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Gocol H, Zeng JH, Chang S, Koh BY, Nguyen H, Cirillo N. A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the Role of Arecoline in Oral Carcinogenesis: Is the Local Cholinergic Axis a Missing Link in Disease Pathophysiology? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1684. [PMID: 38139811 PMCID: PMC10748297 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arecoline is the primary active carcinogen found in areca nut and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). For this study, we conducted a stepwise review process by combining iterative scoping reviews with a post hoc search, with the aim of identifying the specific mechanisms by which arecoline initiates and promotes oral carcinogenesis. Our initial search allowed us to define the current trends and patterns in the pathophysiology of arecoline-induced OSF and OSCC, which include the induction of cell proliferation, facilitation of invasion, adhesion, and migration, increased collagen deposition and fibrosis, imbalance in immune and inflammatory mechanisms, and genotoxicity. Key molecular pathways comprise the activation of NOTCH1, MYC, PRDX2, WNT, CYR61, EGFR/Pl3K, DDR1 signaling, and cytokine upregulation. Despite providing a comprehensive overview of potential pathogenic mechanisms of OSF, the involvement of molecules functioning as areca alkaloid receptors, namely, the muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), was not elucidated with this approach. Accordingly, our search strategy was refined to reflect these evidence gaps. The results of the second round of reviews with the post hoc search highlighted that arecoline binds preferentially to muscarinic AChRs, which have been implicated in cancer. Consistently, AChRs activate the signaling pathways that partially overlap with those described in the context of arecoline-induced carcinogenesis. In summary, we used a theory-driven interpretive review methodology to inform, extend, and supplement the conventional systematic literature assessment workflow. On the one hand, the results of this critical interpretive synthesis highlighted the prevailing trends and enabled the consolidation of data pertaining to the molecular mechanisms involved in arecoline-induced carcinogenesis, and, on the other, brought up knowledge gaps related to the role of the local cholinergic axis in oral carcinogenesis, thus suggesting areas for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia (B.Y.K.)
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2
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Ko AMS, Tu HP, Ko YC. Systematic Review of Roles of Arecoline and Arecoline N-Oxide in Oral Cancer and Strategies to Block Carcinogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1208. [PMID: 37190117 PMCID: PMC10137008 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel quid and areca nut are complex mixture carcinogens, but little is known about whether their derived single-agent arecoline or arecoline N-oxide (ANO) is carcinogenic, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this systematic review, we analyzed recent studies on the roles of arecoline and ANO in cancer and strategies to block carcinogenesis. In the oral cavity, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 oxidizes arecoline to ANO, and both alkaloids conjugate with N-acetylcysteine to form mercapturic acid compounds, which are excreted in urine, reducing arecoline and ANO toxicity. However, detoxification may not be complete. Arecoline and ANO upregulated protein expression in oral cancer tissue from areca nut users compared to expression levels in adjacent normal tissue, suggesting a causal relationship between these compounds and oral cancer. Sublingual fibrosis, hyperplasia, and oral leukoplakia were diagnosed in mice subjected to oral mucosal smearing of ANO. ANO is more cytotoxic and genotoxic than arecoline. During carcinogenesis and metastasis, these compounds increase the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducers such as reactive oxygen species, transforming growth factor-β1, Notch receptor-1, and inflammatory cytokines, and they activate EMT-related proteins. Arecoline-induced epigenetic markers such as sirtuin-1 hypermethylation, low protein expression of miR-22, and miR-886-3-p accelerate oral cancer progression. Antioxidants and targeted inhibitors of the EMT inducers used reduce the risk of oral cancer development and progression. Our review findings substantiate the association of arecoline and ANO with oral cancer. Both of these single compounds are likely carcinogenic to humans, and their mechanisms and pathways of carcinogenesis are useful indicators for cancer therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Min-Shan Ko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tu
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2 Yu-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
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3
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Senevirathna K, Pradeep R, Jayasinghe YA, Jayawickrama SM, Illeperuma R, Warnakulasuriya S, Jayasinghe RD. Carcinogenic Effects of Areca Nut and Its Metabolites: A Review of the Experimental Evidence. Clin Pract 2023; 13:326-346. [PMID: 36961055 PMCID: PMC10037666 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers (OC) are among the most frequent malignancies encountered in Southeast Asia, primarily due to the prevalent habit of betel quid (BQ) and smokeless tobacco use in this region. Areca nut (AN), the primary ingredient in BQ, contains several alkaloids, including arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine. These have been associated with both the AN abuse liability and carcinogenicity. Additionally, variations in AN alkaloid levels could lead to differences in the addictiveness and carcinogenic potential across various AN-containing products. Recent studies based on animal models and in vitro experiments show cellular and molecular effects induced by AN. These comprise promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy initiation, tissue hypoxia, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and cell death. Further, clinical research endorses these undesired harmful effects in humans. Oral submucosal fibrosis, a potentially malignant disease of the oral cavity, is predominantly reported from the geographical areas of the globe where AN is habitually chewed. OC in chronic AN users presents a more aggressive phenotype, such as resistance to anti-cancer drugs. The available evidence on the carcinogenicity of AN based on the findings reported in the recently published experimental studies is discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani Senevirathna
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Roshan Pradeep
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindu Malshan Jayawickrama
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rasika Illeperuma
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College, London SE1 9RA, UK
| | - Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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4
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Outcomes for recurrent oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2022; 134:106127. [PMID: 36155359 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine overall survival (OS), prognostic factors, cost, and functional outcomes after surgery for locally recurrent oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 399 cases of locally recurrent OCSCC from 1997 to 2011, of which 259 patients were treated with salvage surgery. Survival and prognostic factors were evaluated using univariable and multivariable Cox regression, the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test. RESULTS The 5-year OS for patients undergoing surgical salvage, nonsurgical therapy, or supportive care was 44.2%, 1.5%, and 0%, respectively. For patients who underwent surgical salvage, 133 (51%) patients experienced a second recurrence at a median of 17 months. Factors associated with OS included disease-free interval ≤ 6 months (P =.0001), recurrent stage III-IV disease (P <.0001), and prior radiation (P =.0001). Patients with both advanced stage and prior radiation had a 23% 5-year OS, compared with 70% for those with neither risk (P <.001). Functionally, 85% of patients had > 80% speech intelligibility and 81% were able to eat by mouth following salvage surgery. Of the patients who required tracheostomy, 78% were decannulated. The adjusted median hospital and professional charges for patients were $129,696 (range $9,238-$956,818). CONCLUSIONS Patients with recurrent OCSCC who underwent salvage surgery have favorable functional outcomes with half of alive at 5 years but poorer OS for advanced disease, disease-free interval ≤ 6 months, and prior radiation. Additionally, treatment is associated with high cost, and about half of patients ultimately develop another recurrence.
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LncRNA LINC01303 Promotes the Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas via the miR-429/ZEB1/EMT Axis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:7974012. [PMID: 34912458 PMCID: PMC8668298 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7974012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this research was to uncover the biological role and mechanisms of LINC01303 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine LINC01303 expression in OSCC tissues. Subcellular distribution of LINC01303 was examined by nuclear/cytoplasmic RNA fractionation and FISH experiments. The role of LINC01303 in the growth of TSCCA and SCC-25 was examined by CCK-8 assay, colony formation, transwell invasion assay in vitro, and xenograft tumor experiment in vivo. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the interaction between LINC01303 and miR-429. RNA pull‐down assay was used to discover miR-429‐interacted protein, which was further examined by qRT-PCR, western blot, and rescue experiments. Results LINC01303 expression was higher in OSCC tissues compared with adjacent nontumor tissues. LINC01303 was found to be localized in the cytoplasm of OSCC cells. Knockdown of LINC01303 inhibited OSCC cell proliferation and invasion, whereas increasing the expression of LINC01303 showed the opposite effects. Furthermore, LINC01303 served as a miR-429 “sponge” and positively regulated ZEB1 expression. Moreover, LINC01303 promoted OSCC through miR-429/ZEB1 axis both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions LINC01303 plays an oncogenic role in OSCC and is a promising biomarker for OSCC patients.
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Ren H, He G, Lu Z, He Q, Li S, Huang Z, Chen Z, Cao C, Wang A. Arecoline induces epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and promotes metastasis of oral cancer by SAA1 expression. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2173-2184. [PMID: 33626219 PMCID: PMC8177782 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecoline, the main alkaloid of areca nut, is well known for its role in inducing submucosal fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), however the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to establish an arecoline‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transformation (EMT) model of OSCC cells and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. CAL33 and UM2 cells were induced with arecoline to establish an EMT cell model and perform RNA‐sequence screening. Luminex multiplex cytokine assays, western blot, and RT‐qPCR were used to investigate the EMT mechanism. Arecoline at a concentration of 160 μg/ml was used to induce EMT in OSCC cells, which was confirmed using morphological analysis, transwell assays, and EMT marker detection. RNA‐sequence screening and Luminex multiplex cytokine assays showed that many inflammatory cytokines (such as serum amyloid A1 [SAA1], interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐36G, chemokine [CCL]2, and CCL20) were significantly altered during arecoline‐induced EMT. Of these cytokines, SAA1 was the most highly upregulated. SAA1 overexpression induced EMT and promoted the migration and invasion of CAL33 cells, while SAA1 knockdown attenuated arecoline‐induced EMT. Moreover, arecoline enhanced cervical lymph node metastasis in an orthotopic xenograft model of the tongue established using BALB/c nude mice. Our findings revealed that arecoline induced EMT and enhanced the metastatic capability of OSCC by the regulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion, especially that of SAA1. Our study provides a basis for understanding the mechanism of OSCC metastasis and suggests possible therapeutic targets to prevent the occurrence and development of OSCC associated with areca nut chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqin He
- Department of Stomatology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Medical Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianting He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhexun Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Congyuan Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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7
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Das A, Giri S. A Review on Role of Arecoline and Its Metabolites in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Lesions with an Insight into Current Status of Its Metabolomics. Prague Med Rep 2020; 121:209-235. [PMID: 33270010 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2020.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut consumption is a popular habit in Southeast Asian countries. One of the important biologically active alkaloids of areca nut is arecoline, which plays a role in mediating the development of several pathologies of the primary exposure site, the oral cavity. Studies on the metabolism of arecoline revealed the formation of several metabolites which themselves might be toxic. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of arecoline might predispose an organism towards the development of oral cancer. The present review tries to accumulate all the relevant existing literature and then elucidate the molecular mechanism by which arecoline plays a role in the development of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. Existing information regarding arecoline metabolism, enzymes involved in the metabolic process and biological effects of the metabolites of arecoline have also been compiled and compared to study the toxicity of metabolites with its parent compound arecoline and whether they play any role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer mediated by areca nut consumption. A repertoire of molecular targets has come up in the discussion whose expression profile is perturbed by arecoline. Construction of induction cascade from existing literature has given an idea about the process of molecular pathogenesis. The summarized and analysed data can help to determine the molecular mechanism and drug targets, which in turn could be helpful in the prevention or treatment of these pathological conditions. It also brings into light areas where further research needs to be directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Das
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Sarbani Giri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India.
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8
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Shetty SS, Sharma M, Fonseca FP, Jayaram P, Tanwar AS, Kabekkodu SP, Kapaettu S, Radhakrishnan R. Signaling pathways promoting epithelial mesenchymal transition in oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2020; 56:97-108. [PMID: 32874377 PMCID: PMC7452314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process that occurs during the embryonic development, wound healing, organ fibrosis and the onset of malignancy. Emerging evidence suggests that the EMT is involved in the invasion and metastasis of cancers. The inflammatory reaction antecedent to fibrosis in the onset of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and the role of EMT in its malignant transformation indicates a hitherto unexplored involvement of EMT. This review focuses on the role of EMT markers which are regulators of the EMT mediated complex network of molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of OSF and OSCC. Further the gene enrichment analysis and pathway analysis supports the association of the upregulated and downregulated genes in various EMT regulating pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Sammith Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Felipe Paiva Fonseca
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pradyumna Jayaram
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Ankit Singh Tanwar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Satyamoorthy Kapaettu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Kim JY, Cho KH, Jeong BY, Park CG, Lee HY. Zeb1 for RCP-induced oral cancer cell invasion and its suppression by resveratrol. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1152-1163. [PMID: 32728068 PMCID: PMC8080807 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab coupling protein (RCP) is upregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and is correlated with the progression and survival of patients. However, the role of RCP in one of the aggressive types of HNSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains elusive. In the present study, we identified the important role of Zeb1 in RCP-induced OSCC epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. RCP induces Zeb1 expression, and silencing Zeb1 expression significantly inhibits RCP-induced OSCC invasion. In addition, Zeb1 upregulates MT1-MMP expression to promote OSCC EMT and invasion. Furthermore, we observed that the β1 integrin/EGFR/β-catenin signaling cascade mediates RCP-induced Zeb1 expression to promote OSCC invasion. Notably, we provide evidence that resveratrol (REV) strongly inhibits RCP-induced Zeb1 expression through blocking β1 integrin endosome recycling and EGFR activation, leading to suppression of RCP-induced OSCC invasion, demonstrating the important role of RCP in OSCC invasion and its reversion by REV. Collectively, the present study provides evidence for the first time that RCP aggravates OSCC invasion through increasing Zeb1 expression and subsequently upregulating MT1-MMP expression and that this process is reversed by REV, providing novel biomarkers and indicating the therapeutic potential of REV in OSCC. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring compound present in grape skins, peanuts, and blueberries, reduces the ability of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells to spread to other parts of the body. Over half a million new cases of OSCC are diagnosed each year, and spread beyond the mouth is the most common cause of death. Hoi Young Lee at Konyang University, Daejon, Republic of Korea, and co-workers investigated whether a protein called RCP, which increases the invasiveness of many but not all types of cancer, is implicated in aggressive spread of OSCC. They found that RCP does increase the invasiveness of OSCC. Resveratrol is known to suppress the spread of many cancers, and strongly curtailed the spread of OSCC by blocking RCP activity. These results shed light on OSCC invasiveness, and offer a potential new treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gyo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Li YC, Cheng AJ, Lee LY, Huang YC, Chang JTC. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Areca Nuts in Oral Carcinogenesis: the Molecular Pathology from Precancerous Condition to Malignant Transformation. J Cancer 2019; 10:4054-4062. [PMID: 31417650 PMCID: PMC6692602 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases worldwide, and areca nut is a primary carcinogen causing this cancer in Southeast Asia. It has been widely reported that areca nut induced several cytotoxic effects in oral cells, including ROS generation, inflammation, tissue hypoxia, DNA damage, and cell invasion. Recently, through chronic exposure model, more extensive pathological effects due to areca nut have been found. These include the induction of autophagy, promotion of epithelial- mesenchymal transition, and facilitation of cancer stemness conversion. Clinical findings support these adverse effects. Oral submucosal fibrosis, a premalignant condition, is prevalent in the area with habitual chewing of areca nuts. Consistently, oral cancer patients with habitual chewing areca nut exhibit more aggressive phenotypes, including resistance to chemo-radiotherapy. In this review, we comprehensively discuss and concisely summarize the up-to-date molecular and cellular mechanisms by which areca nuts contribute to malignant transformation. This review may provide critical information regarding clinical applications in risk assessment, disease prevention, diagnosis, and personalized therapeutics for areca nut-induced oral malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Tung-Chieh Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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11
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Wang TY, Peng CY, Lee SS, Chou MY, Yu CC, Chang YC. Acquisition cancer stemness, mesenchymal transdifferentiation, and chemoresistance properties by chronic exposure of oral epithelial cells to arecoline. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84072-84081. [PMID: 27557511 PMCID: PMC5356645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), one of the most deadliest malignancies in the world, is caused primarily by areca nut chewing in Southeast Asia. The mechanisms by which areca nut participates in OSCC tumorigenesis are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of low dose long-term arecoline (10 μg/mL, 90-days), a major areca nut alkaloid, on enhancement cancer stemness of human oral epithelial (OE) cells. OE cells with chronic arecoline exposure resulted in increased ALDH1 population, CD44 positivity, stemness-related transcription factors (Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2), epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) traits, chemoresistance, migration/invasiveness/anchorage independent growth and in vivo tumor growth as compared to their untreated controls. Mechanistically, ectopic miR-145 over-expression in chronic arecoline-exposed OE (AOE) cells inhibited the cancer stemness and xenografic. In AOE cells, luciferase reporter assays further revealed that miR-145 directly targets the 3′ UTR regions of Oct4 and Sox2 and overexpression of Sox2/Oct4 effectively reversed miR-145-regulated cancer stemness-associated phenomenas. Additionally, clinical results further revealed that Sox2 and Oct4 expression was inversely correlated with miR-145 in the tissues of areca quid chewing-associated OSCC patients. This study hence attempts to provide novel insight into areca nut-induced oral carcinogenesis and new intervention for the treatment of OSCC patients, especially in areca nut users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Yuan Wang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Peng
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yung Chou
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Yao X, Sun S, Zhou X, Zhang Q, Guo W, Zhang L. Clinicopathological significance of ZEB-1 and E-cadherin proteins in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:781-790. [PMID: 28243114 PMCID: PMC5315354 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1), a member of the ZFH family, plays a key role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition during tumor progression in various cancers. However, little information is available on ZEB-1 expression in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods The expression levels of ZEB-1 and E-cadherin were assessed by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 120 patients with OSCC treated by curative operation, and then the correlations between ZEB-1 and E-cadherin expression and clinical factors were evaluated, including patient prognosis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays were performed to assess mRNA levels of ZEB-1 and E-cadherin in 20 matched OSCC specimens. Results Patients were followed up for a median period of 66 months (range 8−116 months), and 5-year overall survival was 68.3%. Positive ZEB-1 and E-cadherin immunostaining reactivity was detected in 64 (53.3%) and 53 (44.2%) patients, respectively. There was a negative correlation between ZEB-1 expression and E-cadherin expression. In addition, overexpression of ZEB-1 was significantly associated with recurrence, lymph node metastasis, and pathologic grading of patients, loss of E-cadherin was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and pathologic grading of patients. Univariate analysis showed that increased ZEB-1 expression, loss of E-cadherin expression, lymph node metastasis, recurrence, and pathology grade were prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, increased ZEB-1 expression and recurrence remained independent prognostic factors. In particular, patients with both ZEB-1 positivity and loss of E-cadherin expression had a poorer prognosis. qRT-PCR showed that ZEB-1 mRNA expression was higher in OSCC compared to the adjacent nontumorous tissues, while E-cadherin mRNA expression was lower in tumor tissues. Conclusion This study shows that overexpression of ZEB-1 and loss of E-cadherin expression are significantly correlated with poor survival in OSCC patients, and ZEB-1 expression might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Guo
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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13
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Gao C, Sun R, Xie YR, Jiang AL, Lin M, Li M, Chen ZW, Zhang P, Jin H, Feng JP. The soy-derived peptide Vglycin inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1034-1043. [PMID: 28492347 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217697383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vglycin, a novel natural polypeptide isolated from pea seeds, possesses antidiabetic properties. Our previous studies have shown that Vglycin can induce the differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells. We aimed to determine the anticancer activity of Vglycin against colon cancer cells and to elucidate related apoptosis-inducing mechanisms. Treatment with purified Vglycin significantly reduced growth, viability, and colony formation of CT-26, SW480, and NCL-H716 colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner while down-regulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Mouse xenograft studies showed a 38% inhibition of colon cancer growth in mice treated with Vglycin (20 mg/kg/day) at day 21. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms involved in Vglycin-induced cell apoptosis were examined using cell cycle studies, ultrastructural examination, as well as apoptosis-associated pathway analysis. The results showed that Vglycin significantly promoted apoptosis and G1/S phase cell cycle arrest. As revealed by Western blot, the expression of CDK2 and Cyclin D1 was down-regulated in all three Vglycin-treated colon cancer cells, indicating that the CDK2/Cyclin D1 cell cycle pathway involved in the initiation and progression of colon cancer. Moreover, the inhibition of Vglycin-induced cell proliferation in colon cancer cells was accompanied by alteration of the expression levels of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, and an increase of caspase-3 activity. Together, our results suggest that Vglycin may be another plant-derived peptide that suppresses colon cancer, supporting the continued investigation of Vglycin as therapeutic agent for colon cancer. Impact statement The antidiabetic properties and the capability of inducing differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells of Vglycin have been reported in our previous studies. However, the anticancer potential of Vglycin on colon cancer cells and its possible related mechanisms were still unknown. In this study, we found that Vglycin could reduce growth, viability, and colony formation or colony size of CT-26, SW480, and NCL-H716 colon cancer cells. Moreover, Vglycin decreased tumor volume by 38% in xenograft mice transplanted with CT-26 cells. The mechanisms of these phenomena may be due to the down-regulated CDK2 and Cyclin D1, G1/S phase cell cycle arrest, and the dysregulated expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1. The findings highlight the anticancer potential of Vglycin against colon cancer cells, and suggest Vglycin may be another colon cancer potential suppressive component of plant-derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- 1 Department of Oncology, PuAi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430034, P.R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- 1 Department of Oncology, PuAi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430034, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Rong Xie
- 1 Department of Oncology, PuAi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430034, P.R. China
| | - An-Li Jiang
- 2 Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Mei Lin
- 1 Department of Oncology, PuAi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430034, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- 1 Department of Oncology, PuAi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430034, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Wang Chen
- 3 Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- 4 Shandong TianJiu Biotechnology Company, HeZe 274108, Shandong, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- 5 Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jue-Ping Feng
- 1 Department of Oncology, PuAi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430034, P.R. China
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14
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Lin WT, Shieh TM, Yang LC, Wang TY, Chou MY, Yu CC. Elevated Lin28B expression is correlated with lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 44:823-30. [PMID: 25726847 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN) metastasis is the most common cause of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-related death. Searching the detailed molecular mechanisms involved LN metastasis in OSCC is still an open question. METHODS Paired tissue samples from tumor (T) and adjacent non-cancerous matched tissues (NCMT) parts, as well as LN metastatic lesions in patient with OSCC tissues were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR analysis for the expression levels of Lin28B. Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, was to explore whether expression of Lin28B could be changed dose dependent in oral epithelial cells. Control and Lin28B-knockdown arecoline-stimulated oral epithelial cells were subjected to migration/invasion/anchorage-independent growth assay. RESULTS Compared with NCMT samples from the same OSCC patient, the expression of Lin28B was increased in all of the tumor samples. A similar upregulation of Lin28B was also observed in LN metastatic when compared with local tumors. Arecoline treatment dose dependently induced Lin28B expression in SG and FaDu cells. Lentiviral-mediated silencing Lin28B expression significantly attenuated arecoline-induced oncogenicity including proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth in SG and FaDu cells. CONCLUSIONS Lin28B may be a useful biomarker and novel molecular target for LN metastasis OSCC patients' treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tung Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yuan Wang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yung Chou
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Lei W, Liu YE, Zheng Y, Qu L. MiR-429 inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma growth by targeting ZEB1. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:383-9. [PMID: 25640197 PMCID: PMC4324578 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common human malignancy worldwide. To develop new therapeutics requires elucidation of the underlying mechanism of OSCC pathogenesis. The role of miR-429 in OSCC remains unknown. MATERIAL/METHODS The level of miR-429 and ZEB1 in OSCC tissues and cell lines was measured by qRT-PCR. MiR-429 was down-regulated by miRNAs antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) transfection and up-regulated by miRNAs mimics. Cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was revealed by FACS analysis. Targeted genes were predicted by a bioinformatics algorithm and confirmed by a dual luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS MiR-429 was down-regulated in OSCC tissues, and miR-429 overexpression inhibited OSCC cell lines growth and vice versa. Further, we found that miR-429 could inhibit zinc finger E-boxbinding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) expression, and that miR-429 and ZEB1 expression in OSCC tissues were negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the tumor suppressor role of miR-429 in OSCC, and may provide a potential therapeutic target that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanke Lei
- Department of Stomatology, People's Hospital of Mianzhu, Mianzhu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yun-e Liu
- New Era Stroke Care and Research Institute, The PLA Second Artillery General Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuzhu Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Lin Qu
- Department of Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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