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Novo VM, Feletti MP, Maifrede SB, da Fonseca JZ, Cayô R, Gonçalves SS, Grão-Velloso TR. Clinical and mycological analysis of colonization by Candida spp. in oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01416-9. [PMID: 38913253 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the prevalence of Candida spp. colonization in oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus lesions, verify the influence of systemic and local factors, besides identify and determine the in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples were collected by swabbing from oral lesions and healthy mucosa and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose and CHROMagar® Candida plates. Species identification was confirmed with MALDI-TOF MS analysis. RESULTS Candida spp. was found in 36.8% of cases of oral leukoplakia and 18.2% of cases of oral lichen planus. Candida albicans was the only species found in oral lichen planus lesions (n = 2, 100%) and the most prevalent in oral leukoplakia (n = 5, 76.4%). Among the non-albicans Candida species found in oral leukoplakia were C. parapsilosis (n = 2, 25.5%) and C. tropicalis (n = 1, 14.1%). Candida isolates were susceptible to all antifungals tested. CONCLUSION C. albicans was the most commonly found species in the studied lesions. No correlation was found between systemic and local factors with positive cases of oral lichen planus. However, smoking and alcohol consumption may be associated with positive cases of oral leukoplakia, especially the non-homogeneous clinical form. In addition, there is a possible predisposition to associated Candida colonization in cases of epithelial dysplasia found in oral leukoplakia. The antifungal medications tested showed excellent efficacy against isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Cayô
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Molkenthin F, Hertel M, Neumann K, Schmidt-Westhausen AM. Factors influencing the presence of Candida dubliniensis and other non-albicans species in patients with oral lichen planus: a retrospective observational study. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:333-342. [PMID: 34142239 PMCID: PMC8791885 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The epidemiologic distribution of non-albicans species in the oral cavity of oral lichen planus (OLP) patients remains uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the presence of C. dubliniensis and other non-albicans species. Furthermore, independent risk factors for Candida superinfection in OLP should be identified. Material and methods Epidemiologic data and microbiological findings from 268 symptomatic OLP patients who underwent continuous oral swab culture over a 5-year period (2015–2019) were retrospectively reviewed. Candida species identification and semi-quantification were obtained by culture on CHROMagar Candida, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Results C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species (72.3%), followed by C. glabrata (7.3%), C. dubliniensis (5.8%), C. krusei and C. parapsilosis (both 2.6%). The presence of C. dubliniensis was significantly associated with tobacco smoking. Other non-albicans spp. were significantly more often detected in patients using removable dentures. Increasing age and the intake of psychotropic drugs were identified as independent risk factors of Candida superinfection in OLP. Conclusion In OLP patients, certain local and systemic factors increase the risk of carrying potentially drug-resistant Candida species and the development of Candida superinfection of OLP lesions. Clinical relevance Due to the frequent detection of non-albicans species in OLP, resistance or at least reduced sensitivity to azole antifungals should be expected, especially in smokers and patients using removable dentures. In the case of oral complaints, a superinfection with Candida should be considered, whereby older patients and patients taking psychotropic drugs have an increased risk for oral infection with Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Molkenthin
- CharitéCentre 3, Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4, 14197, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Hertel
- CharitéCentre 3, Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Neumann
- Institute of Medical Biometrics and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Maria Schmidt-Westhausen
- CharitéCentre 3, Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str. 4, 14197, Berlin, Germany
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Lombardi A, Ouanounou A. Fungal infections in dentistry: Clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment alternatives. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:533-546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Xia DN, Tan YQ, Yang JY, Zhou G. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a promising approach for the management of oral lichen planus. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:989-999. [PMID: 32770320 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease with a risk of malignant transformation. Although the etiology of OLP is still uncertain, growing evidence suggests that oral microbiota, antigen-specific, and non-specific mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of OLP. Antigen-specific mechanisms include antigen presentation, T-cell activation, nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, and cytokine secretion, while non-specific mechanisms consist of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 upregulation, psychological pressure, oxidative damage, aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), and autophagy. Till now, there is no cure for OLP, and the main purpose of OLP therapy is symptomatic control. FINDING Seafood and its derivative omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) can suppress antigen presentation, T-cell activation, and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, modulate the overexpressed inflammatory cytokines, inhibit the expression of MMP-9, as well as regulate the expression of miRNAs and autophagy. And they are possible agents for ameliorating psychological disorder and oxidative damage. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs supplementation has a beneficial effect on preventing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION n-3 PUFAs consumption may provide a non-toxic, inexpensive administration for OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo-Na Xia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Qin Tan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Ya Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, 430070, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Hong BY, Hoare A, Cardenas A, Dupuy AK, Choquette L, Salner AL, Schauer PK, Hegde U, Peterson DE, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Strausbaugh LD, Diaz PI. The Salivary Mycobiome Contains 2 Ecologically Distinct Mycotypes. J Dent Res 2020; 99:730-738. [PMID: 32315566 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520915879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad range of fungi has been detected in molecular surveys of the oral mycobiome. However, knowledge is still lacking on interindividual variability of these communities and the ecologic and clinical significance of oral fungal commensals. In this cross-sectional study, we use internal transcribed spacer 1 amplicon sequencing to evaluate the salivary mycobiome in 59 subjects, 36 of whom were scheduled to receive cancer chemotherapy. Analysis of the broad population structure of fungal communities in the whole cohort identified 2 well-demarcated genus-level community types (mycotypes), with Candida and Malassezia as the main taxa driving cluster partitioning. The Candida mycotype had lower diversity than the Malassezia mycotype and was positively correlated with cancer and steroid use in these subjects, smoking, caries, utilizing a removable prosthesis, and plaque index. Mycotypes were also associated with metabolically distinct bacteria indicative of divergent oral environments, with aciduric species enriched in the Candida mycotype and inflammophilic bacteria increased in the Malassezia mycotype. Similar to their fungal counterparts, coexisting bacterial communities associated with the Candida mycotype showed lower diversity than those associated with the Malassezia mycotype, suggesting that common environmental pressures affected bacteria and fungi. Mycotypes were also seen in an independent cohort of 24 subjects, in which cultivation revealed Malassezia as viable oral mycobiome members, although the low-abundance Malassezia sympodialis was the only Malassezia species recovered. There was a high degree of concordance between the molecular detection and cultivability of Candida, while cultivation showed low sensitivity for detection of the Malassezia mycotype. Overall, our work provides insights into the oral mycobiome landscape, revealing 2 community classes with apparently distinct ecologic constraints and specific associations with coexisting bacteria and clinical parameters. The utility of mycotypes as biomarkers for oral diseases warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Hong
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A Hoare
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,Laboratorio de Microbiología Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Cardenas
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A K Dupuy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - L Choquette
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A L Salner
- Hartford Healthcare Cancer Institute at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - P K Schauer
- Hartford Healthcare Cancer Institute at Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - U Hegde
- Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - D E Peterson
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - A Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - L D Strausbaugh
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - P I Diaz
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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Baek K, Choi Y. The microbiology of oral lichen planus: Is microbial infection the cause of oral lichen planus? Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 33:22-28. [PMID: 28869787 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a variant of lichen planus (LP), a common chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory disease. Cutaneous lesions of LP are self-limiting, but OLP lesions are non-remissive, alternating periods of exacerbation and quiescence, and only symptomatic treatments exist for OLP. The precise etiology and pathogenesis of OLP are hardly understood, which is a major obstacle to the development of new therapeutics for this disease. OLP is considered a T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease. Although various antigens have been considered, what actually triggers the inflammatory response of T cells is unknown. Suggested predisposing factors include genetic factors, stress, trauma, and infection. The aim of this review was to determine whether microbial infection can cause OLP. We first reviewed the association between OLP and microbial factors, including viral, fungal, and bacterial infections. In addition, each microbial factor associated with OLP was assessed by modified guidelines of Fredricks and Relman to determine whether it establishes a causal relationship. In conclusion, no microbial factor yet fulfills the guidelines to establish the causality of OLP. By focusing on the unclarified issues, however, the potential roles of microbial factors in the pathogenesis of OLP will be soon elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Baek
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Han X, Zhang J, Tan Y, Zhou G. Probiotics: A non-conventional therapy for oral lichen planus. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 81:90-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bombeccari GP, Giannì AB, Spadari F. Oral Candida colonization and oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 2017; 23:1009-1010. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Bombeccari
- Maxillo-Facial and Dental Unit; Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Aldo Bruno Giannì
- Maxillo-Facial and Dental Unit; Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Spadari
- Maxillo-Facial and Dental Unit; Fondazione Ca’ Granda IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milan Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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Suter VGA, Sjölund S, Bornstein MM. Effect of laser on pain relief and wound healing of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a systematic review. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:953-963. [PMID: 28345122 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to assess a potential benefit of laser use in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). The primary outcome variables were pain relief, duration of wound healing and reduction in episode frequency. A PICO approach was used as a search strategy in Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases. After scanning and excluding titles, abstracts and full texts, 11 studies (ten RCTs and one non-randomised controlled trial) were included. Study selection and data extraction was done by two observers. Study participants varied between 7-90 for the laser and 5-90 for the control groups. Laser treatment included Nd:YAG laser ablation, CO2 laser applied through a transparent gel (non-ablative) and diode laser in a low-level laser treatment (LLLT) mode. Control groups had placebo, no therapy or topical corticosteroid treatment. Significant pain relief immediately after treatment was found in five out of six studies. Pain relief in the days following treatment was recorded in seven studies. The duration of RAS wound healing was also reduced in five studies. However, criteria of evaluation differed between the studies. The episode frequency was not evaluated as only one study addressed this outcome parameter, but did not discriminate between the study (LLLT) and control (corticosteroid) groups. Jadad scores (ranging from 0 to 5) for quality assessment of the included studies range between 0 and 2 (mean = 1.0) for studies analysing pain relief and between 0 and 3 (mean = 1.1) for studies evaluating wound healing. The use of lasers (CO2 laser, Nd:YAG laser and diode laser) to relieve symptoms and promote healing of RAS is a therapeutic option. More studies for laser applications are necessary to demonstrate superiority over topical pharmaceutical treatment and to recommend a specific laser type, wavelength, power output and applied energy (ablative versus photobiomodulation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie G A Suter
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Sjölund
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Bornstein
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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