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Zhuang S, Jin X, Cen L, Shao Y. Encapsulation of hydroxycamptothecin within porous and hollow poly(L-lactide- co-ε-caprolactone) microspheres as a floating delivery system for intravesical instillation. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3659-3671. [PMID: 38860438 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00618f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Intravesical instillation is an effective post-treatment for bladder cancer performed by delivering medications directly into the bladder to target the remaining cancer cells. The current study thus aimed to develop porous poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) microspheres encapsulated with 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) via microfluidics to serve as a drug delivery system with persistent floating capacity and sustained HCPT-release property for intravesical instillation. A microfluidic device was designed to fabricate PLCL microspheres and encapsulate HCPT (HCPT-MS) within them; methanol and tridecane were introduced into an oil phase as a co-solvent and pore-forming agent, respectively, to regulate the floating ability of microspheres. The physicochemical properties of the resulting microspheres were characterized, and the floating behavior, release profile and anti-tumor effects of HCPT-MS were investigated. The obtained spherical HCPT-MS were 119.23 μm in size, monodisperse, and featured a porous concave surface and hollow structure. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of HCPT within HCPT-MS was around 67% and 4.9%, respectively. HCPT-MS exhibited impressive floating capabilities in water, PBS and artificial urine even in a simulated bladder dynamic environment. These microspheres remained afloat after being subjected to 90 repeated simulated urination processes. The sustained release of HCPT from these floating microspheres lasted for more than 10 days. The IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of HCPT-MS was calculated to be 52.14 μg mL-1. T24 cells (human bladder cancer cells) when cultured with HCPT-MS at such a concentration were severely inhibited, and the inhibition further enhanced with an increase in culture time. Hence, the feasibility of the current porous and floating HCPT-MS as a formulation for intravesical instillation to deliver medications into the bladder with sustained release and stability was thus substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Xingwei Jin
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Lian Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No. 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yuan Shao
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Wu Y, Gu X, Chen X, Cui Y, Jiang W, Liu B. Hydrogel: a new material for intravesical drug delivery after bladder cancer surgery. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2938-2949. [PMID: 38426380 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02837b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The standard treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). However, this procedure may miss small lesions or incompletely remove them, resulting in cancer recurrence or progression. As a result, intravesical instillation of chemotherapy or immunotherapy drugs is often used as an adjunctive treatment after TURBT to prevent cancer recurrence. In the traditional method, drugs are instilled into the patient's bladder through a urinary catheter under sterile conditions. However, this treatment exposes the bladder mucosa to the drug directly, leading to potential side effects like chemical cystitis. Furthermore, this treatment has several limitations, including a short drug retention period, susceptibility to urine dilution, low drug permeability, lack of targeted effect, and limited long-term clinical efficacy. Hydrogel, a polymer material with a high-water content, possesses solid elasticity and liquid fluidity, making it compatible with tissues and environmentally friendly. It exhibits great potential in various applications. One emerging use of hydrogels is in intravesical instillation. By employing hydrogels, drug dilution is minimized, and drug absorption, retention, and persistence in the bladder are enhanced due to the mucus-adhesive and flotation properties of hydrogel materials. Furthermore, hydrogels can improve drug permeability and offer targeting capabilities. This article critically examines the current applications and future prospects of hydrogels in the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Wu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Xinquan Gu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Chen
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yongliang Cui
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
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Liu J, Yang T, Dai L, Shi K, Hao Y, Chu B, Hu D, Bei Z, Yuan L, Pan M, Qian Z. Intravesical chemotherapy synergize with an immune adjuvant by a thermo-sensitive hydrogel system for bladder cancer. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:315-332. [PMID: 37663619 PMCID: PMC10468327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection remains the prefer option for bladder cancer treatment. However, the effectiveness of surgery is usually limited for the high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Consequently, intravesical chemotherapy synergize with immunotherapy in situ is an attractive way to improve therapeutic effect. Herein, a combined strategy based on thermo-sensitive PLEL hydrogel drug delivery system was developed. GEM loaded PLEL hydrogel was intravesical instilled to kill tumor cells directly, then PLEL hydrogel incorporated with CpG was injected into both groins subcutaneously to promote immune responses synergize with GEM. The results demonstrated that drug loaded PLEL hydrogel had a sol-gel phase transition behavior in response to physiological temperature and presented sustained drug release, and the PLEL-assisted combination therapy could have better tumor suppression effect and stronger immunostimulating effect in vivo. Hence, this combined treatment with PLEL hydrogel system has great potential and suggests a clinically-relevant and valuable option for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - T.Y. Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - L.Q. Dai
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - K. Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Y. Hao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - B.Y. Chu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - D.R. Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Z.W. Bei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - L.P. Yuan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - M. Pan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Z.Y. Qian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Wierzbicka A, Krakos M, Wilczek P, Bociaga D. A comprehensive review on hydrogel materials in urology: Problems, methods, and new opportunities. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:730-756. [PMID: 36237176 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel materials provide an extremely promising group of materials that can find an increasingly wide range of use in treating urinary system conditions due to their unique properties. The present review describes achievements to date in terms of the use and development prospects of hydrogel materials applications in the treatment and reconstruction of the urinary system organs, which among others include: hydrogel systems of intravesical drug delivery, ureteral stents design, treatment of vesicoureteral reflux, urinary bladder and urethral defects reconstruction, design of modern urinary catheters and also solutions applied in urinary incontinence therapy (Figure 4). In addition, hydrogel materials find increasingly growing applications in the construction of educational simulation models of organs and specific conditions of the urinary system, which enable the education of medical personnel. Numerous research efforts are underway to expand the existing treatment methods and reconstruction of the urinary system based on hydrogel materials. After conducting the further necessary research, many of the innovative solutions developed to date have high application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Wierzbicka
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Krakos
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hospital of J. Korczak, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilczek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland.,Heart Prostheses Institute, Prof. Z. Religa Foundation of Cardiac Surgery Development, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dorota Bociaga
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Quercetin Loaded Cationic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in a Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel-A Novel Intravesical Therapy Tackling Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112527. [PMID: 36432718 PMCID: PMC9695231 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to develop an intravesical delivery system of quercetin for bladder cancer management in order to improve drug efficacy, attain a controlled release profile and extend the residence time inside the bladder. Either uncoated or chitosan coated quercetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared and evaluated in terms of colloidal, morphological and thermal characteristics. Drug encapsulation efficiency and its release behaviour were assessed. Furthermore, cytotoxicity of SLNs on T-24 cells was evaluated. Ex vivo studies were carried out using bovine bladder mucosa. Spherical SLNs (≈250 nm) ensured good entrapment efficiencies (EE > 97%) and sustained drug release up to 142 h. Cytotoxicity profile revealed concentration-dependent toxicity recording an IC50 in the range of 1.6−8.9 μg/mL quercetin. SLNs were further dispersed in in situ hydrogels comprising poloxamer 407 (20%) with mucoadhesive polymers. In situ gels exhibited acceptable gelation temperatures (around 25 °C) and long erosion time (24−27 h). SLNs loaded gels displayed remarkably enhanced retention on bladder tissues relative to SLNs dispersions. Coated SLNs exhibited better penetration abilities compared to uncoated ones, while coated SLNs dispersed in gel (G10C-St-QCT-SLNs-2) showed the highest penetration up to 350 μm. Hence, G10C-St-QCT-SLNs-2 could be considered as a platform for intravesical quercetin delivery.
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Sarfraz M, Qamar S, Rehman MU, Tahir MA, Ijaz M, Ahsan A, Asim MH, Nazir I. Nano-Formulation Based Intravesical Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview of Versatile Approaches to Improve Urinary Bladder Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091909. [PMID: 36145657 PMCID: PMC9501312 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical drug delivery is a direct drug delivery approach for the treatment of various bladder diseases. The human urinary bladder has distinctive anatomy, making it an effective barrier against any toxic agent seeking entry into the bloodstream. This screening function of the bladder derives from the structure of the urothelium, which acts as a semi-permeable barrier. However, various diseases related to the urinary bladder, such as hyperactive bladder syndrome, interstitial cystitis, cancer, urinary obstructions, or urinary tract infections, can alter the bladder’s natural function. Consequently, the intravesical route of drug delivery can effectively treat such diseases as it offers site-specific drug action with minimum side effects. Intravesical drug delivery is the direct instillation of medicinal drugs into the urinary bladder via a urethral catheter. However, there are some limitations to this method of drug delivery, including the risk of washout of the therapeutic agents with frequent urination. Moreover, due to the limited permeability of the urinary bladder walls, the therapeutic agents are diluted before the process of permeation, and consequently, their efficiency is compromised. Therefore, various types of nanomaterial-based delivery systems are being employed in intravesical drug delivery to enhance the drug penetration and retention at the targeted site. This review article covers the various nanomaterials used for intravesical drug delivery and future aspects of these nanomaterials for intravesical drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarfraz
- College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University, Al-Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shaista Qamar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Masood Ur Rehman
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azam Tahir
- Department of Pharmacy, Khalid Mahmood Institute of Medical Sciences, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.I.); or (I.N.); Tel.: +92-306-3700456 (M.I.); +92-0992-383591 (I.N.)
| | - Anam Ahsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | | | - Imran Nazir
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.I.); or (I.N.); Tel.: +92-306-3700456 (M.I.); +92-0992-383591 (I.N.)
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Palugan L, Cerea M, Cirilli M, Moutaharrik S, Maroni A, Zema L, Melocchi A, Uboldi M, Filippin I, Foppoli A, Gazzaniga A. Intravesical drug delivery approaches for improved therapy of urinary bladder diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2021; 3:100100. [PMID: 34765967 PMCID: PMC8569723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the urinary bladder have high incidence rates and burden healthcare costs. Their pharmacological treatment involves systemic and local drug administration. The latter is generally accomplished through instillation of liquid formulations and requires repeated or long-term catheterization that is associated with discomfort, inflammation and bacterial infections. Consequently, compliance issues and dropouts are frequently reported. Moreover, instilled drugs are progressively diluted as the urine volume increases and rapidly excreted. When penetration of drugs into the bladder wall is needed, the poor permeability of the urothelium has also to be accounted for. Therefore, much research effort is spent to overcome these hurdles, thereby improving the efficacy of available therapies. Particularly, indwelling delivery systems suited for i) insertion into the bladder through the urethra, ii) intra-organ retention and prolonged release for the desired time lapse, iii) final elimination, either spontaneous or by manual removal, have been proposed to reduce the number of catheterization procedures and reach higher drug levels at the target site. Vesical retention of such devices is allowed by the relevant expansion that can either be triggered from the outside or achieved exploiting elastic and purposely 4D printed shape memory materials. In this article, the main rationales and strategies for improved intravesical delivery are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palugan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Micol Cirilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Saliha Moutaharrik
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Lucia Zema
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alice Melocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Uboldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Filippin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Anastasia Foppoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Gazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M.E. Sangalli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy
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Qiu H, Guo H, Li D, Hou Y, Kuang T, Ding J. Intravesical Hydrogels as Drug Reservoirs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:579-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karavana SY, Şenyiğit ZA, Çalışkan Ç, Sevin G, Özdemir Dİ, Erzurumlu Y, Şen S, Baloğlu E. Gemcitabine hydrochloride microspheres used for intravesical treatment of superficial bladder cancer: a comprehensive in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo evaluation. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:1959-1975. [PMID: 29997433 PMCID: PMC6033088 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s164704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bladder cancer is responsible for more than 130,000 deaths annually worldwide. Intravesical delivery of chemotherapeutic agents provides effective drug localization to the target area to reduce toxicity and increase efficacy. This study aimed to develop an intravesical delivery system of gemcitabine HCl (Gem-HCl) to provide a sustained-release profile, to prolong residence time, and to enhance its efficiency in the treatment of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this purpose, bioadhesive microspheres were successfully prepared with average particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of 98.4 µm, 82.657%±5.817%, and 12.501±0.881 mg, respectively. For intravesical administration, bioadhesive microspheres were dispersed in mucoadhesive chitosan or in situ poloxamer gels and characterized in terms of gelation temperature, viscosity, mechanical, syringeability, and bioadhesive and rheological properties. The cytotoxic effects of Gem-HCl solution, Gem-HCl microspheres, and Gem-HCl microsphere-loaded gel formulations were evaluated in two different bladder cancer cell lines: T24 (ATCC HTB4TM) and RT4 (ATCC HTB2TM). RESULTS According to cell-culture studies, Gem-HCl microsphere-loaded poloxamer gel was more cytotoxic than Gem-HCl microsphere-loaded chitosan gel. Antitumor efficacy of newly developed formulations were investigated by in vivo studies using bladder-tumor-induced rats. CONCLUSION According to in vivo studies, Gem-HCl microsphere-loaded poloxamer gel was found to be an effective and promising alternative for current intravesical delivery-system therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravesical
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/chemistry
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/chemistry
- Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use
- Drug Compounding
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microspheres
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Particle Size
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rheology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Viscosity
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Yaprak Karavana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey,
| | - Zeynep Ay Şenyiğit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Çağrı Çalışkan
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya İlem Özdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sait Şen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Baloğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey,
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