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Hellström Schmidt S, Smedenmark J, Jeremiasen I, Sigurdsson B, Eklund EA, Pronk CJ. Overuse of EEG and ECG in children with breath-holding spells and its implication for the management of the spells. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:317-326. [PMID: 37905418 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Breath-holding spells (BHS) are common in children, but evidence-based clinical guidelines are lacking. We investigated a large population-based cohort of BHS patients, to propose a refined description of typical BHS and guidelines for its management. METHODS In a cross-sectional retrospective study, patients diagnosed with BHS in Southern Sweden 2004-2018 were recruited. Disease characteristics and diagnostic data were collected from patient medical records. RESULTS In total, 519 patients, mean age at diagnosis 19.8 ± 13.8 months with equal gender distribution, were included. In 48.3%, BHS had already been diagnosed after one spell. During spells, 78.0% of patients were unresponsive. For 71.5%, atonic, tonic, tonic-clonic or myoclonic seizures were reported, and 78.0% of patients had a spell lasting less than 1 min. Electroencephalography was conducted in 30.4% and Electrocardiography in 45.1%. Six children (3.8%) had a pathological electroencephalogram, four of which had concomitant epilepsy and only 0.9% of children had electrocardiogram findings suggesting pathology, none showing long QT syndrome. CONCLUSION Children with BHS were frequently subjected to unnecessary diagnostic interventions. We characterise a typical presentation of BHS and propose a management-algorithm, which is expected to reduce unnecessary usage of electroencephalography and electrocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Hellström Schmidt
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Chilhood Cancer Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia Smedenmark
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ida Jeremiasen
- The Paediatric Heart Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Sigurdsson
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik A Eklund
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cornelis Jan Pronk
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Chilhood Cancer Center, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre Molecular Medicine and Division Molecular Haematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Demirtas MS, Alici N. The reliability and quality of YouTube videos as a source of breath holding spell. Ital J Pediatr 2024; 50:8. [PMID: 38238792 PMCID: PMC10795324 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breath holding spells (BHS) are an important non-epileptic condition that is common in childhood and causes concern to families. YouTube is a powerful social media tool for accessing diseases and information such as BHS in child health. The aim of the study was to measure of the quality and reliability levels of the videos published in English on BHS uploaded on YouTube. METHODS The key words "infant", "cry", "breath holding spells", holding spells" and "breath spells" were searched on the YouTube on November 14, 2022, in this study. Along with the general features of the videos, their quality and reliability were evaluated according to the global quality score (GQS), mDISCERN score. RESULTS Fifty-five videos were evaluated. The mDISCERN and GQS scores of the videos in the useful group were higher than those in the misleading group (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). In the useful group, 87.5% of academic institutions and 93.3% of medical doctors (MDs) uploaded high-score GQS videos, while this rate was 16.7% in independent users (p = 0.005). The positive correlation was found between mDISCERN and GQS scores (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The majority of YouTube videos on BHS contained useful information with sufficient quality. Professional associations such as universities and academic institutes need to produce better quality videos to provide families/users with more accurate and up-to-date information about BHS. We emphasize that YouTube should analyse videos published in the field of health, especially in the field of pediatrics, such as BHS, with committees consisting of expert health professionals, and publish them after evaluation. YouTube should consider collaborating with professional pediatrics health organizations such as American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), academic institutes and universities in the field of BHS to produce high-quality videos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Semih Demirtas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nurettin Alici
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Dilena R, Biffi G, Mauri E, Lelii M, Zazzeron L, Bana C, Barbieri S, Marchisio P, Striano P, Cappellari A. Ictal video-electroencephalogram of breath-holding attack. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:1171-1174. [PMID: 37621236 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robertino Dilena
- SC Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Biffi
- S.C. Pediatria-Pneumoinfettivologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mauri
- SC Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Lelii
- S.C. Pediatria-Pneumoinfettivologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zazzeron
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Bana
- SC Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Barbieri
- SC Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- S.C. Pediatria-Pneumoinfettivologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS 'G. Gaslini' Institute, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Cappellari
- SC Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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Hu Y, Zeng Z, Peng L, Yang Q. The effect of parenting styles on depressive symptoms among Chinese college students: The role of subjective well-being and Taq1A polymorphism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Moroni CM, Olmedo Espinosa LA, Manzano González M, Korniejczuk VA, Guerrero Jiménez DA, Quiyono Escobar E, Valderrama Rincón A. Spiritual health, family functioning and symptoms of depression and anxiety among adults from a sample of northeastern Mexico. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2021.1980259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Esteban Quiyono Escobar
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Spiritual Health, University of Montemorelos, Mexico
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Leung AKC, Leung AAM, Wong AHC, Hon KL. Breath-Holding Spells in Pediatrics: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019; 15:22-29. [PMID: 30421679 PMCID: PMC6696822 DOI: 10.2174/1573396314666181113094047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breath-holding spells are common, frightening, but fortunately benign events. Familiarity with this condition is important so that an accurate diagnosis can be made. OBJECTIVE To familiarize physicians with the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of children with breath-holding spells. METHODS A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term "breath-holding spells". The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article. RESULTS Breath-holding spells affect 0.1 to 4.6% of otherwise healthy young children. The onset is usually between 6 and 18 months of age. The etiopathogenesis is likely multifactorial and includes autonomic nervous system dysregulation, vagally-mediated cardiac inhibition, delayed myelination of the brain stem, and iron deficiency anemia. Breath-holding spells may be cyanotic or pallid. The former are usually precipitated by anger or frustration while the latter are more often precipitated by pain or fear. In the cyanotic type, the child usually emits a short, loud cry, which leads to a sudden involuntary holding of the breath in forced expiration. The child becomes cyanosed, rigid or limp, followed by a transient loss of consciousness, and a long-awaited inspiration and resolution of the spell. In the pallid type, crying may be minimal or "silent". The apneic period in the pallid type is briefer than that in the cyanotic type prior to the loss of consciousness and posture. The episode in the pallid type then proceeds in the same manner as a cyanotic spell except that the child in the pallid type develops pallor rather than cyanosis. In both types, the entire episode lasts approximately 10 to 60 seconds. The spells usually disappear spontaneously by 5 years of age. CONCLUSION Although breath-holding spells are benign, they can be quite distressing to the parents. Confident reassurance and frank explanation are the cornerstones of treatment. Underlying cause, if present, should be treated. Interventions beyond iron supplementation may be considered for children with severe and frequent breath-holding spells which have a strong impact on the lifestyle of both the child and family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy A M Leung
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex H C Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Rahatab Z, Esmaeili H, Hosseini S, Montazeri M. Paraclinical cardiac findings of children with breath-holding Spells in Taleghani Hospital of Gorgan, Iran, during 2014–2016. Res Cardiovasc Med 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/rcm.rcm_12_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Calik M, Sen Dokumaci D, Sarikaya S, Demir M, Isik I, Kazanasmaz H, Kaya C, Kandemir H. Brain metabolite values in children with breath-holding spells. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:1655-1660. [PMID: 28721046 PMCID: PMC5499924 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s135842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breath-holding spells are benign, paroxysmal events with apnea and postural tone changes after a crying episode in infants. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathologies in brain metabolite values in the absence of seizure in children with breath-holding spells by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Brain MRS examination was performed on 18 children with breath-holding spells and 13 neurologically normal children who were included as the control group. There was no significant difference in terms of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and myoinositol (mI) levels and also in terms of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and mI/Cr ratios between the patients and the control group (all P>0.05). Our study suggested that there is no permanent neuronal damage in patients with breath-holding spells. This result confirms the previous studies, which reported no permanent neuronal damage in patients with breath-holding spells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mahmut Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Harran University School of Medicine
| | - Ilhan Isik
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Eyyubiye Training and Research Hospital
| | | | - Cemil Kaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Harran University School of Medicine
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Harran University School of Medicine, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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