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Chew RJJ, Tan KS, Chen T, Al-Hebshi NN, Goh CE. Quantifying periodontitis-associated oral dysbiosis in tongue and saliva microbiomes-An integrated data analysis. J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 39007741 DOI: 10.1002/jper.24-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is primarily driven by subgingival biofilm dysbiosis. However, the quantification and impact of this periodontal dysbiosis on other oral microbial niches remain unclear. This study seeks to quantify the dysbiotic changes in tongue and salivary microbiomes resulting from periodontitis by applying a clinically relevant dysbiosis index to an integrated data analysis. METHODS The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database was searched to identify BioProjects with published studies on salivary and tongue microbiomes of healthy and periodontitis subjects. Raw sequence datasets were processed using a standardized bioinformatic pipeline and categorized by their ecological niche and periodontal status. The subgingival microbial dysbiosis index (SMDI), a dysbiosis index originally developed using the subgingival microbiome, was computed at species and genus levels and customized for each niche. Its diagnostic accuracy for periodontitis was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS Four studies, contributing 328 microbiome samples, were included. At both species and genus levels, periodontitis samples had a higher SMDI, but the differences were only significant for subgingival biofilm and saliva (p < 0.001). However, SMDI showed good diagnostic accuracy for periodontitis status for all three niches (area under curve ranging from 0.76 to 0.90, p < 0.05). The dysbiosis index of subgingival biofilm was positively correlated with saliva consistently (p < 0.001) and with the tongue at the genus level (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS While the impact on the tongue microbiome requires further investigation, periodontitis-associated dysbiosis affects the salivary microbiome and is quantifiable using the dysbiosis index. The diagnostic potential of salivary microbial dysbiosis as a convenient periodontal biomarker for assessing periodontal status has potential public health and clinical applications. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Periodontitis, a severe inflammation of the gums which causes bone loss, is a disease caused by an imbalance of good and bad bacteria under the gums. However, it is unclear how this bacterial imbalance in the gums affects the bacterial balance of other distinct parts of the mouth, such as the saliva and tongue. This study uses bacteria datasets of four previously published studies, contributing a total of 328 bacterial samples. The data were processed using a uniform data analysis workflow, and a bacterial score, the subgingival microbial dysbiosis index (SMDI), previously shown to capture periodontitis-associated bacteria imbalance, was calculated separately for samples from under the gums, the saliva, and the tongue. The SMDI was able to distinguish between health and periodontitis within each oral location, and in general, the scores were higher for periodontitis samples, though this difference was significant only for bacteria under the gums and in saliva. Saliva scores were also consistently correlated with bacteria under the gums. This study shows that periodontitis-associated bacterial imbalances are observed in oral locations beyond just under the gums, particularly the saliva. Thus, saliva bacteria may be used as a convenient biomarker for assessing gum disease, allowing for potential public health and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Jacob Chew
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Soo Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsute Chen
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nezar Noor Al-Hebshi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Enhui Goh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Evaluation of red-complex bacteria loads in complete denture patients: a pilot study. BDJ Open 2023; 9:7. [PMID: 36801907 PMCID: PMC9938684 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-023-00133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study aimed to evaluate red-complex bacteria (RCB) loads in edentulous patients, before and after dentures' insertion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients were included in the study. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from bacterial samples were obtained from the dorsum of the tongue before and 3 months after complete dentures (CDs) insertion in order to identify the presence of RCB (Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola) and quantify their loads, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Bacterial loads were represented as "Lg (genome equivalents/sample)" and the data classified according to the "ParodontoScreen" test. RESULTS Significant changes in bacterial loads were observed before and 3 months after the CDs insertion for: P. gingivalis (0.40 ± 0.90 vs 1.29 ± 1.64, p = 0.0007), T. forsythia (0.36 ±0.94 vs 0.87 ± 1.45, p = 0.005), and T. denticola (0.11 ± 0.41 vs 0.33 ± 0.75, p = 0.03). Before the CDs insertion, all patients had a normal bacterial prevalence range (100%) for all analyzed bacteria. Three months after the insertion, 2 (6.7%) of them had a moderate bacterial prevalence range for P. gingivalis, while 28 (93.3%) had a normal bacterial prevalence range. CONCLUSION The use of CDs has a significant impact on increasing RCB loads in edentulous patients.
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Zirconia versus Titanium Implants: 8-Year Follow-Up in a Patient Cohort Contrasted with Histological Evidence from a Preclinical Animal Model. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155322. [PMID: 35955254 PMCID: PMC9369473 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Zirconia ceramic (ZC) implants are becoming more common, but comparisons between preclinical histology and long-term clinical trials are rare. This investigation comprised (1) 8-year clinical follow-up of one-piece ZC or titanium (Ti) implants supporting full overdentures and (2) histomorphometric analysis of the same implants in an animal model, comparing implants with various surface treatments. Methods: (1) Clinical trial: 24 completely edentulous participants (2 groups of N = 12) received 7 implants (one-piece ball-abutment ZC or Ti; maxilla N = 4, mandible N = 3) restored with implant overdentures. Outcomes after 8-years included survival, peri-implant bone levels, soft-tissue responses, and prosthodontic issues. (2) Preclinical trial: 10 New Zealand sheep received 4 implants bilaterally in the femoral condyle: Southern Implants ZC or Ti one-piece implants, identical to the clinical trial, and controls: Southern ITC® two-piece implants with the same surface or Nobel (NBC) anodised (TiUnite™) surface. %Bone-implant contact (%BIC) was measured after 12 weeks of unloaded healing. Results: 8 of 24 participants (33%) of an average age of 75 ± 8 years were recalled; 21% of original participants had died, and 46% could not be contacted. 80.4% of implants survived; excluding palatal sites, 87.5% of Ti and 79% of ZC implants survived. All failed implants were in the maxilla. Three ZC implants had fractured. Bone loss was similar for Ti vs. ZC; pocket depths (p = 0.04) and attachment levels (p = 0.02) were greater for Ti than ZC implants. (1.7 ± 1.6 mm vs. 1.6 ± 1.3 mm). All implants in sheep femurs survived. %BIC was not statistically different for one-piece blasted surface Ti (80 ± 19%) versus ZC (76 ± 20%) or ITC® (75 ± 16 mm); NBC had significantly higher %BIC than ITC (84 ± 17%, p = 0.4). Conclusion: Short-term preclinical results for ZC and Ti one-piece implants showed excellent bone-implant contact in unloaded femoral sites. This differed from the long-term clinical results in older-aged, edentulous participants. While ZC and Ti implants showed equivalent performance, the risks of peri-implantitis and implant loss in older, completely edentulous patients remain a significant factor.
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Monteiro DR, de Souza Batista VE, Caldeirão ACM, Jacinto RDC, Pessan JP. Oral prosthetic microbiology: aspects related to the oral microbiome, surface properties, and strategies for controlling biofilms. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:353-371. [PMID: 34139899 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1912741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is an environment that allows for the development of complex ecosystems; the placement of prosthetic devices as a consequence of partial or total tooth loss may alter the diversity of microbial communities. Biofilms on the surface of materials used in dental prostheses can promote important changes in the mechanic and aesthetic properties of the material itself and may cause local and systemic diseases for the prosthetic wearer. This review presents the main features of the oral microbiome associated with complete or partial dentures and dental implants. The main diseases associated with microbial colonization of prosthetic surfaces, factors that may affect biofilm formation on prosthetic materials, as well as novel alternative therapies aiming to reduce biofilm formation and/or to eradicate biofilms formed on these materials are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rogério de Castilho Jacinto
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Geisinger ML, Calvert Grosso K, Kaur M, Abou-Arraj RV, Basma H, Ogdon D, Geurs NC. Clinical Decision Making for Primary Peri-Implantitis Prevention: Practical Applications. Clin Adv Periodontics 2020; 11:43-53. [PMID: 32702205 DOI: 10.1002/cap.10115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOCUSED CLINICAL QUESTION When planning dental implant therapy, what risk-reduction strategies allow practitioners to select patients, sites, and restorative plans that decrease the incidence of peri-implant disease? SUMMARY With a marked increase in the number of patients receiving dental implants to treat partial or complete edentulism, it follows that the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis have increased. Risks associated with implant therapies may vary based upon underlying local, environmental, surgical, patient, prosthetic, and fixture-related factors. Furthermore, an emphasis on preventative measures and maintenance should be undertaken to avoid development and progression of peri-implant diseases. Thorough risk assessment, proper treatment planning, and early diagnosis and intervention are critical in the absence of definitive data of long-term success of treatments for peri-implant condition. Given the difficulty in intervention once peri-implantitis is established, identification of risk factors and development of treatment plans to address those factors before dental implant therapy is critical to the long-term health and success of dental implants. CONCLUSIONS A patient-centered, evidence based approach to dental implant treatment planning to reduce the risk for peri-implantitis should be undertaken. Systematic diagnosis of disease state(s) and evaluation of the etiologic and modifying risk factors for peri-implant diseases can yield more optimal outcomes to reduce peri-implantitis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Geisinger
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Maninder Kaur
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ramzi V Abou-Arraj
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hussein Basma
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Dorothy Ogdon
- Lister Hill Library, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nicolaas C Geurs
- Department of Periodontology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Nagy U, Guédat C, Giannopoulou C, Schimmel M, Müller F, Srinivasan M. Microbiological evaluation of LOCATOR® Legacy attachments: A cross-sectional clinical study. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:476-484. [PMID: 31687180 PMCID: PMC6820581 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This retrospective cross‐sectional study aimed to evaluate quantitatively the oral microbiome in the tri‐lobe central cavity of Locator Legacy attachment and verify whether it harbors a different, potentially more pathogenic, bacterial spectrum than the adjacent edentulous ridge. Materials and Methods Edentulous patients rehabilitated with implant overdentures using Locator Legacy attachments were recruited for this study. The clinical examination comprised probing depths, mobility, peri‐implant, and periodontal health along with intraoral swabs for microbiological evaluation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and candida culture. The swabs were collected from the trilobed cavity of the attachment and the adjacent edentulous ridge. PCR was performed to detect six specific bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, and Parvimonas micra. Statistical analyses were performed using McNemar's test and Wilcoxon's rank sum test with the significance set to p < .05. Results A total of 50 participants with a mean age of 71.5 ± 9.6 years participated in the study. No significant differences in the microbiome were found between samples from the ridge and the attachment. No significantly different numbers in the candida cultures were identified, and the presence of a removable prostheses did not demonstrate a significant association with the prevalence of candida. Conclusions Within the limits of this study and the investigated bacterial species, the trilobed cavity of the attachment does not seem to increase the bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursina Nagy
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Christophe Guédat
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland.,Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Catherine Giannopoulou
- Division of Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Martin Schimmel
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland.,Division of Gerodontology, School for Dental Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Frauke Müller
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland.,Service of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics Geneva University Hospitals Geneva Switzerland
| | - Murali Srinivasan
- Division of Removable Prosthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland.,Clinic of General-, Special Care-, and Geriatric Dentistry (KABS), Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Meyer S, Giannopoulou C, Cancela J, Courvoisier D, Müller F, Mombelli A. Experimental mucositis/gingivitis in persons aged 70 or over: microbiological findings and prediction of clinical outcome. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:3855-3863. [PMID: 30685795 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess in persons aged 70 years or older the microbiological alterations occurring around implants and natural teeth during and after 3 weeks of undisturbed plaque accumulation. Furthermore, to test the predictive value of several markers at baseline for the extent of inflammation around implants and teeth after this period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty partially edentulous participants with titanium implants refrained from oral hygiene practices while being clinically monitored in weekly intervals for 21 days. Teeth and implants were then cleaned, oral hygiene resumed, and the participants were further monitored. Levels of six subgingival plaque microorganisms, the plaque index (PI), and the gingival index (GI) were assessed before (baseline), during (days 0, 7, 14, 21), and after plaque accumulation (days 28, 42). Six microorganisms; demographic and clinical variables at day 0 were further evaluated as potential predictors for presence of GI > 1 at days 21 and 28. RESULTS The detection frequency of the selected bacteria did not differ between implants and teeth at any time point. Bacteria counts decreased in the preparatory phase and increased in the plaque accumulation phase. Patterns observed at implants and teeth were similar. Only Parvimonas micra at day 21 reached significantly higher counts at implants than teeth. For the prediction of clinical outcome at day 21, in the multivariable model, only implant vs. tooth was significant indicator for the primary outcome (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the analysis of subgingival/submucosal samples revealed only minor differences between implants and teeth during the development and resolution of inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Within the limitations of our study, with plaque accumulation, elders develop more inflammation around implants than around teeth, in spite of similar bacterial profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Meyer
- Division of Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Giannopoulou
- Division of Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Jose Cancela
- Division of Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Frauke Müller
- Division of Gerodontology and Removable Prosthesis, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mombelli
- Division of Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Fastovets OO, Kryvchuk ОA. MICROBIOCENOSIS OF THE ORAL CAVITY OF EDENTULOUS PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER REMOVABLE PROSTHETICS. BULLETIN OF PROBLEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.29254/2077-4214-2019-2-1-150-328-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. O. Fastovets
- State Mortgage Dnepropetrovsk Medical Academy
Ministry of Health Protection of Ukraine ”
| | - О. A. Kryvchuk
- State Mortgage Dnepropetrovsk Medical Academy
Ministry of Health Protection of Ukraine ”
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Schwahn C, Samietz S, Mundt T, Völzke H, Kocher T, Mayerle J, Holtfreter B, Lerch MM, Biffar R, Schulz C. Reducing uncertainty in estimating associations of oral exposures with Helicobacter pylori serology in the general population. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:1056-1068. [PMID: 29974491 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evidence for reducing Helicobacter (H.) pylori by periodontal therapy comes from small studies in China, limiting generalizability. To estimate the association between periodontal disease and anti-H. pylori IgG titer levels in a European country, we used population-based data from the Study of Health in Pomerania. MATERIALS AND METHODS For pocket depth as the primary exposure, we restricted the age range to participants younger than 60 years (n = 2,481) to avoid selection bias due to edentulism in this cross-sectional study. For the full age range up to 81 years, we chose the number of missing teeth (n = 3,705). RESULTS The association between pocket depth and the outcome was weak. Given the ceiling effect for the number of missing teeth (ordinal logistic regression; odds ratio of the interquartile range effect = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-1.9; p-value for linearity = 0.005), we checked whether wearing removable dental prosthesis was associated with higher anti-H. pylori IgG titer levels (odds ratio = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.5). CONCLUSIONS Tooth loss and wearing removable dental prosthesis were weakly to moderately associated with higher anti-H. pylori IgG titer levels in the general population of a European country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwahn
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Centre of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Samietz
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Centre of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Torsten Mundt
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Centre of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Centre of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A/Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Medicine 2, Universitätsklinikum München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Birte Holtfreter
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Centre of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine A/Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Centre of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Medicine 2, Universitätsklinikum München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Sherry L, Lappin G, O'Donnell LE, Millhouse E, Millington OR, Bradshaw DJ, Axe AS, Williams C, Nile CJ, Ramage G. Viable Compositional Analysis of an Eleven Species Oral Polymicrobial Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:912. [PMID: 27375612 PMCID: PMC4902011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Polymicrobial biofilms are abundant in clinical disease, particularly within the oral cavity. Creating complex biofilm models that recapitulate the polymicrobiality of oral disease are important in the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. In order to do this accurately we require the ability to undertake compositional analysis, in addition to determine individual cell viability, which is difficult using conventional microbiology. The aim of this study was to develop a defined multispecies denture biofilm model in vitro, and to assess viable compositional analysis following defined oral hygiene regimens. Methods: An in vitro multispecies denture biofilm containing various oral commensal and pathogenic bacteria and yeast was created on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Denture hygiene regimens tested against the biofilm model included brushing only, denture cleansing only and combinational brushing and denture cleansing. Biofilm composition and viability were assessed by culture (CFU) and molecular (qPCR) methodologies. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were also employed to visualize changes in denture biofilms following treatment. Results: Combinational treatment of brushing and denture cleansing had the greatest impact on multispecies denture biofilms, reducing the number of live cells by more than 2 logs, and altering the overall composition in favor of streptococci. This was even more evident during the sequential testing, whereby daily sequential treatment reduced the total and live number of bacteria and yeast more than those treated intermittently. Bacteria and yeast remaining following treatment tended to aggregate in the pores of the PMMA, proving more difficult to fully eradicate the biofilm. Conclusions: Overall, we are the first to develop a method to enable viable compositional analysis of an 11 species denture biofilm following chemotherapeutic challenge. We were able to demonstrate viable cell reduction and changes in population dynamics following evaluation of various denture cleansing regimens. Specifically, it was demonstrated that daily combinational treatment of brushing and cleansing proved to be the most advantageous denture hygiene regimen, however, residual organisms still remained within the pores of PMMA surface, which could act as a reservoir for further biofilm regrowth. We have identified an industry need for denture cleansing agents with the capacity to penetrate these pores and disaggregate these complex biofilm consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighann Sherry
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK; Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of ScotlandPaisley, UK
| | - Gillian Lappin
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Lindsay E O'Donnell
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma Millhouse
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Owain R Millington
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Bradshaw
- Gum Health and Dry Mouth Group, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Weybridge, UK
| | - Alyson S Axe
- Gum Health and Dry Mouth Group, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Weybridge, UK
| | - Craig Williams
- Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland Paisley, UK
| | - Christopher J Nile
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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