCSSQ) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) were applied to collect quantitative data. Eight nurses were selected for a qualitative study through in-depth interviews. Through interpretive phenomenological analysis, the interview data were analysed to explore the experience and support of nurses as second victims. Results Practice distress (15.74 ± 4.97) and psychological distress (15.48 ± 3.74) were the highest dimensions, indicating Chinese nurses experienced second victim-related practice and psychological distress. Nurses with different gender, age, education, marital status, income, working hours, professional titles, and unit types have different levels of second victim-related experience and support (p < 0.05). In addition, the score of SVEST was positively associated with SCSSQ (r = 0.444) and GAD-7 (r = 0.490) (p < 0.05). This qualitative study found that the experience and support of nurses as second victims included nurses' perceptions and needs for patient safety events; psychological, physical and practice distress of nurses; and nurses and hospitals coping style after patient safety events. Discussion Our findings suggest that nurses who are second victims of patient safety events experience severe practice and psychological distress, indicating that nursing managers should pay attention to psychological and practice distress of nurses after patient safety events and provide effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanxi Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- The Sanming Second Hospital, Sanming, Fujian Province, 366099, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Teng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuying Wei
- Nanning Fourth People’s Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Li
- Wanxiu District Chengnan Community Health Service Center, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 543000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
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Scarpis E, Beorchia Y, Moretti V, Favero B, Farneti F, Cocconi R, Quattrin R, Castriotta L. Second Victim Symptoms and Desired Support Strategies Among Italian Health Care Workers in Friuli-Venezia Giulia: Cross-Sectional Survey and Latent Profile Analysis. J Patient Saf 2024; 20:66-75. [PMID: 38099853 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The second victim (SV) phenomenon concerns health care workers (HCWs) whose involvement in a medical error, as well as non-error patient safety events, has affected their well-being. Its prevalence ranges from 10% to 75% and can predispose HCWs to burnout, increasing the probability of committing errors. The primary aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of HCWs involved in an adverse patient safety event in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (Italy). The secondary aims were to use latent profile analysis to identify profiles of SVs and factors influencing profile membership, and to evaluate the relationship between the severity of symptoms and desired support options. METHODS A cross-sectional survey through the Italian version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool tool was conducted in 5 local health authorities. Descriptive statistics were conducted for all variables. Associations and correlations were assessed with statistical tests, as appropriate. Latent profile analysis was based on the scores of dimensions measuring SVs' symptoms. Factors affecting profile membership were assessed through multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 733 HCWs participated. Of them, 305 (41.6%) experienced at least 1 adverse event. Among dimensions measuring SVs' symptoms, psychological distress had the highest percentage of agreement (30.2%). Three latent profiles were identified: mild (58.7%), moderate (24.3%), and severe (17.0%) symptoms. Severe symptoms profile was positively associated with the agreement for extraoccupational support and negatively associated with the agreement for organizational support. A respected colleague with whom to discuss the details of the incident (78.7%) and free counseling outside of work (71.2%) were the support options most desired by HCWs. The severity of symptoms was directly associated with the desire for support strategies. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HCWs involved in adverse events is consistent with the literature. Three latent profiles have been identified according to SV symptoms, and the higher the severity of symptoms, the greater the reliance on extraoccupational support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scarpis
- From the Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università degli Studi di Udine
| | | | - Valentina Moretti
- From the Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università degli Studi di Udine
| | - Beatrice Favero
- From the Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università degli Studi di Udine
| | - Federico Farneti
- SOC Rischio Clinico, Qualità e Accreditamento, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Roberto Cocconi
- SOC Rischio Clinico, Qualità e Accreditamento, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
| | - Rosanna Quattrin
- SOC Rischio Clinico, Qualità e Accreditamento, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, Udine, Italy
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Cohen R, Sela Y, Nissanholtz-Gannot R. Addressing the second victim phenomenon in Israeli health care institutions. Isr J Health Policy Res 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 37667398 PMCID: PMC10476320 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-023-00578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'second victim' phenomenon (SVP) refers to practitioners who experience a negative physical or emotional response, as well as a professional decline, after participating or witnessing an adverse event. Despite the Israeli Ministry of Health's implementation of specific protocols regarding the overall management of adverse events in health organizations over the past decade, there is limited knowledge regarding healthcare managers' perceptions of the 'second victim' occurrence. METHODS A phenomenological qualitative approach was used to identify an accurate view of policy. Fifteen senior risk manager/and policy makers were interviewed about their knowledge and perceptions of the 'second victim'. Topics addressed included reporting mechanisms of an adverse event, the degree of organizational awareness of 'second victim', and identifying components of possible intervention programs and challenges to implementing those programs. RESULTS Examining current procedures reveals that there is limited knowledge about uniform guidance for health care organizations on how to identify, treat, or prevent SVP among providers. The employee support programs that were offered were sporadic in nature and depended on the initiative of a direct manager or the risk manager. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there is little information or organizational discussion about the possible negative effects of AE on healthcare practitioners. To provide overall medical care that is safe and effective for patients, the health system must also provide a suitable response to the needs of the medical provider. This could be achieved by establishing a national policy for all healthcare organizations to follow, raising awareness of the possible occurrence of SVP, and creating a standard for the subsequent identification, treatment and future prevention for providers who may be suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Cohen
- Department of Health System Management, School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Nursing Department, Ramat Gan Academic College, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Rishon Le Zion, Israel
| | - Yael Sela
- Nursing Department, Ruppin Academic College, Emek-Hefer, Israel
| | - Rachel Nissanholtz-Gannot
- Department of Health System Management, School of Health Science, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Smokler Center for Health Policy Research, Meyers JDC-Brookdale Institute, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shomalinasab E, Bagheri Z, Jahangirimehr A, Bahramnezhad F. The Nurses' Second Victim Syndrome and Moral Distress. Nurs Ethics 2023; 30:822-831. [PMID: 36988002 DOI: 10.1177/09697330221142079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of moral distress in the stressful environment of the intensive care unit (ICU) provides grounds for nursing error and endangers patients' health, safety, and even life. One of the most important reasons for this distress is the treatment team's second victim syndrome (SVS), especially nurses, following errors in the treatment system. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the relationship between moral distress and SVS in ICUs. RESEARCH DESIGN This cross-sectional study involved a sample size of 96 ICU nurses working in hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in the 2021-2022 period, who were selected via a simple random sampling method. Data were collected using the Demographic Questionnaire, the second victim experience and support tool (SVEST) and Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R). Descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, mean, and SD) and analytical tests (Spearman correlation coefficient test, independent t-test, and ANOVA) were employed for data analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT This study used a sample size of 96 intensive care unit nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences selected by simple random sampling. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The study obtained research ethics approval, and all participants were informed of the voluntary and anonymous nature of their participation. FINDINGS The results showed that 59.4% of nurses suffered a low level of moral distress, and 40.6% suffered from a moderate level of moral distress. The SVS score of 86.5% of the nurses was moderate. There was no significant and direct correlation between moral distress and SVS in nurses; however, there was a significant and inverse correlation between the moral distress intensity and SVS (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION Despite no significant correlation between moral distress and SVS, these variables were at moderate levels. Accordingly, it is suggested to provide a proper ground for expressing morally stressful situations, counseling and training strategies to deal with moral distress, creating support resources for those suffering from SVS, and implementing empowerment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Shomalinasab
- Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Bahramnezhad
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sahay A, McKenna L. Nurses and nursing students as second victims: A scoping review. Nurs Outlook 2023; 71:101992. [PMID: 37302259 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2023.101992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second victim describes the impact on health care professionals after an error causing preventable patient harm. However, to date, the impact of making errors in practice by nurses and/or nursing students is unclear. PURPOSE To describe and understand what is known about nurses and nursing students as second victims. METHODS A scoping review was completed using three databases: CINAHL, Medline, and Proquest for the period between 2010 and 2022. A total of 23 papers underwent thematic analysis. DISCUSSION Three themes were identified: (a) Psychological distress and symptomatology, (b) Coping-response/reactions to errors, and (c) Seeking support and understanding. CONCLUSION Nurses and nursing students' well-being and productivity levels can be negatively affected by inadequate team and organisational support. To improve team functioning, appropriate support mechanisms must be implemented to assist nurses who experience significant distress after making errors. Nursing leadership should prioritise improving support programs, assessing workload allocation, and increasing awareness amongst leaders of the potential benefits of providing support to second victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Sahay
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Central Queensland University, Mackay, QLD, Australia.
| | - Lisa McKenna
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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Mayes CG, Cochran K. Factors Influencing Perioperative Nurse Turnover: A Classic Grounded Theory Study. AORN J 2023; 117:161-174. [PMID: 36825918 DOI: 10.1002/aorn.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Perioperative nurse turnover rates range from 12% to 18.8%, and approximately 75% of perioperative managers reported at least one vacancy in 2021. Perioperative leaders are challenged to mitigate nurse turnover effectively because factors contributing to a nurse's decision to leave their job are not well defined. The purpose of this qualitative study using classic grounded theory was to explore perioperative nurses' turnover decision-making processes. We used social media to recruit participants and then conducted 26 interviews to collect data. We completed comparative analysis of the data and developed the Perioperative Nurse Turnover Decision-Making Theory, which describes the influence of the dimensions of perioperative nurse well-being (ie, physical and emotional well-being, career development, work-life balance, compensation, workplace culture) on their decision to leave an OR position. Perioperative leaders should consider the nurses' decision-making process when developing and implementing interventions aimed at reducing turnover.
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Buhlmann M, Ewens B, Rashidi A. Moving on after critical incidents in health care: A qualitative study of the perspectives and experiences of second victims. J Adv Nurs 2022; 78:2960-2972. [PMID: 35451525 PMCID: PMC9543713 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims To gain a deeper understanding of nurses and midwives' experiences following involvement in a critical incident in a non‐critical care area and to explore how they have 'moved‐on' from the event. Design An interpretive descriptive design guided inductive inquiry to interpret the meaning of moving‐on. Methods Purposive sampling recruited 10 nurses and midwives. Data collection comprised semi‐structured interviews, memos and field notes. Data were concurrently collected and analysed during 2016–2017 with NVivo 11. The thematic analysis enabled a coherent analytical framework evolving emerging themes and transformation of the data into credible interpretive description findings, adhering to the COREQ reporting guidelines. Results The findings revealed five main themes: Initial emotional and physical response, the aftermath, long‐lasting repercussions, workplace support and moving‐on. Conclusion This study shed light on the perceptions of nurses and midwives who lived through the impact of critical incidents. Through their lens, the strategies engaged in to move‐on were identified and their call for organizational and collegial support received a voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Buhlmann
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Bunbury, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Beverley Ewens
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amineh Rashidi
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Zheng S, Huang H, Xu L, Xiao M, Zhao Q. Second-victim Experience and Support Desire Among Nurses Working at Regional Levels in China. J Nurs Manag 2022; 30:767-776. [PMID: 35174925 DOI: 10.1111/jonm.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe and analyse the degree of second victim syndrome and the desire for supports among nurses working in regional hospitals in China. BACKGROUND The evidence on the prevalence of second victim among healthcare workers remains inconsistent and have rarely focused on the regional level. METHODS A quantitative, descriptive, survey-based, online, cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,194 nurses in three regional hospitals. RESULTS A total of 918 (76.88%) nurses, who reported have had experienced patient safety incidents, were selected for the final analysis. The mean score for the Chinese version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (C-SVEST) was (65.58±10.05). Psychological distress (15.91±2.99) and practice distress (15.26±4.32) had the highest score. The mean score for the desired form of support was (4.29±0.614). The option 'the opportunity to get guidance and suggestions for future work' was rated the most desired. CONCLUSION Nurses working at the regional level reported a similar degree of second victim experience and support desire, while the prevalence was much higher. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT The second victim phenomenon has become increasingly complex and challenging, and deserve more attention. Not only Safety-I, abut also Safety-II approaches are suggested to integrated to patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Zheng
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.,Department of Medical Affairs, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Affairs, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingzhao Xiao
- Department of Urology, Urologist, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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