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Santos AAD, Mafra RP, da Silva LP, Pinto LP, Freitas RDA, de Souza LB. Immunohistochemical comparative analysis of tumor stem cell biomarkers in pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2023; 135:396-409. [PMID: 36863971 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the immunoexpression profile of tumor stem cell (TSC) biomarkers CD44, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), OCT4, and SOX2 in salivary gland tumors (SGTs). STUDY DESIGN Sixty tissue specimens of SGTs, including 20 pleomorphic adenomas, 20 adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs), and 20 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, in addition to 4 samples of normal glandular tissue, were subjected to immunohistochemistry. The expression of the biomarkers in the parenchyma and stroma was evaluated. Data were analyzed statistically by nonparametric tests (P < .05). RESULTS Higher parenchymal expression of ALDH1, OCT4, and SOX2 was observed in pleomorphic adenomas, ACCs, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, respectively. Most ACCs did not express ALDH1. Higher immunoexpression of ALDH1 in major SGTs (P = .021) and of OCT4 in minor SGTs (P = .011) was found. Immunoexpression of SOX2 was related to lesions without myoepithelial differentiation (P < .001) and malignant behavior (P = .002). Furthermore, OCT4 was related to myoepithelial differentiation (P = .009). CD44 expression was related to a better prognosis. Stromal immunoexpressions of CD44, ALDH1, and OCT4 were higher in malignant SGTs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the participation of TSCs in the pathogenesis of SGTs. We emphasize the need for further investigations into the presence and role of TSCs in the stroma of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Azevedo Dos Santos
- Dentistry Sciences Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Porpino Mafra
- Oral Pathology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Leorik Pereira da Silva
- Professor, Oral Histopathology Service, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Professor, Oral Pathology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Researcher, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Roseana de Almeida Freitas
- Professor, Oral Pathology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Researcher, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Professor, Oral Pathology Postgraduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Researcher, Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Herzog AE, Somayaji R, Nör JE. Bmi-1: A master regulator of head and neck cancer stemness. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1080255. [PMID: 36726797 PMCID: PMC9884974 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1080255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are composed of a diverse group of malignancies, many of which exhibit an unacceptably low patient survival, high morbidity and poor treatment outcomes. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides an explanation for the substantial patient morbidity associated with treatment resistance and the high frequency of tumor recurrence/metastasis. Stem cells are a unique population of cells capable of recapitulating a heterogenous organ from a single cell, due to their capacity to self-renew and differentiate into progenitor cells. CSCs share these attributes, in addition to playing a pivotal role in cancer initiation and progression by means of their high tumorigenic potential. CSCs constitute only a small fraction of tumor cells but play a major role in tumor initiation and therapeutic evasion. The shift towards stem-like phenotype fuels many malignant features of a cancer cell and mediates resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Bmi-1 is a master regulator of stem cell self-renewal as part of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and has emerged as a prominent player in cancer stem cell biology. Bmi-1 expression is upregulated in CSCs, which is augmented by tumor-promoting factors and various conventional chemotherapies. Bmi-1+ CSCs mediate chemoresistance and metastasis. On the other hand, inhibiting Bmi-1 rescinds CSC function and re-sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, elucidating the functional role of Bmi-1 in CSC-mediated cancer progression may unveil an attractive target for mechanism-based, developmental therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the parallels in the role of Bmi-1 in stem cell biology of health and disease and explore how this can be leveraged to advance clinical treatment strategies for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Herzog
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ritu Somayaji
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Universityof Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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Martins Balbinot K, Almeida Loureiro FJ, Chemelo GP, Alves Mesquita R, Cruz Ramos AMP, Ramos RTJ, da Costa da Silva AL, de Menezes SAF, da Silva Kataoka MS, Alves Junior SDM, Viana Pinheiro JDJ. Immunoexpression of stem cell markers SOX-2, NANOG AND OCT4 in ameloblastoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14349. [PMID: 36655039 PMCID: PMC9841912 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ameloblastoma (AME) is characterized by a locally invasive growth pattern. In an attempt to justify the aggressiveness of neoplasms, the investigation of the role of stem cells has gained prominence. The SOX-2, NANOG and OCT4 proteins are important stem cell biomarkers. Methodology To verify the expression of these proteins in tissue samples of AME, dentigerous cyst (DC) and dental follicle (DF), immunohistochemistry was performed and indirect immunofluorescence were performed on the human AME (AME-hTERT) cell line. Results Revealed expression of SOX-2, NANOG and OCT4 in the tissue samples and AME-hTERT lineage. Greater immunostaining of the studied proteins was observed in AME compared to DC and DF (p < 0.001). Conclusions The presence of biomarkers indicates a probable role of stem cells in the genesis and progression of AME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyny Martins Balbinot
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Alves Mesquita
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio de Melo Alves Junior
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Liu Q, Ma Z, Cao Q, Zhao H, Guo Y, Liu T, Li J. Perineural invasion-associated biomarkers for tumor development. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113691. [PMID: 36095958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is the process of neoplastic invasion of peripheral nerves and is considered to be the fifth mode of cancer metastasis. PNI has been detected in head and neck tumors and pancreatic, prostate, bile duct, gastric, and colorectal cancers. It leads to poor prognostic outcomes and high local recurrence rates. Despite the increasing number of studies on PNI, targeted therapeutic modalities have not been proposed. The identification of PNI-related biomarkers would facilitate the non-invasive and early diagnosis of cancers, the establishment of prognostic panels, and the development of targeted therapeutic approaches. In this review, we compile information on the molecular mediators involved in PNI-associated cancers. The expression and prognostic significance of molecular mediators and their receptors in PNI-associated cancers are analyzed, and the possible mechanisms of action of these mediators in PNI are explored, as well as the association of cells in the microenvironment where PNI occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhiming Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Education, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Gastroenterology and Center of Digestive Endoscopy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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Laohavisudhi F, Chunchai T, Ketchaikosol N, Thosaporn W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Evaluation of CD44s, CD44v6, CXCR2, CXCL1, and IL-1β in Benign and Malignant Tumors of Salivary Glands. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1275. [PMID: 35626430 PMCID: PMC9141664 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported an association between high expression of CD44 in different types of cancer. However, no study has reported a link among CD44 expression, other biomarkers, and the aggressiveness of salivary gland tumors. METHODS A total of 38 specimens were obtained from non-tumorous salivary glands, benign and malignant tumors in salivary glands. Immunohistochemical analyses of CD44s, CD44v6, IL-1β, CXCL1, and CXCR2 were performed, and the area of positive cells was assessed. RESULTS We found that both CD44s and CXCR2 expression were increased in the benign and malignant groups. CD44v6 was also increased in both groups, but it had the highest level in the malignant group. IL-1β was the only biomarker that increased significantly in the malignant group in comparison to the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS CD44s, CD44v6, CXCR2, and IL-1β expressions were found to be higher in salivary gland tumors. However, IL-1β alone may play a crucial role in the aggressiveness of salivary gland tumors as this cytokine was expressed only in the malignant group with high expression associated with high-grade malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fonthip Laohavisudhi
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.L.); (N.K.); (W.T.)
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.C.); (N.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.C.); (N.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Natnicha Ketchaikosol
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.L.); (N.K.); (W.T.)
| | - Wacharaporn Thosaporn
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.L.); (N.K.); (W.T.)
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.C.); (N.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (F.L.); (N.K.); (W.T.)
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (T.C.); (N.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Shahoumi LA. Oral Cancer Stem Cells: Therapeutic Implications and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:685236. [PMID: 35048028 PMCID: PMC8757826 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.685236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is currently one of the 10 most common malignancies worldwide, characterized by a biologically highly diverse group of tumors with non-specific biomarkers and poor prognosis. The incidence rate of HNSCC varies widely throughout the world, with an evident prevalence in developing countries such as those in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa. Tumor relapse and metastasis following traditional treatment remain major clinical problems in oral cancer management. Current evidence suggests that therapeutic resistance and metastasis of cancer are mainly driven by a unique subpopulation of tumor cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), or cancer-initiating cells (CICs), which are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal, maintenance of stemness and increased tumorigenicity. Thus, more understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CSCs and their behavior may help in developing effective therapeutic interventions that inhibit tumor growth and progression. This review provides an overview of the main signaling cascades in CSCs that drive tumor repropagation and metastasis in oral cancer, with a focus on squamous cell carcinoma. Other oral non-SCC tumors, including melanoma and malignant salivary gland tumors, will also be considered. In addition, this review discusses some of the CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been employed to combat disease progression, and the challenges of targeting CSCs, with the aim of improving the clinical outcomes for patients with oral malignancies. Targeting of CSCs in head and neck cancer (HNC) represents a promising approach to improve disease outcome. Some CSC-targeted therapies have already been proven to be successful in pre-clinical studies and they are now being tested in clinical trials, mainly in combination with conventional treatment regimens. However, some studies revealed that CSCs may not be the only players that control disease relapse and progression of HNC. Further, clinical research studying a combination of therapies targeted against head and neck CSCs may provide significant advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linah A Shahoumi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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7
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Sánchez-Sánchez AV, García-España A, Sánchez-Gómez P, Font-de-Mora J, Merino M, Mullor JL. The Embryonic Key Pluripotent Factor NANOG Mediates Glioblastoma Cell Migration via the SDF1/CXCR4 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910620. [PMID: 34638956 PMCID: PMC8508935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NANOG is a key transcription factor required for maintaining pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Elevated NANOG expression levels have been reported in many types of human cancers, including lung, oral, prostate, stomach, breast, and brain. Several studies reported the correlation between NANOG expression and tumor metastasis, revealing itself as a powerful biomarker of poor prognosis. However, how NANOG regulates tumor progression is still not known. We previously showed in medaka fish that Nanog regulates primordial germ cell migration through Cxcr4b, a chemokine receptor known for its ability to promote migration and metastasis in human cancers. Therefore, we investigated the role of human NANOG in CXCR4-mediated cancer cell migration. Of note, we found that NANOG regulatory elements in the CXCR4 promoter are functionally conserved in medaka fish and humans, suggesting an evolutionary conserved regulatory axis. Moreover, CXCR4 expression requires NANOG in human glioblastoma cells. In addition, transwell assays demonstrated that NANOG regulates cancer cell migration through the SDF1/CXCR4 pathway. Altogether, our results uncover NANOG-CXCR4 as a novel pathway controlling cellular migration and support Nanog as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of Nanog-dependent tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Virginia Sánchez-Sánchez
- Bionos Biotech, SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.V.S.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonio García-España
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43005 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Gómez
- Neurooncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Crtra/Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km 2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jaime Font-de-Mora
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Marián Merino
- Bionos Biotech, SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.V.S.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - José Luis Mullor
- Bionos Biotech, SL, Biopolo Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (A.V.S.-S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961243219
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8
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Moura JMBDO, Gonzaga AKG, Queiroz SIML, Martins MD, Pinto LP, Souza LBD. Immunohistochemical expression of OCT4 and CD44 in major and minor salivary gland neoplasms. Braz Oral Res 2021; 35:e073. [PMID: 34161412 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify tumor parenchyma cells exhibiting immunohistochemical profile of stem cells by evaluating the immunoreactivity of OCT4 and CD44 in a number of cases of salivary gland neoplasms. The sample consisted of 20 pleomorphic adenomas, 20 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 20 adenoid cystic carcinomas located in major and minor salivary glands. The expression of OCT4 and CD44 was evaluated by the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of expression. All studied cases showed positive expression of OCT4 and CD44 and higher values than the control groups. For OCT4, luminal and non-luminal cells were immunostained in the case of pleomorphic adenomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Moreover, the immunoreactivity of CD44 was particularly evident in the non-luminal cells of these lesions. In mucoepidermoid carcinomas, there was immunoreactivity for both markers in squamous and intermediate cells and absence of staining in mucous cells. For both markers, a significantly higher immunostaining was verified in neoplasms located in the major salivary glands compared with lesions in minor salivary glands (p<0.001). In the total sample and in minor salivary glands, malignant neoplasms exhibited higher immunoreactivity for OCT4 than pleomorphic adenoma. A significant moderate positive correlation (r = 0.444 and p ≤ 0.001) was found between OCT4 and CD44 immunoexpression in the total sample. The high expression of OCT4 and CD44 may indicate that these proteins play an important role in identifying tumor stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leão Pereira Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Department of Dentistry, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Department of Dentistry, Natal, RN, Brazil
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9
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Rodrigues MFSD, Tobouti PL, Molon AC, Sedassari BT, Nunes FD, Pinto DDS, de Sousa SCOM. Histopathological findings and immunohistochemical expression of the stem cell markers CD44, ALDH1, Bmi-1, and Nanog in oral solitary fibrous tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 131:444-451. [PMID: 33610537 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the histomorphologic presentation and the expression of stem cell-related markers in a series of oral solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs). STUDY DESIGN Histopathological variables and the expression of the standard stem cell markers CD34 and CD99, used for SFT diagnosis, as well as STAT6 were evaluated in 13 oral SFTs. The expression of the cancer stem cell markers CD44, ALDH1, Bmi-1, and Nanog and the tumor suppressor gene p16Ink4a were also investigated. RESULTS The majority of oral SFTs were circumscribed and characterized by a proliferation of spindle cells arranged in a hyalinized stroma. Only 2 oral SFTs showed >4 mitoses/10 high-power fields. Hypercellularity as well as nuclear and cellular pleomorphism were classified as low and moderate in most of the oral SFTs. All oral SFTs were positive for CD34, STAT6, CD44, ALDH1, Bmi-1, and p16Ink4a. CD99 and Nanog expression was observed in 11 and 10 oral SFT cases, respectively. CONCLUSION We suggest that STAT6 and ALDH1 have relevant diagnostic value. The expression of CD44, ALDH1, Bmi-1, and Nanog, which is observed in cancer stem cells, may confer advantages to oral SFT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Cristina Molon
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Spiegel JL, Jakob M, Kruizenga M, Freytag S, Bertlich M, Canis M, Ihler F, Haubner F, Kitz J, Weiss BG. Cancer stem cell markers in adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands - reliable prognostic markers? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:2517-2528. [PMID: 33009929 PMCID: PMC8165058 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands is of low incidence and a broad range of histopathological subtypes. Cancer stem cell markers (CSC) might serve as novel prognostic parameters. To date, only a few studies examined the expression of CSC in adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands with diverging results. To further investigate the reliability in terms of prognostic value, a histopathological analysis of CSCs on a cohort of patients with adenocarcinomas of the major salivary glands was performed. Methods Tumor samples of 40 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the major salivary gland treated with curative intend at one tertiary center were stained with the CSCs ALDH1, BMI-1, CD44, Nanog, and SOX2. Expression of these markers was correlated with clinicopathological parameters and survival estimates. Results Correlation of high expression of ALDH1 with higher grading (p < 0.001) and high expression of CD44 with the localization of the neoplasm (p = 0.05), larger tumor size (p = 0.006), positive pN-category (p = 0.023), and advanced UICC stage (p = 0.002) was found. Furthermore, high expression of SOX2 correlated with a negative perineural invasion (p = 0.02). No significant correlation of any investigated marker with survival estimates was observed. Conclusion In conclusion, our study did not find a significant correlation of the investigated CSCs with survival estimates in adenocarcinoma of the major salivary glands. Recapitulating the results of our study in conjunction with data in the literature, the CSCs ALDH1, BMI-1, CD44, Nanog, and SOX2 do not seem to serve as reliable prognostic parameters in the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00405-020-06389-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Spiegel
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mark Jakob
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Kruizenga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Georg August University, University Hospital Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Molecular Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mattis Bertlich
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Vertigo and Balance 508 Disorders, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr. 15, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Haubner
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Kitz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40,, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard G Weiss
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, LMU Klinikum, Marchioninistr, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
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11
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Wang Y, Han Y, Xu S, Zhang L, Zhang X, Deng J, Ye W, Liu S. Targeting EGFR Enriches Stem Cell-Like Properties in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma by Activating the Notch1 Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6655-6663. [PMID: 32801899 PMCID: PMC7411275 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s253500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC), a rare cancer arising in the salivary glands, is characterized by high rates of relapse and distant metastasis. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in SACC carcinogenesis. However, prospective trials of EGFR-targeting therapies in SACC are limited, and the optimum regimen is unclear. Methods The effects of erlotinib on cell proliferation, colony formation, ALDH enzymatic activity and tumorsphere formation were investigated in SACC cells. Expression of the cancer stem cell markers Bmi-1 and Oct4 was evaluated using Western blotting. Results We found that while it robustly inhibited cell growth, targeting EGFR with erlotinib enriched the ALDH+ cell population and elevated the clonogenicity of SACC cells, suggesting an increase in stem cell-like potential. In addition, we found that suppression of EGFR kinase activity with erlotinib led to the activation of Notch1 signaling, leading to an increase in stem cell-like properties. Moreover, the γ-secretase inhibitor GSI treatment eliminated the erlotinib-induced increase in stem cell-like properties by decreasing Notch activity. Conclusion Our results provide an explanation for the worsened survival observed in some studies of erlotinib therapy in SACC and provide potential therapeutic strategies by combined blockade of the EGFR and Notch1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengming Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangkai Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Minister of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Pedregal-Mallo D, Hermida-Prado F, Granda-Díaz R, Montoro-Jiménez I, Allonca E, Pozo-Agundo E, Álvarez-Fernández M, Álvarez-Marcos C, García-Pedrero JM, Rodrigo JP. Prognostic Significance of the Pluripotency Factors NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071794. [PMID: 32635524 PMCID: PMC7408284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play major roles in tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to cancer therapy. Several CSC markers have been studied in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), including the pluripotency factors NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4; however, their clinical significance is still unclear. NANOG, SOX2, and OCT4 expression was evaluated by immunochemistry in 348 surgically-treated HNSCC, and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patient outcomes. mRNA expression was further analyzed in 530 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC. NANOG protein expression was detected in 250 (72%) cases, more frequently in patients with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.003), and was an independent predictor of better survival in multivariate analysis. While OCT4 expression was undetectable, SOX2 expression was observed in 105 (30%) cases, and strongly correlated with NANOG expression. Combined expression of both proteins showed the highest survival rates, and double-negative cases the worst survival. Strikingly, the impact of NANOG and SOX2 on outcome varied depending on tumor site and lymph node infiltration, specifically showing prognostic significance in pharyngeal tumors. Correlation between NANOG and SOX2 at mRNA and protein was specifically observed in node positive (N+) patients, and consistently correlated with better survival rates. According to our findings, NANOG protein expression is frequent in HNSCC, thereby emerging as an independent predictor of better prognosis in pharyngeal tumors. Moreover, this study uncovers a differential impact of NANOG and SOX2 expression on HNSCC prognosis, depending on tumor site and lymph node infiltration, which could facilitate high-risk patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pedregal-Mallo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (C.Á.-M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Hermida-Prado
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rocío Granda-Díaz
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Montoro-Jiménez
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Allonca
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Pozo-Agundo
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Fernández
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - César Álvarez-Marcos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (C.Á.-M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juana M. García-Pedrero
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Juan Pablo Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (D.P.-M.); (C.Á.-M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (F.H.-P.); (R.G.-D.); (I.M.-J.); (E.A.); (E.P.-A.); (M.Á.-F.)
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Ciber de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.-P.); (J.P.R.)
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13
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Grubelnik G, Boštjančič E, Pavlič A, Kos M, Zidar N. NANOG expression in human development and cancerogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:456-464. [PMID: 32041418 PMCID: PMC7082888 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220905560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NANOG is an important stem cell transcription factor involved in human development and cancerogenesis. Its expression is complex and regulated on different levels. Moreover, NANOG protein might regulate hundreds of target genes at the same time. NANOG is crucial for preimplantation development phase and progressively decreases during embryonic stem cells differentiation, thus regulating embryonic and fetal development. Postnatally, NANOG is undetectable or expressed in very low amounts in the majority of human tissues. NANOG re-expression can be detected during cancerogenesis, already in precancerous lesions, with increasing levels of NANOG in high grade dysplasia. NANOG is believed to enable cancer cells to obtain stem-cell like properties, which are believed to be the source of expanding growth, tumor maintenance, metastasis formation, and tumor relapse. High NANOG expression in cancer is frequently associated with advanced stage, poor differentiation, worse overall survival, and resistance to treatment, and is therefore a promising prognostic and predictive marker. We summarize the current knowledge on the role of NANOG in cancerogenesis and development, including our own experience. We provide a critical overview of NANOG as a prognostic and diagnostic factor, including problems regarding its regulation and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gašper Grubelnik
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Emanuela Boštjančič
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Pavlič
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marina Kos
- Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice and University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Nina Zidar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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14
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Yu SS, Cirillo N. The molecular markers of cancer stem cells in head and neck tumors. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:65-73. [PMID: 31206697 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the six most common malignancy worldwide leading to more than 350,000 deaths annually. Despite recent advances in treatment modalities for these patients, there has been only a slight improvement of prognosis. As cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been implicated in tumor cell survival, progression, and response to therapy, the identification of this tumor subpopulation would have important therapeutic and prognostic implications. In this structured appraisal of the literature, Embase, PubMed, and Ovid were searched for publications that investigated CSC markers of HNC in humans. The search was conducted under the PRISMA guidelines with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles published in the last two decades. The review process resulted in the identification of some key CSC-associated molecules such as CD44, ALDH1, CD133, Oct3/4, Nanog, and Sox2, although a single common CSC sorting marker could not be found. These biomarkers were identified in a range of HNCs but the most common one was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), predominantly oral SCC. Patient cohorts were of variable size (3-195 individuals) and the most common technique used for detection was immunohistochemistry. Some of the molecules were associated with poor prognosis and may be able to inform the choice of appropriate treatment for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Si Yu
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Saluja TS, Ali M, Mishra P, Kumar V, Singh SK. Prognostic Value of Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Potentially Malignant Disorders of Oral Mucosa: A Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:144-153. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Scotti FM, Mitt VC, Vieira DS, Biz MT, Castro RG, Modolo F. Expression of stem cell markers Nanog and Nestin in lip squamous cell carcinoma and actinic cheilitis. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1209-1216. [PMID: 29761881 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) proteins have been observed in several lesions and are associated with tumor beginning, evolution, and resistance to treatment. OBJECTIVES To investigate the presence of NANOG, NESTIN, and β-tubulin in lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), actinic cheilitis (AC), and normal epithelium (NE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty cases of LSCC, thirty cases of AC (both analyzed according to the WHO classification and AC according to the binary classification), and twenty cases of NE were submitted to an immunohistochemical study. RESULTS NANOG was more expressed in the nuclei of AC compared to NE (p = 0.007), as well as in high-risk AC cases (p = 0.017) and well-differentiated LSCCs (no significance). There was an accumulation of nuclear NANOG from mild to moderate and severe ACs. NESTIN was significantly less present in NE compared to AC (p = 0.001) and LSCC (p = 0.003). There was a higher expression in severe dysplasia or high-risk AC and well-differentiated LSCC. These results indicate an upregulation of NANOG and NESTIN in the early stages of carcinogenesis. β-tubulin was intensely present in all lesions. CONCLUSION The results suggest an upregulation of NANOG and NESTIN in the biological behavior these diseases, mainly in the transformation from AC to LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Scotti
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Verônica C Mitt
- Multidisciplinary Residence Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Daniella Sc Vieira
- Pathology Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Michelle T Biz
- Morphology Sciences Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Renata G Castro
- Dentistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Filipe Modolo
- Dentistry Graduate Program, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Pathology Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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17
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Zuo Q, Jin K, Song J, Zhang Y, Chen G, Li B. Interaction of the primordial germ cell-specific protein C2EIP with PTCH2 directs differentiation of embryonic stem cells via HH signaling activation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:497. [PMID: 29703892 PMCID: PMC5923244 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although many marker genes for germ cell differentiation have been identified, genes that specifically regulate primordial germ cell (PGC) generation are more difficult to determine. In the current study, we confirmed that C2EIP is a PGC marker gene that regulates differentiation by influencing the expression of pluripotency-associated genes such as Oct4 and Sox2. Knockout of C2EIP during embryonic development reduced PGC generation efficiency 1.5-fold, whereas C2EIP overexpression nearly doubled the generation efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. C2EIP encodes a cytoplasmic protein that interacted with PTCH2 at the intracellular membrane, promoted PTCH2 ubiquitination, activated the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway via competitive inhibition of the GPCR-like protein SMO, and positively regulated PGC generation. Activation and expression of C2EIP are regulated by the transcription factor STAT1, histone acetylation, and promoter methylation. Our data suggest that C2EIP is a novel, specific indicator of PGC generation whose gene product regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation by activating the HH signaling pathway via PTCH2 modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Kai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 20741, USA
| | - Yani Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Bichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.
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18
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Keysar SB, Eagles JR, Miller B, Jackson BC, Chowdhury FN, Reisinger J, Chimed TS, Le PN, Morton JJ, Somerset HL, Varella-Garcia M, Tan AC, Song JI, Bowles DW, Reyland ME, Jimeno A. Salivary Gland Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts Enable Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells and New Gene Events Associated with Tumor Progression. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2935-2943. [PMID: 29555661 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Salivary gland cancers (SGC) frequently present with distant metastases many years after diagnosis, suggesting a cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation that initiates late recurrences; however, current models are limited both in their availability and suitability to characterize these rare cells.Experimental Design: Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) were generated by engrafting patient tissue onto nude mice from one acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC), four adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and three mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cases, which were derived from successive relapses from the same MEC patient. Patient and PDX samples were analyzed by RNA-seq and Exome-seq. Sphere formation potential and in vivo tumorigenicity was assessed by sorting for Aldefluor (ALDH) activity and CD44-expressing subpopulations.Results: For successive MEC relapses we found a time-dependent increase in CSCs (ALDH+CD44high), increasing from 0.2% to 4.5% (P=0.033), but more importantly we observed an increase in individual CSC sphere formation and tumorigenic potential. A 50% increase in mutational burden was documented in subsequent MEC tumors, and this was associated with increased expression of tumor-promoting genes (MT1E, LGR5, and LEF1), decreased expression of tumor-suppressor genes (CDKN2B, SIK1, and TP53), and higher expression of CSC-related proteins such as SOX2, MYC, and ALDH1A1. Finally, genomic analyses identified a novel NFIB-MTFR2 fusion in an ACC tumor and confirmed previously reported fusions (NTRK3-ETV6 and MYB-NFIB)Conclusions: Sequential MEC PDX models preserved key patient features and enabled the identification of genetic events putatively contributing to increases in both CSC proportion and intrinsic tumorigenicity, which mirrored the patient's clinical course. Clin Cancer Res; 24(12); 2935-43. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Keysar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - Justin R Eagles
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - Bettina Miller
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - Brian C Jackson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Julie Reisinger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - Tugs-Saikhan Chimed
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - Phuong N Le
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - John J Morton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | | | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - John I Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, UCDSOM, Denver, Colorado
| | - Daniel W Bowles
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado
| | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Dental Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine (UCDSOM), Denver, Colorado. .,Department of Otolaryngology, UCDSOM, Denver, Colorado.,Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCDSOM, Denver, Colorado
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19
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Ahn MY, Yoon JH. Histone deacetylase 7 silencing induces apoptosis and autophagy in salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2017; 46:276-283. [PMID: 28178760 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been observed in many cancers, and inhibition of specific HDACs has emerged as a new target for cancer therapy. We found that HDAC7 expression was selectively reduced by HDAC inhibitor apicidin in salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) cells. Here, we show that HDAC7 suppression has a potent antitumor effect in MEC cells. METHODS Histone deacetylases7 was knocked down using HDAC7 siRNAs, and cell proliferation was quantified. Cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and autophagy were measured by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. RESULTS Histone deacetylases 7 siRNAs inhibited cell proliferation and c-Myc expression, increased p27 expression, and caused G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in both YD-15 and Mc3 cells. HDAC7 silencing increased the sub-G1 population, Annexin V positive apoptotic cells and cleaved caspase3 levels. HDAC7 silencing induced an increase in autophagic markers, number of acidic vesicular organelles, and LC3B II levels, and decrease in p62 levels. HDAC7 siRNAs reduced the activation of ERK. HDAC7 knockdown resulted in growth inhibition through G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and induced both apoptosis and autophagy in MEC cells. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that inhibition of HDAC7 might become a novel and effective therapeutic approach for treating to MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Young Ahn
- Division of Bio-industry, Major in Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Korea
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Xu W, Wang Y, Qi X, Xie J, Wei Z, Yin X, Wang Z, Meng J, Han W. Prognostic factors of palatal mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a retrospective analysis based on a double-center study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43907. [PMID: 28262804 PMCID: PMC5338264 DOI: 10.1038/srep43907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the palate is a common malignancy of minor salivary glands. This study was designed to identify the prognostic factors for MEC of the palate. The medical records of patients diagnosed with MEC of the palate who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Nanjing Stomatological Hospital and the Department of Stomatology at Central Hospital of Xuzhou were retrospectively studied. The prognostic factors were determined using a Cox proportional hazards model. Furthermore, the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers CD44, CD133, Nanog and Sox2 were detected in neoplastic samples of these patients by immunohistochemistry. As a result, both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis proved a high histological grade and an advanced tumor stage as negative prognostic factors for overall survival. By immunohistochemistry staining and survival analysis, a combination of CD44/CD133/SOX2 was found to have the strongest prognostic value for palatal MEC patients. In conclusion, the proposed nomogram which include histological grade and tumor stage along with cancer stem cell markers provides a more accurate long-term prediction for palatal MEC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiteng Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou 221009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No 30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, P.R. China
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