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Leović M, Jakovčević A, Mumlek I, Zagorac I, Sabol M, Leović D. A Pilot Immunohistochemical Study Identifies Hedgehog Pathway Expression in Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4630. [PMID: 38731849 PMCID: PMC11083810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the head and neck, more specifically the squamous cell carcinoma, often show upregulation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. However, almost nothing is known about its role in the sinonasal adenocarcinoma, either in intestinal or non-intestinal subtypes. In this work, we have analyzed immunohistochemical staining of six Hedgehog pathway proteins, sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Indian Hedgehog (IHH), Patched1 (PTCH1), Gli family zinc finger 1 (GLI1), Gli family zinc finger 2 (GLI2), and Gli family zinc finger 3 (GLI3), on 21 samples of sinonasal adenocarcinoma and compared them with six colon adenocarcinoma and three salivary gland tumors, as well as with matching healthy tissue, where available. We have detected GLI2 and PTCH1 in the majority of samples and also GLI1 in a subset of samples, while GLI3 and the ligands SHH and IHH were generally not detected. PTCH1 pattern of staining shows an interesting pattern, where healthy samples are mostly positive in the stromal compartment, while the signal shifts to the tumor compartment in tumors. This, taken together with a stronger signal of GLI2 in tumors compared to non-tumor tissues, suggests that the Hedgehog pathway is indeed activated in sinonasal adenocarcinoma. As Hedgehog pathway inhibitors are being tested in combination with other therapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, this could provide a therapeutic option for patients with sinonasal adenocarcinoma as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matko Leović
- Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Antonija Jakovčević
- Department of Pathology, Cllinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivan Mumlek
- Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Irena Zagorac
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dinko Leović
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Wang J, Liu R, Ma H, Zhang W. The Pathogenesis of COVID-19-Related Taste Disorder and Treatments. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1191-1198. [PMID: 37729625 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231182926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, mainly manifested as acute respiratory distress syndrome, has afflicted millions of people worldwide since 2019. Taste dysfunction is a common early-stage symptom of COVID-19 infection that burdens patients for weeks or even permanently in some cases. Owing to its subjectivity and complexity, the mechanism of taste disorder is poorly studied. Previous studies have reported that the COVID-19 entry receptors are highly expressed in taste buds, thereby intensifying the cytocidal effect. Taste receptor cells are vulnerable to inflammation, and the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm causes secondary damage to taste function. Interferon and various proinflammatory cytokines can trigger cell apoptosis and disrupt the renewal of taste bud stem cells. This immune response can be further enhanced by the accumulation of Angiotensin II (Ang II) caused by an unbalanced local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) system. In addition, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is neurotropic and can invade the brain through the olfactory bulb, affecting the nervous system. Other factors, such as host zinc deficiency, genetic susceptibility, sialic acid, and some neurotransmitters, also contribute to the pathogenesis process. Although several medical interventions have displayed effectiveness, only a few strategies exist for the treatment of postinfectious dysgeusia. Stem cell-based taste regeneration offers promise for long-term taste disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that stem cells can treat long COVID-19 through immune regulation. In dysgeusia, the differentiation of taste bud stem cells can be stimulated through exogenous epithelial-derived and neural-derived factors to regenerate taste buds. Tongue organoids are also emerging as functional taste buds, offering new insights into the study of taste regeneration. This review presents the current evidence of the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related dysgeusia, summarizes currently available treatments, and suggests future directions of taste regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - R Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Alwood JS, Mulavara AP, Iyer J, Mhatre SD, Rosi S, Shelhamer M, Davis C, Jones CW, Mao XW, Desai RI, Whitmire AM, Williams TJ. Circuits and Biomarkers of the Central Nervous System Relating to Astronaut Performance: Summary Report for a NASA-Sponsored Technical Interchange Meeting. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1852. [PMID: 37763256 PMCID: PMC10532466 DOI: 10.3390/life13091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers, ranging from molecules to behavior, can be used to identify thresholds beyond which performance of mission tasks may be compromised and could potentially trigger the activation of countermeasures. Identification of homologous brain regions and/or neural circuits related to operational performance may allow for translational studies between species. Three discussion groups were directed to use operationally relevant performance tasks as a driver when identifying biomarkers and brain regions or circuits for selected constructs. Here we summarize small-group discussions in tables of circuits and biomarkers categorized by (a) sensorimotor, (b) behavioral medicine and (c) integrated approaches (e.g., physiological responses). In total, hundreds of biomarkers have been identified and are summarized herein by the respective group leads. We hope the meeting proceedings become a rich resource for NASA's Human Research Program (HRP) and the community of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janani Iyer
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Mark Shelhamer
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Catherine Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Rajeev I. Desai
- Integrative Neurochemistry Laboratory, Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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Rhee YH, Choi YH, Hu AC, Lee MY, Ahn JC, Kim S, Mo JH, Woo SH, Chung PS. Role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Sonic Hedgehog-Dependent Taste Bud Differentiation. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010075. [PMID: 36676024 PMCID: PMC9862146 DOI: 10.3390/life13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Taste bud cell differentiation is extremely important for taste sensation. Immature taste bud cells cannot function during taste perception transmission to the nerve. In this study, we investigated whether hedgehog signaling affected taste bud cell differentiation and whether transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) played a key role in dry mouth. The induction of dry mouth due to salivary gland resection (SGR) was confirmed on the basis of reduced salivation and disrupted fungiform papillae. The expression of keratin 8 (K8) of taste bud cells, neurofilament (NF), sonic hedgehog (Shh), and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) around taste bud cells was downregulated; however, the expression of TRPV1, P2X purinoceptor 3 (P2X3), and hematopoietic stem cell factor (c-Kit) was upregulated at the NF ends in the dry mouth group. To investigate the effect of TRPV1 defect on dry mouth, we induced dry mouth in the TRPV-/- group. The K8, NF, and P2X3 expression patterns were the same in the TRPV1 wild-type and TRPV1-/- dry mouth groups. However, Shh and c-Kit expression decreased regardless of dry mouth in the case of TRPV1 deficiency. These results indicated that TRPV1 positively regulated proliferation during taste bud cell injury by blocking the Shh/Gli1 pathway. In addition, not only cell proliferation but also differentiation of taste bud cells could not be regulated under TRPV1-deficiency conditions. Thus, TRPV1 positively regulates taste bud cell innervation and differentiation; this finding could be valuable in the clinical treatment of dry mouth-related taste dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Rhee
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Choi
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Allison C. Hu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Min Young Lee
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Ahn
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehwan Kim
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Woo
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Sang Chung
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Ozturk EE, Dikmen D. Is sonic hedgehog expression in saliva related to taste sensitivity in adults? Physiol Behav 2021; 236:113412. [PMID: 33823177 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role of the sonic hedgehog in the sensory perception of taste. Salivary sonic hedgehog stimulates taste bud stem cells, also acts as a taste bud growth factor, and contributes to the receptors' development and longevity in the taste buds. This study's objective was to investigate the possible relationship between taste sensitivity and sonic hedgehog expression in saliva in normal-weight and pre-obese/obese participants (totally 46 male (47.8%) and female (52.2%) aged 19-44 were recruited). Thresholds for the six tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami and fat) were investigated using 3-Alternate Forced Choice Methodology. Saliva was collected with the draining method for sonic hedgehog expression analysis. The results indicated significantly higher thresholds for sweet, bitter and fat in pre-obese /obese adults than normal-weight adults (p<0.05). The sonic hedgehog expression was also lower in pre-obese /obese participants than normal-weight participants (p<0.05). Furthermore, sonic hedgehog expression was higher in hypersensitive participants than hyposensitive participants (p<0.05) only among normal-weight individuals, with no significant difference in sonic hedgehog expression level by taste sensitivity in pre-obese/obese individuals (p>0.05). Sonic hedgehog expression level was negatively correlated with body mass index, sweet, salty, bitter and fat taste threshold. The study results indicated that sonic hedgehog expression level acted on taste sensitivity in normal-weight participants, with greater expression in hypersensitive individuals than hyposensitive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Esra Ozturk
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Derya Dikmen
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
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Hedgehog Signaling Regulates Taste Organs and Oral Sensation: Distinctive Roles in the Epithelium, Stroma, and Innervation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061341. [PMID: 30884865 PMCID: PMC6471208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has regulatory roles in maintaining and restoring lingual taste organs, the papillae and taste buds, and taste sensation. Taste buds and taste nerve responses are eliminated if Hh signaling is genetically suppressed or pharmacologically inhibited, but regeneration can occur if signaling is reactivated within the lingual epithelium. Whereas Hh pathway disruption alters taste sensation, tactile and cold responses remain intact, indicating that Hh signaling is modality-specific in regulation of tongue sensation. However, although Hh regulation is essential in taste, the basic biology of pathway controls is not fully understood. With recent demonstrations that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is within both taste buds and the innervating ganglion neurons/nerve fibers, it is compelling to consider Hh signaling throughout the tongue and taste organ cell and tissue compartments. Distinctive signaling centers and niches are reviewed in taste papilla epithelium, taste buds, basal lamina, fibroblasts and lamellipodia, lingual nerves, and sensory ganglia. Several new roles for the innervation in lingual Hh signaling are proposed. Hh signaling within the lingual epithelium and an intact innervation each is necessary, but only together are sufficient to sustain and restore taste buds. Importantly, patients who use Hh pathway inhibiting drugs confront an altered chemosensory world with loss of taste buds and taste responses, intact lingual touch and cold sensation, and taste recovery after drug discontinuation.
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