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Albuquerque CI, Tavares ER, Guido MC, Carvalho PO, Tavoni TM, Lopes NM, Silva BMDO, Jensen L, Stolf NAG, Maranhão RC. Treatment of rabbits with atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol feeding with daunorubicin associated to a lipid core nanoparticle (LDE). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vital CG, Maranhão RC, Freitas FR, Van Eyll BM, Graziani SR. Use of paclitaxel carried in lipid core nanoparticles in patients with late-stage solid cancers with bone metastases: Lack of toxicity and therapeutic benefits. J Bone Oncol 2022; 34:100431. [PMID: 35517058 PMCID: PMC9065304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
LDE-PTX at 175 mg/m2/3wk dose was devoid of toxicity at > 3rd line treatment. Among 18 LDE-PTX treated patients, 9 had PFS > 6 months and 2 had PFS > 1 yr. LDE-PTX diminished bone pain and improved quality of life in all treated patients.
Patients with heavily pretreated, late-stage cancer and bone metastasis are usually poor candidates for further chemotherapy. Previously, we showed that association to lipid nanoparticles (LDE) drastically decreases the toxicity of anti-cancer drugs. Here, we tested the hypothesis that paclitaxel (PTX) carried in LDE could benefit end-of-life patients with painful bone metastases that had been previously treated with conventional PTX. Methods: Eighteen consecutive patients with late-stage cancer, 8 with breast, 5 with prostate and 5 with lung carcinoma, aged 59±9 years, were included in this study. All were receiving opioid medication. LDE-PTX was administered at 175 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks until disease progression. Clinical imaging examinations and serum biochemistry determinations were performed to monitor disease progression. Intensity of bone pain, use of opioid medications and occurrence of pathological bone fractures were also evaluated. Results: In total, 104 chemotherapy cycles were performed and none of the patients showed clinical and laboratorial toxicities or pathological bone fractures. In all patients, pain was reduced so as to allow substitution of non-opioid for opioid medication. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was four months (95% CI 2.4-5.5), but in five patients PFS was longer than 6 months. Conclusions: Absence of observable clinical and laboratorial toxicities from LDE-PTX treatment, improvement of bone pain and the possible effect on PFS in some patients, despite previous use of conventional PTX, suggest that LDEPTX merits further clinical investigation.
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Tedesco AC, Silva EPO, Jayme CC, Piva HL, Franchi LP. Cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion (LDE) as a novel drug delivery system to diagnose, delineate, and treat human glioblastoma. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:111984. [PMID: 33812612 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared and characterized a cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion called LDE, a mimic of classic lipoprotein macromolecules, that can be applied as a new drug delivery system for aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (PcAlCl). The LDE containing PcAlCl system prepared herein had mean size and zeta potential of 127 nm and -29 mV, respectively, and encapsulation rate efficiency was 81%, and stability of 17 months. Compared to classical liposomes, LDE was more efficient, especially in brain diseases like glioblastoma (GBM), as revealed by tests on the U-87 MG cell line. The LDEPc formulation did not display dark cytotoxicity, as expected. The best light dose for LDEPc was 1.0 J·cm-2: its activity was 55% higher than PcAlCl in a compatible organic medium. In the U-87 MG cells, apoptosis was the preferential pathway activated by PDT. These results strongly support the use of LDE as a new theranostic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Emanoel P O Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano C Jayme
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique L Piva
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P Franchi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB) 2, Campus Samambaia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Ceres K, Fitzgerald H, Quiznon KS, McDonough S, Behling-Kelly E. Immunohistochemical Labeling of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 Are Increased in Canine Lymphoma. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:340. [PMID: 30687727 PMCID: PMC6336922 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism is a well-documented hallmark of neoplastic transformation and impacts disease progression. Two major lipoprotein receptors, the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SR-BI) are overexpressed in a number of cancer types in people. These receptors serve to deliver cholesterol to the tumor cells and have been used to target drug therapies. In this study, we performed a retrospective analysis of LDL-R and SR-B1 expression in canine lymphoma using archived formalin-fixed tissue samples. Cases were immunophenotyped and classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards prior to immunostaining for the LDL_R and SR-B1. A total of 45 cases were evaluated; 21 high grade B (HGB), 11 low grade B (LGB), 7 high grade T (HGT), and 6 low grade T (LGT) lymphomas. One sided Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare staining intensity between neoplastic and hyperplastic lymphoid tissue. The relationships between histological score and tumor grade and score and stage at presentation were assessed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests. Neoplastic lymphoid tissue expressed higher levels of both receptors compared to reactive lymph nodes. Median LDL-R score was 85.0 (interquartile range = 101.7), Median SR-B1 score was 209.0 (interquartile range 105.2). No relationship between LDL-R or SR-B1 staining score and tumor grade or phenotype was found. Serum cholesterol concentration was compared between dogs with high and low grade tumors using a two sample T-test, and correlations between cholesterol concentration and histological score, and between the score for the two receptors were determined using a Spearman correlation. The high expression level of these lipoprotein receptors on most of the tumors could underlie the lack of relationship between score and tumor grade. The overexpression of LDL-R and SR-B1 in canine lymphoma holds therapeutic potential particularly in dogs that overexpress one or both of these receptors, and this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ceres
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Halle Fitzgerald
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Sean McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Pellosi DS, Macaroff PP, Morais PC, Tedesco AC. Magneto low-density nanoemulsion (MLDE): A potential vehicle for combined hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy to treat cancer selectively. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:103-111. [PMID: 30184726 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new drug delivery system (DDS) called magneto low-density nanoemulsion (MLDE), which can carry maghemite nanoparticles and Chlorin e6 as an active photosensitizer drug. This design can enhance tumor damage after minor heat dissipation and/or minimum visible light photosensitization doses by classical magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively. We establish protocols to prepare the MLDE and to load the drug combination onto it. The MLDE prepared herein is nanometric (<200 nm), has high encapsulation efficiency, and is stable for at least 12 months in water dispersions. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that MLDE presents targeted selectivity toward the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line but not in NHI-3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines, because the MCF-7 cancer cell surface contains overexpressed low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. Despite this targeted effect, MHT or PDT alone does not prompt significant antiproliferative outcomes. On the other hand, MHT and PDT in combination induce a strong and synergic action on MCF-7 cells and reduce the cell viability. In conclusion, the developed MLDE deserves further investigation because it is biocompatible, displays good encapsulation efficiency, and is highly stable. Moreover, it is selectively taken up by cancer cell surfaces with receptor recognition based on LDL receptor overexpression, which potentiates the action of combined MHT and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Silva Pellosi
- Laboratory of Hibrid Materials, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030, Diadema, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnologyand Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pereira Macaroff
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnologyand Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Morais
- Laboratory of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Physics, Universidade de Brasilia, 70919-970 Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnologyand Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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de Souza ML, Oliveira DD, Pereira NDP, Soares DM. Nanoemulsions and dermatological diseases: contributions and therapeutic advances. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:894-900. [PMID: 29766488 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Skin disease is one of the most common human diseases and affects between 30% and 70% of individuals, which requires a lot of attention to their treatments. The delivery of active pharmacological ingredients at the topical level is a challenge because of the difficulties in overcoming the mechanical barrier created by the skin and reaching greater depths, since delivery specificities are decisive for the degree of effectiveness. In this way, the nanoemulsions emerge as a potential system for the incorporation of active substances in the cells and for the controlled release of active principles. The present article intends to review the main treatments for which the nanoemulsions were used in the field of dermatology. In addition, it discusses the results and advantages over the other dermatological therapies that are being used. The results showed that the particle size in nanoemulsions increased the contact surface area, resulting in increased drug efficacy, even in comparison with other existing pharmaceutical formulations. In conclusion, it has been shown that nanoemulsions have a better performance in efficacy, safety, permeability profile, and bioavailability compared with other formulations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myla Lôbo de Souza
- Department of medicament, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Douglas Dourado Oliveira
- Department of medicament, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Neila de Paula Pereira
- Department of medicament, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Denis Melo Soares
- Department of medicament, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Solid lipid nanoparticles improve octyl gallate antimetastatic activity and ameliorate its renal and hepatic toxic effects. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:977-988. [PMID: 28746057 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related death and requires the development of effective treatments with reduced toxicity and effective anticancer activity. Gallic acid derivatives have shown significant biological properties including antitumoral activity as shown in a previous study with octyl gallate (G8) in vitro. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the antimetastatic effect of free and solid lipid nanoparticle-loaded G8 in mice in a lung metastasis model. Animals inoculated with melanoma cells presented metastasis in lungs, which was significantly inhibited by treatment with G8 and solid lipid nanoparticle-loaded G8, named G8-NVM. However, G8-treated mice showed an increase in several toxicological parameters, which were almost completely circumvented by G8-NVM treatment. This study supports the need for pharmacological studies on new potential medicinal plants to treat cancer and can provide new perspectives on using nanotechnology to improve biological activities while decreasing the chemotherapy toxicological effects of anticancer drugs.
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Shiozaki AA, Senra T, Morikawa AT, Deus DF, Paladino AT, Pinto IM, Maranhão RC. Treatment of patients with aortic atherosclerotic disease with paclitaxel-associated lipid nanoparticles. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2016; 71:435-9. [PMID: 27626473 PMCID: PMC4975788 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2016(08)05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The toxicity of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents can be reduced by associating these compounds, such as the anti-proliferative agent paclitaxel, with a cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion (LDE) that mimics the lipid composition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). When injected into circulation, the LDE concentrates the carried drugs in neoplastic tissues and atherosclerotic lesions. In rabbits, atherosclerotic lesion size was reduced by 65% following LDE-paclitaxel treatment. The current study aimed to test the effectiveness of LDE-paclitaxel on inpatients with aortic atherosclerosis. METHODS This study tested a 175 mg/m2 body surface area dose of LDE-paclitaxel (intravenous administration, 3/3 weeks for 6 cycles) in patients with aortic atherosclerosis who were aged between 69 and 86 yrs. A control group of 9 untreated patients with aortic atherosclerosis (72-83 yrs) was also observed. RESULTS The LDE-paclitaxel treatment elicited no important clinical or laboratory toxicities. Images were acquired via multiple detector computer tomography angiography (64-slice scanner) before treatment and at 1-2 months after treatment. The images showed that the mean plaque volume in the aortic artery wall was reduced in 4 of the 8 patients, while in 3 patients it remained unchanged and in one patient it increased. In the control group, images were acquired twice with an interval of 6-8 months. None of the patients in this group exhibited a reduction in plaque volume; in contrast, the plaque volume increased in three patients and remained stable in four patients. During the study period, one death unrelated to the treatment occurred in the LDE-paclitaxel group and one death occurred in the control group. CONCLUSION Treatment with LDE-paclitaxel was tolerated by patients with cardiovascular disease and showed the potential to reduce atherosclerotic lesion size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso A. Shiozaki
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Lípides - Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- Hospital Maringá, Maringá/Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tiago Senra
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Aleksandra T. Morikawa
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Lípides - Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Débora F. Deus
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Lípides - Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raul C. Maranhão
- Laboratório de Metabolismo e Lípides - Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- E-mail:
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Luna ACDL, Saraiva GKV, Filho OMR, Chierice GO, Neto SC, Cuccovia IM, Maria DA. Potential antitumor activity of novel DODAC/PHO-S liposomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1577-91. [PMID: 27143880 PMCID: PMC4841408 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s90850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent studies, we showed that synthetic phosphoethanolamine (PHO-S) has a great potential for inducing cell death in several tumor cell lines without damage to normal cells. However, its cytotoxic effect and selectivity against tumor cells could increase with encapsulation in cationic liposomes, such as dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC), due to electrostatic interactions between these liposomes and tumor cell membranes. Our aim was to use cationic liposomes to deliver PHO-S and to furthermore maximize the therapeutic effect of this compound. DODAC liposomes containing PHO-S (DODAC/PHO-S), at concentrations of 0.3-2.0 mM, prepared by ultrasonication, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering. The cytotoxic effect of DODAC/PHO-S on B16F10 cells, Hepa1c1c7 cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was assessed by MTT assay. Cell cycle phases of B16F10 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and the morphological changes by SEM, after treatment. The liposomes were spherical and polydisperse in solution. The liposomes were stable, presenting an average of ∼ 50% of PHO-S encapsulation, with a small reduction after 40 days. DODAC demonstrated efficient PHO-S delivery, with the lowest values of IC50% (concentration that inhibits 50% of the growth of cells) for tumor cells, compared with PHO-S alone, with an IC50% value of 0.8 mM for B16F10 cells and 0.2 mM for Hepa1c1c7 cells, and without significant effects on endothelial cells. The Hepa1c1c7 cells showed greater sensitivity to the DODAC/PHO-S formulation when compared to B16F10 cells and HUVECs. The use of DODAC/PHO-S on B16F10 cells induced G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest, with the proportion significantly greater than that treated with PHO-S alone. The morphological analysis of B16F10 cells by SEM showed changes such as "bleb" formation, cell detachment, cytoplasmic retraction, and apoptotic bodies after DODAC/PHO-S treatment. Cationic liposomal formulation for PHO-S delivery promoted cytotoxicity more selectively and effectively against B16F10 and Hepa1c1c7 cells. Thus, the DODAC/PHO-S liposomal formulation presents great potential for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Cássio de Lima Luna
- Biochemistry and Biophysical Laboratory, Butantan Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Salvador Claro Neto
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, Brazil
| | - Iolanda Midea Cuccovia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Durvanei Augusto Maria
- Biochemistry and Biophysical Laboratory, Butantan Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kretzer IF, Maria DA, Guido MC, Contente TC, Maranhão RC. Simvastatin increases the antineoplastic actions of paclitaxel carried in lipid nanoemulsions in melanoma-bearing mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:885-904. [PMID: 27022257 PMCID: PMC4788363 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid nanoemulsions (LDEs) that bind to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors used as carriers of paclitaxel (PTX) can decrease toxicity and increase PTX antitumoral action. The administration of simvastatin (Simva), which lowers LDL-cholesterol, was tested as an adjuvant to commercial PTX and to PTX associated with LDE (LDE-PTX). MATERIALS AND METHODS B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice were treated with saline solution or LDE (controls), Simva, PTX, PTX and Simva, LDE-PTX, and LDE-PTX and Simva: PTX dose 17.5 μmol/kg (three intraperitoneal injections, 3 alternate days): Simva 50 mg/kg/day by gavage, 9 consecutive days. RESULTS Compared with saline controls, 95% tumor-growth inhibition was achieved by LDE-PTX and Simva, 61% by LDE-PTX, 44% by PTX and Simva, and 43% by PTX. Simva alone had no effect. Metastasis developed in only 37% of the LDE-PTX and Simva, 60% in LDE-PTX, and 90% in PTX and Simva groups. Survival rates were higher in LDE-PTX and Simva and in LDE-PTX groups. The LDE-PTX and Simva group presented tumors with reduced cellular density and increased collagen fibers I and III. Tumors from all groups showed reduction in immunohistochemical expression of ICAM, MCP-1, and MMP-9; LDE-PTX and Simva presented the lowest MMP-9 expression. Expression of p21 was increased in the Simva, LDE-PTX, and LDE-PTX and Simva groups. In the Simva and LDE-PTX and Simva groups, expression of cyclin D1, a proliferation and survival promoter of tumor cells, was decreased. Therapy with LDE-PTX and Simva showed negligible toxicity compared with PTX and Simva, which resulted in weight loss and myelosuppression. CONCLUSION Simva increased the antitumor activity of PTX carried in LDE but not of PTX commercial presentation, possibly because statins increase the expression of LDL receptors that internalize LDE-PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara F Kretzer
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Durvanei A Maria
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratories, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Guido
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís C Contente
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul C Maranhão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hörmann K, Zimmer A. Drug delivery and drug targeting with parenteral lipid nanoemulsions - A review. J Control Release 2015; 223:85-98. [PMID: 26699427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanosized emulsions or nanoemulsions (NE) are oil in water dispersions with an oil droplet size of about 200nm. This size of oil droplets dispersed in a continuous water phase is a prerequisite for the parenteral, namely intravenous administration. Many parenteral nutrition and drug emulsions on the market confirm the safe use of NE over years. Parenteral emulsions loaded with APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) are considered as drug delivery systems (DDS). DDS focuses on the regulation of the in vivo dynamics, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and extended bioavailability, thereby improving the effectiveness and the safety of the drugs. Using an emulsion as a DDS, or through the use of surface diversification of the dispersed oil droplets of emulsions, a targeted increase of the API concentration in some parts of the human body can be achieved. This review focuses on NE similar to the marketed once with no or only low amount of additional surfactants beside the emulsifier from a manufacturing point of view (technique, used raw materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hörmann
- Fresenius Kabi Austria GmbH, Hafnerstraße 36, A-8055 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Member of BioTechMed Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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12
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Skin cancer and new treatment perspectives: A review. Cancer Lett 2015; 357:8-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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