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Robinson L, Smit C, van Heerden MB, Moolla H, Afrogheh AH, Opperman JF, Ambele MA, van Heerden WFP. Surrogate Immunohistochemical Markers of Proliferation and Embryonic Stem Cells in Distinguishing Ameloblastoma from Ameloblastic Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2024; 18:92. [PMID: 39365497 PMCID: PMC11452366 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-024-01704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study aimed to investigate the use of surrogate immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of proliferation and stem cells to distinguish ameloblastoma (AB) from ameloblastic carcinoma (AC). METHODS The study assessed a total of 29 ACs, 6 ABs that transformed into ACs, and a control cohort of 20 ABs. The demographics and clinicopathologic details of the included cases of AC were recorded. The Ki-67 proliferation index was scored through automated methods with the QuPath open-source software platform. For SOX2, OCT4 and Glypican-3 IHC, each case was scored using a proportion of positivity score combined with an intensity score to produce a total score. RESULTS All cases of AC showed a relatively high median proliferation index of 41.7%, with statistically significant higher scores compared to ABs. ABs that transformed into ACs had similar median proliferation scores to the control cohort of ABs. Most cases of AC showed some degree of SOX2 expression, with 58.6% showing high expression. OCT4 expression was not seen in any case of AC. GPC-3 expression in ACs was limited, with high expression in 17.2% of ACs. Primary ACs showed higher median proliferation scores and degrees of SOX2 and GPC-3 expression than secondary cases. Regarding SOX2, OCT4 and GPC-3 IHC expression, no statistically significant differences existed between the cohort of ABs and ACs. CONCLUSION Ki-67 IHC as a proliferation marker, particularly when assessed via automated methods, was helpful in distinguishing AC from AB cases. In contrast to other studies, surrogate IHC markers of embryonic stem cells, SOX2, OCT4 and GPC-3, were unreliable in distinguishing the two entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Robinson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria Oral Health Care Centre, Office 6-11, Corner of Steve Biko and Dr Savage Roads, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa.
| | - Chané Smit
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria Oral Health Care Centre, Office 6-11, Corner of Steve Biko and Dr Savage Roads, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
| | - Marlene B van Heerden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria Oral Health Care Centre, Office 6-11, Corner of Steve Biko and Dr Savage Roads, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
| | - Haroon Moolla
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amir H Afrogheh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan F Opperman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melvin A Ambele
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria Oral Health Care Centre, Office 6-11, Corner of Steve Biko and Dr Savage Roads, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willie F P van Heerden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria Oral Health Care Centre, Office 6-11, Corner of Steve Biko and Dr Savage Roads, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
- PathCare Vermaak Histopathology Laboratory, Pretoria, South Africa
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Hii EPW, Ramanathan A, Pandarathodiyil AK, Wong GR, Sekhar EVS, Binti Talib R, Zaini ZM, Zain RB. Homeobox Genes in Odontogenic Lesions: A Scoping Review. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:218-232. [PMID: 36344906 PMCID: PMC10063701 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-022-01481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox genes play crucial roles in tooth morphogenesis and development and thus mutations in homeobox genes cause developmental disorders such as odontogenic lesions. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and compile available data from the literatures on the topic of homeobox gene expression in odontogenic lesions. METHOD An electronic search to collate all the information on studies on homeobox gene expression in odontogenic lesions was carried out in four databases (PubMed, EBSCO host, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) with selected keywords. All papers which reported expression of homeobox genes in odontogenic lesions were considered. RESULTS A total of eleven (11) papers describing expression of homeobox genes in odontogenic lesions were identified. Methods of studies included next generation sequencing, microarray analysis, RT-PCR, Western blotting, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The homeobox reported in odontogenic lesions includes LHX8 and DLX3 in odontoma; PITX2, MSX1, MSX2, DLX, DLX2, DLX3, DLX4, DLX5, DLX6, ISL1, OCT4 and HOX C in ameloblastoma; OCT4 in adenomatoid odontogenic tumour; PITX2 and MSX2 in primordial odontogenic tumour; PAX9 and BARX1 in odontogenic keratocyst; PITX2, ZEB1 and MEIS2 in ameloblastic carcinoma while there is absence of DLX2, DLX3 and MSX2 in clear cell odontogenic carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS This paper summarized and reviews the possible link between homeobox gene expression in odontogenic lesions. Based on the current available data, there are insufficient evidence to support any definite role of homeobox gene in odontogenic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Pey Wen Hii
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anand Ramanathan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Gou Rean Wong
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E V Soma Sekhar
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
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Pereira Prado V, Landini G, Mosqueda Taylor A, Vargas P, Bologna Molina R. Spatial distribution of CD34 protein in primordial odontogenic tumour, ameloblastic fibroma and the tooth germ. J Oral Pathol Med 2023; 52:181-187. [PMID: 36207782 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primordial odontogenic tumour is a benign mixed neoplasm of recent description, which has histological similarities with other odontogenic tumours such as the ameloblastic fibroma. In this article, we investigate the architecture of the sub-epithelial layer of mesenchymal cells expressing the marker CD34 in primordial odontogenic tumour. OBJECTIVE Analyse the spatial patterns of CD34 expression in primordial odontogenic tumour and compare them with those in ameloblastic fibroma and the normal tooth germ by means of objective imaging approaches, to better characterise these lesions. METHODS Two cases of primordial odontogenic tumour, four cases of ameloblastic fibroma and two cases of tooth germ in cap and bell stages were used for morphological, structural and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS CD34 expression was found in vascular endothelium of primordial odontogenic tumour, ameloblastic fibroma and tooth germ. In addition, a characteristic sub-epithelial expression was observed only in primordial odontogenic tumour, corresponding to 84%-86% of the sample boundaries. Moreover, the zone expressing CD34 corresponded with a higher cellularity, which was absent in ameloblastic fibroma and tooth germ. CONCLUSION Image analysis of the primordial odontogenic tumour architecture revealed characteristics absent in other odontogenic tumours and tooth germs. This study provides additional information to support the idea that this neoplasm is a distinct entity from early stage AF or developing odontoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Pereira Prado
- Molecular Pathology Area, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ronell Bologna Molina
- Molecular Pathology Area, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Martins Balbinot K, Almeida Loureiro FJ, Chemelo GP, Alves Mesquita R, Cruz Ramos AMP, Ramos RTJ, da Costa da Silva AL, de Menezes SAF, da Silva Kataoka MS, Alves Junior SDM, Viana Pinheiro JDJ. Immunoexpression of stem cell markers SOX-2, NANOG AND OCT4 in ameloblastoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14349. [PMID: 36655039 PMCID: PMC9841912 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ameloblastoma (AME) is characterized by a locally invasive growth pattern. In an attempt to justify the aggressiveness of neoplasms, the investigation of the role of stem cells has gained prominence. The SOX-2, NANOG and OCT4 proteins are important stem cell biomarkers. Methodology To verify the expression of these proteins in tissue samples of AME, dentigerous cyst (DC) and dental follicle (DF), immunohistochemistry was performed and indirect immunofluorescence were performed on the human AME (AME-hTERT) cell line. Results Revealed expression of SOX-2, NANOG and OCT4 in the tissue samples and AME-hTERT lineage. Greater immunostaining of the studied proteins was observed in AME compared to DC and DF (p < 0.001). Conclusions The presence of biomarkers indicates a probable role of stem cells in the genesis and progression of AME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyny Martins Balbinot
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Alves Mesquita
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergio de Melo Alves Junior
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Kalogirou EM, Foutadakis S, Koutsi MA, Vatsellas G, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Petsinis V, Sklavounou A, Agelopoulos M, Tosios KI. Decoding a gene expression program that accompanies the phenotype of sporadic and Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome-associated odontogenic keratocyst. J Oral Pathol Med 2022; 51:649-658. [PMID: 35665542 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is characterized by local aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate, as well as the potential to develop in association with the Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (BCNS). The aim of this study was to decode the gene expression program accompanying OKC phenotype. METHODS 150-bp paired-end RNA-sequencing was applied on 6 sporadic and 6 BSCN-associated whole-tissue OKC samples in comparison to 6 dental follicles, coupled to bioinformatics and complemented by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 2,654 and 2,427 differentially expressed genes were captured to characterize the transcriptome of sporadic and BCNS-associated OKCs, respectively. Gene ontologies (GOs) related to "epidermis/skin development" and "keratinocyte/epidermal cell differentiation" were enriched among the upregulated genes (KRT10, NCCRP1, TP63, GRHL3, SOX21), while "extracellular matrix (ECM) organization" (ITGA5, LOXL2) and "odontogenesis" (MSX1, LHX8) GOs were overrepresented among the downregulated genes in OKC. Interestingly, upregulation of various embryonic stem cells (ESCs) markers (EPHA1, SCNN1A) and genes committed in cellular reprogramming (SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2, CDH1) was found in OKC. These findings were highly shared between sporadic and BCNS-associated OKCs. Immunohistochemistry verified SOX2, KLF4, OVOL1, IRF6, TACSTD2/TROP2, CDH1/E-cadherin, and p63 expression predominantly in the OKC suprabasal epithelial layers. CONCLUSION The OKC transcriptomic profile is characterized by a prominent epidermal and dental epithelial fate, a repressed dental mesenchyme fate combined with deregulated ECM organization, and enhanced stemness gene signatures. Thus, we propose a developed epidermis-like phenotype in the OKC suprabasal epithelial cells, established in parallel to a significant upregulation of marker genes related to ESCs and cellular reprogramming. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Marina Kalogirou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Foutadakis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna A Koutsi
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giannis Vatsellas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Petsinis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Sklavounou
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Agelopoulos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Tosios
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Phattarataratip E, Panitkul T, Khodkaew W, Anupuntanun P, Jaroonvechatam J, Pitarangsikul S. Expression of SOX2 and OCT4 in odontogenic cysts and tumors. Head Face Med 2021; 17:29. [PMID: 34261507 PMCID: PMC8278639 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of stem cell markers has been observed in several types of neoplasms. This trait attributes to the acquired stem-like property of tumor cells and can impact patient prognosis. The objective of this study was to comparatively analyze the expression and significance of SOX2 and OCT4 in various types of odontogenic cysts and tumors. Methods Fifty-five cases of odontogenic cysts and tumors, including 15 ameloblastomas (AM), 5 adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOT), 5 ameloblastic fibromas (AF), 5 calcifying odontogenic cysts (COC), 10 dentigerous cysts (DC) and 15 odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) were investigated for the expression of SOX2 and OCT4 immunohistochemically. Results Most OKCs (86.7 %) and all AFs expressed SOX2 in more than 50 % of epithelial cells. Its immunoreactivity was moderate-to-strong in all epithelial cell types in both lesions. In contrast, SOX2 expression was undetectable in AOTs and limited to the ameloblast-like cells in a minority of AM and COC cases. Most DCs showed positive staining in less than 25 % of cystic epithelium. Significantly greater SOX2 expression was noted in OKC compared with DC or AM, and in AF compared with COC or AOT. OCT4 rarely expressed in odontogenic lesions with the immunoreactivity being mild and present exclusively in OKCs. Conclusions SOX2 is differentially expressed in odontogenic cysts and tumors. This could be related to their diverse cells of origin or stages of histogenesis. The overexpression of SOX2 and OCT4 in OKC indicates the acquired stem-like property. Future studies should investigate whether the overexpression of OCT4 and SOX2 contributes to the aggressive behaviors of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekarat Phattarataratip
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Tarit Panitkul
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watunyoo Khodkaew
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattarapong Anupuntanun
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Jaroonvechatam
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirawit Pitarangsikul
- Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
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