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Garcia-Vargas I, Louisnard O, Barthe L. Extensive investigation of geometric effects in sonoreactors: Analysis by luminol mapping and comparison with numerical predictions. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106542. [PMID: 37572427 PMCID: PMC10448224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
This investigation focuses on the influence of geometric factors on cavitational activity within a 20kHz sonoreactor containing water. Three vessels with different shapes were used, and the transducer immersion depth and liquid height were varied, resulting in a total of 126 experiments conducted under constant driving current. For each one, the dissipated power was quantified using calorimetry, while luminol mapping was employed to identify the shape and location of cavitation zones. The raw images of blueish light emission were transformed into false colors and corrected to compensate for refraction by the water-glass and glass-air interfaces. Additionally, all configurations were simulated using a sonoreactor model that incorporates a nonlinear propagation of acoustic waves in cavitating liquids. A systematic visual comparison between luminol maps and color-plots displaying the computed bubble collapse temperature in bubbly regions was conducted. The calorimetric power exhibited a nearly constant yield of approximately 70% across all experiments, thus validating the transducer command strategy. However, the numerical predictions consistently overestimated the electrical and calorimetric powers by a factor of roughly 2, indicating an overestimation of dissipation in the cavitating liquid model. Geometric variations revealed non-monotonic relationships between transducer immersion depth and dissipated power, emphasizing the importance of geometric effects in sonoreactor. Complex features were revealed by luminol maps, exhibiting appearance, disappearance, and merging of different luminol zones. In certain parametric regions, the luminol bright regions are reminiscent of linear eigenmodes of the water/vessel system. In the complementary parametric space, these structures either combine with, or are obliterated by typical elongated axial structures. The latter were found to coincide with an increased calorimetric power, and are conjectured to result from a strong cavitation field beneath the transducer producing acoustic streaming. Similar methods were applied to an additional set of 57 experiments conducted under constant geometry but with varying current, and suggested that the transition to elongated structures occurs above some amplitude threshold. While the model partially reproduced some experimental observations, further refinement is required to accurately account for the intricate acoustic phenomena involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Garcia-Vargas
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines-Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi CT, France; Laboratoire de Genie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; SinapTec, 7, Avenue Pierre et Marie Curie, 59260, Lezennes, France
| | - Olivier Louisnard
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines-Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi CT, France.
| | - Laurie Barthe
- Laboratoire de Genie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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2
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Yang Z, Zuo Y, Dai L, Zhang L, Yu Y, Zhou L. Effect of ultrasonic-induced selenium crystallization behavior during selenium reduction. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106392. [PMID: 37011518 PMCID: PMC10457590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the crystallization process of selenium was accelerated by ultrasonic wave. The effects of ultrasonic waves and conventional conditions of selenium crystallization were compared to understand the effects of different conditions on crystallization, including ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, reduction temperature, and H2SeO3 concentration. The mechanism of ultrasound affecting selenium crystallization was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results showed that ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power, and reduction temperature significantly influenced the crystallization process and morphology of selenium. Ultrasonic time had a large effect on the completeness (all products have been crystallized) and integrity of the crystallization of the products. Meanwhile, ultrasonic power and reduction temperature had no effect on the completeness of crystallization. However, it had a significant effect on the morphology and integrity of the crystallized products, and different morphologies of the nano-selenium materials could be obtained by changing the ultrasonic parameters. Both primary and secondary nucleation are important in the process of ultrasound-accelerated selenium crystallization. The cavitation effect and mechanical fluctuant effects generated by ultrasound could reduce the crystallization induction time and accelerate the primary nucleation rate. The high-speed micro-jet formed in the rupture of the cavitation bubble generated is the most important reason to influence the secondary nucleation of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Special Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Yonggang Zuo
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Special Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Linqing Dai
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Special Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China.
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Special Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yusen Yu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Special Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy Ministry of Education, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China; Key Laboratory of Special Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
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3
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Stec M, Synowiec PM. Solid Features Modification by the Reactor Selection and US Support during Reactive Crystallization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7419. [PMID: 36363011 PMCID: PMC9654633 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of materials requires adjusting their features to current applications/needs. In crystallization, the production methods leading directly to the product with pre-determined characteristics are being sought. The research focuses on the abilities of "shaping" the solid product (CSD, shape, form, etc.) and is based on experimental work carried out in the ultrasound (US)-assisted Koflo static mixer (STM). As the model reaction calcium fluoride precipitation has been used as a "common denominator" that complements the previous authors' studies, providing comprehensive knowledge and a more general look at the mentioned problem. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain crystals with the desired characteristics; however, one should be aware of the used reactors' limitations. The conscious selection of operating conditions, as well as US parameters (if they are used), is also essential. It has been revealed that the introduction of US to the STM only affects the turbulence intensity, but it doesn't change the mixing profile. The kinetics of crystallization remain unchanged, but crystals are subjected to greater attrition. In the stirred tank reactors, one might significantly improve the homogeneity of the unit mixing distribution by the selection of the relative input power εrel and, thus, affect the kinetics of crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Stec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, New Chemical Syntheses Institute, InorChem Research and Development Center, Sowińskiego 11, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Maria Synowiec
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, New Chemical Syntheses Institute, InorChem Research and Development Center, Sowińskiego 11, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Islam MS, Renner F, Foster K, Oderinde MS, Stefanski K, Mitra S. Enhanced aqueous dissolution of hydrophobic apixaban via direct incorporation of hydrophilic nanographene oxide. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 216:112512. [PMID: 35533561 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have directly incorporated nanographene oxide (nGO) into a hydrophobic drug for enhanced dissolution performance through an antisolvent technique. Apixaban (APX) drug composites were synthesized with nGO incorporation ranging from 0.8% to 2.0% concentration. It was observed that the nGO was successfully embedded without any changes to the original drug crystal structure or physical properties. Dissolution of the drug composites was evaluated using US Pharmacopeia Paddle Method (USP 42). The time needed to reach a 50% release (T50) reduced from 106 min to 24 min with the integration of 1.96% nGO in APX and the T80 also dropped accordingly. Alternatively, dissolution rate showed promising performance with increase in nGO concentration. Initial dissolution rate increased dramatically from 74 µg/min to 540 µg/min. Further, work done in intestinal media revealed T50 went from not dissolving to 79.0 min. Decreased lipophilicity or logP value and increased aqueous solubility are both accredited to hydrophilic nGO water dispersion, producing a hydrophilic channel into the drug crystal surfaces through intermolecular interaction. Additionally, physical, and chemical characterizations confirm that hydrophobic apixaban was successfully transformed into a hydrophilic composite, showing potential for this technology to improve dissolution rate of a model hydrophobic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saiful Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Faradae Renner
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA; Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Kimberly Foster
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
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Varun N, Ghoroi C. Engineered inhalable micro-balloon shaped drug particles for carrier-free dry powder inhalation (DPI) application. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Baek SW, Yeo SD. Solubility and crystallization of ibuprofen in the presence of solvents and antisolvents. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Enhancement of Crystallization Process of the Organic Pharmaceutical Molecules through High Pressure. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enhancement of the crystallization process through high pressures was studied by using ribavirin (RVB) as a model compound. The effects of high pressure on crystallization thermodynamics, nucleation kinetics, and process yield were evaluated and discussed. The solubility of ribavirin in three pure solvents was measured at different pressures from 283.15 to 323.15 K. The results indicate that the solubility data of ribavirin decreased slightly when pressure was increased. The induction time of the cooling crystallization of ribavirin under different pressures was measured. The results show that high pressure could significantly reduce the nucleation induction period. Furthermore, the nucleation kinetic parameters under different pressures were calculated according to the classical nucleation theory. The effect of high pressure on the anti-solvent crystallization of ribavirin was also studied.
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8
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Yuan M, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Wang N, Zhou L, Hao H. Ultrasound‐assisted slug‐flow tubular crystallization for preparation of fine ibuprofen crystals. Chem Eng Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201 China Zhejiang
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201 China Zhejiang
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University Ningbo 315201 China Zhejiang
| | - Lina Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University No.58 Renmin Avenue Haikou 570208 China
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9
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Dewes RM, Mendoza HR, Pereira MVL, Lutz C, Gerven TV. Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of ultrasound on the growth kinetics of zeolite A. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105909. [PMID: 35051841 PMCID: PMC8783097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a promising technology for the improvement of zeolite production, due to its beneficial effects on mass transfer and nucleation. However, a broad understanding of the sonication parameters that influence the growth of zeolites most is still lacking. In the present work, zeolite A was synthesized and the kinetic model of Gualtieri was used to obtain information about the crystallization parameters. The effect of the sonication power and duration on the relative crystallinity and particle size distribution were investigated using a Langevin-type transducer operating at 40 kHz. The experimental data shows that ultrasound has a significant effect on the nucleation and growth. With that, a reduction of up to 40 % of the initial synthesis time can be achieved. Additionally, a narrower particle size distribution is achieved when ultrasound is used during the zeolite A synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Dewes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Cécile Lutz
- Service Adsorption, ARKEMA, Groupement de Recherche de Lacq, Lacq, France
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Sabnis SS, Banakar VV, Gogate PR, Raha A, Saurabh, Adak AK. Intensification of Sonocrystallization of CaSO 4 in Continuous Operation Using a Tube Sonicator. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh S. Sabnis
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Vikram V. Banakar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Parag R. Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Abhijit Raha
- Desalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Saurabh
- Desalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Asis K. Adak
- Desalination & Membrane Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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11
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Kim HN, Suslick KS. Sonofragmentation of Organic Molecular Crystals vs Strength of Materials. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13997-14003. [PMID: 33720713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry, the interface between the chemical and the mechanical worlds, includes the relationship between the chemical and mechanical properties of solids. In this work, fragmentation of organic molecular crystals during ultrasonic irradiation of slurries has been quantitatively investigated. This has particular relevance to nucleation processes during sonocrystallization, which is increasingly used in the processing and formulation of numerous pharmaceutical agents (PAs). We have discovered that the rates of sonofragmentation are very strongly correlated with the strength of the materials (as measured by Vickers hardness and Young's modulus). This is a mechanochemical extension of the Bell-Evans-Polanyi Principle or Hammond's Postulate: the kinetics (i.e., rates) of solid fracture correlate with thermodynamic properties of solids (e.g., Young's modulus). The mechanism of the particle breakage is consistent with a direct interaction between the shockwaves or localized microjets created by the ultrasound (through acoustic cavitation) and the solid particles in the slurry. Comparisons of the sonofragmentation patterns of ionic and molecular crystals showed that ionic crystals are more sensitive to sonofragmentation than molecular crystals for a given Young's modulus. The rates of sonofragmentation are proposed to correlate with the types and densities of imperfections in the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Na Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenneth S Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
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12
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Pramanik S, Mohanto S, Manne R, Rajendran RR, Deepak A, Edapully SJ, Patil T, Katari O. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: The Magic Bullet for the Treatment of Chronic Pulmonary Diseases. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3671-3718. [PMID: 34491754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary diseases encompass different persistent and lethal diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis (CF), asthma, and lung cancers that affect millions of people globally. Traditional pharmacotherapeutic treatment approaches (i.e., bronchodilators, corticosteroids, chemotherapeutics, peptide-based agents, etc.) are not satisfactory to cure or impede diseases. With the advent of nanotechnology, drug delivery to an intended site is still difficult, but the nanoparticle's physicochemical properties can accomplish targeted therapeutic delivery. Based on their surface, size, density, and physical-chemical properties, nanoparticles have demonstrated enhanced pharmacokinetics of actives, achieving the spotlight in the drug delivery research field. In this review, the authors have highlighted different nanoparticle-based therapeutic delivery approaches to treat chronic pulmonary diseases along with the preparation techniques. The authors have remarked the nanosuspension delivery via nebulization and dry powder carrier is further effective in the lung delivery system since the particles released from these systems are innumerable to composite nanoparticles. The authors have also outlined the inhaled particle's toxicity, patented nanoparticle-based pulmonary formulations, and commercial pulmonary drug delivery devices (PDD) in other sections. Recently advanced formulations employing nanoparticles as therapeutic carriers for the efficient treatment of chronic pulmonary diseases are also canvassed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy Jalpaiguri, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road, Hospital Para, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal 735101, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim 737176, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College and Research Centre, Yenepoya, Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India
| | - Ravi Manne
- Quality Control and Assurance Department, Chemtex Environmental Lab, 3082 25th Street, Port Arthur, Texas 77642, United States
| | - Rahul R Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - A Deepak
- Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600128, India
| | - Sijo Joy Edapully
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT campus, Kozhikode, Kerala 673601, India.,Corporate Head Office, HLL Lifecare Limited, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Triveni Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India
| | - Oly Katari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
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13
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Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of the Ultrasonic Acetone-pentane Fractional Precipitation of Paclitaxel from the Plant Cell Cultures of Taxus chinensis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Continuous Cooling Crystallization in a Coiled Flow Inverter Crystallizer Technology—Design, Characterization, and Hurdles. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous small-scale production is currently of utmost interest for fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. For this purpose, equipment and process concepts in consideration of the hurdles for solids handling are required to transfer conventional batch processing to continuous operation. Based on empirical equations, pressure loss constraints, and an expandable modular system, a coiled flow inverter (CFI) crystallizer with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm was designed. It was characterized concerning its residence time behavior, tested for operation with seed crystals or an ultrasonic seed crystal unit, and evaluated for different purging mechanisms for stable operation. The residence time behavior in the CFI corresponds to ideal plug flow behavior. Crystal growth using seed crystals was demonstrated in the CFI for two amino acids. For fewer seed crystals, higher crystal growth rates were determined, while at the same time, secondary nucleation was observed. Feasibility for the interconnection of a sonicated seeding crystal unit could be shown. However, the hurdles are also identified and discussed. Prophylactic flushing combined with a photosensor for distinguishing between solvent and suspension phase can lead to stable and resource-efficient operation. The small-scale CFI technology was investigated in detail, and the limits and opportunities of the technology are presented here.
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15
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Wang L, Su M. The Agglomeration of Niacin Crystals in the Cooling Crystallization Process. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Min Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology 8 Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District Tianjin 300130 China
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16
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Yang M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang G, Zhao CX, Wu KJ. Integration of microfluidic systems with external fields for multiphase process intensification. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Chang C, Hsieh C, Su C. Particle Size and Crystal Habit Modification of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Using Cooling Sonocrystallization: A Case Study of Probenecid. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hao Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan
| | - Chieh‐Ming Hsieh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering National Central University Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan
| | - Chie‐Shaan Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei 10608 Taiwan
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18
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Pal S, Nikam AV, Kulkarni AA. Antisolvent based ultrasound-assisted batch and continuous flow precipitation of metformin hydrochloride particles. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Encompassment of phthalyl sulfacetamide in α- and β-cyclodextrin using ultrasonication: Physicochemical and computational modeling investigations. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sabnis SS, Raikar R, Gogate PR. Evaluation of different cavitational reactors for size reduction of DADPS. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 69:105276. [PMID: 32739733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the size reduction based on the recrystallization (antisolvent approach using water) of 3,3'-Diamino Diphenyl Sulfone (DADPS) using different types of cavitational reactors as an alternative to the conventional process of mechanical size reduction, which is an energy intensive approach. Ultrasound was applied for fixed time specific to the reactors namely ultrasonic probes at different power dissipation levels and also ultrasonic bath. A High Speed Homogenizer was also used at varying speeds of rotation to establishing the efficacy for size reduction. The processed sample was analysed for particle size and morphology using particle size analyser and optical microscopy respectively. The final yield of recrystallization was also determined. The power density in W/L and power intensity in W/m2 calculated for each equipment has been used to establish efficacy for size reduction since all devices had dissimilar configurations. Based on the studies of varying power intensity of the different US equipment, it was established that larger the power intensity and power density, smaller was the resultant final particle size after treatment for same time. Among the various ultrasonic devices used, Sonics VCX750 probe yielded the best size reduction of 85.47% when operated at 40% amplitude for 60 min for a volume of 200 ml. A High Speed Homogenizer used at 7000 rpm gave 92.35% of size reduction in 15 min operation and also demonstrated the best energy efficiency. The work has elucidated the comparison of different cavitational devices for size reduction for the first time and presented the best reactors and conditions for the desired size reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh S Sabnis
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 40019, India
| | - Rakshit Raikar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur 572101, Karnataka, India
| | - Parag R Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 40019, India.
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21
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Evrard Q, Houard F, Daiguebonne C, Calvez G, Suffren Y, Guillou O, Mannini M, Bernot K. Sonocrystallization as an Efficient Way to Control the Size, Morphology, and Purity of Coordination Compound Microcrystallites: Application to a Single-Chain Magnet. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9215-9226. [PMID: 32521161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The size, morphology, and purity control of coordination compound powders is a key stage for their conversion into materials and devices. In particular, surface science techniques require highly pure bulk materials with a narrow crystallite-size distribution together with straightforward, scalable, and reproducible crystallization procedures. In this work we demonstrate how sonocrystallization, i.e. the application of ultrasound during the crystallization process, can afford very quickly powders made of crystallites with controlled size, morphology, and purity. We show that this process drastically diminishes the crystallite-size distribution (low polydispersity indexes, PDI) and crystallite aspect ratio. By comparing sonicated samples with samples obtained by various silent crystallization conditions, we unambiguously show that the improvement in the crystallite morphology and size distribution is not due to any thermal effect but to the sonication of the crystallizing media. The application of sonocrystallization on crystallization batches of single-chain magnets (SCMs) maintains the chemical integrity of the SCMs together with their original magnetic behavior. Moreover, luminescent measurements show that sonocrystallization induces an efficient micromixing that drastically enhances the purity of the SCM powders. We thus propose that sonocrystallization, which is already used on organic or MOF compounds, can be applied to (magnetic) coordination compounds to readily afford bulk powders for characterization or shaping techniques that require pure, morphology- and crystallite-size-controlled powder samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Evrard
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Félix Houard
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Carole Daiguebonne
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Calvez
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yan Suffren
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Guillou
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Matteo Mannini
- LAMM (Laboratory for Molecular Magnetism), Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" Università degli Studi di Firenze, INSTM, UdR Firenze Via della Lastruccia n. 3, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Kevin Bernot
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
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22
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Navarro-Brull FJ, Teixeira AR, Giri G, Gómez R. Enabling low power acoustics for capillary sonoreactors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 56:105-113. [PMID: 31101244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Capillary reactors demonstrate outstanding potential for on-demand flow chemistry applications. However, non-uniform distribution of multiphase flows, poor solid handling, and the risk of clogging limit their usability for continuous manufacturing. While ultrasonic irradiation has been traditionally applied to address some of these limitations, their acoustic efficiency, uniformity and scalability to larger reactor systems are often disregarded. In this work, high-speed microscopic imaging reveals how cavitation-free ultrasound can unclog and prevent the blockage of capillary reactors. Modeling techniques are then adapted from traditional acoustic designs and applied to simulate and prototype sonoreactors with wider and more uniform sonication areas. Blade-, block- and cylindrical shape sonotrodes are optimized to accommodate longer capillary lengths in sonoreactors resonating at 28 kHz. Finally, a novel helicoidal capillary sonoreactor is proposed to potentially deal with a high concentration of solid particles in miniaturized flow chemistry. The acoustic designs and first principle rationalization presented here offer a transformative step forward in the scale-up of efficient capillary sonoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Navarro-Brull
- Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica i Departament de Química Física, Universitat d'Alacant, Apartat 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Andrew R Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, United States
| | - Gaurav Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
| | - Roberto Gómez
- Institut Universitari d'Electroquímica i Departament de Química Física, Universitat d'Alacant, Apartat 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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23
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Ge L, Zhu Y, Qi Y, Chen Y, Yang K. Enantioseparation of racemic bupivacaine via ultrasonic-assisted diastereomeric crystallization using 12,14-dinitrodehydroabietic acid. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 55:256-261. [PMID: 30712856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
12,14-Dinitrodehydroabietic acid (12,14-dinitroDHAA), a chiral acid obtained by the nitration of optical dehydroabietic acid (DHAA), was successfully employed as resolving agent. The resolution of racemic bupivacaine by ultrasonic-assisted diastereomeric crystallization in ethanol was investigated. The results indicated that ultrasonic-assist can well facilitate resolution of (R,S)-bupivacaine and a higher enantiomeric excess (ee) and yield was obtained for (S)-bupivacaine, and while without ultrasound, the ee value decreases by increasing the crystallization time. A Box-Behnken experimental design with four factors (amount of 12,14-dinitroDHAA, ethanol amount, ultrasonic power and crystallization temperature) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to explore resolution effects. A second-order polynomial equation was adequate to model the relationship between the ee (or yield) and the dependent variables. When maintaining a lower limit of 90% for the yield of (S)-bupivacaine, the optimal resolution conditions by RSM were 12,14-dinitroDHAA/bupivacaine molar ratio of 1.6, solvent/propranolol ratio of 16.5 mL/g, 63.2 W ultrasonic power and crystallization temperature of 0 °C, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the experimental ee and yield of (S)-bupivacaine were 69.8% and 87.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yonghui Qi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yande Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kedi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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24
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The Effects of Ultrasound on Crystals: Sonocrystallization and Sonofragmentation. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8070280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xiouras C, Fytopoulos A, Jordens J, Boudouvis AG, Van Gerven T, Stefanidis GD. Applications of ultrasound to chiral crystallization, resolution and deracemization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 43:184-192. [PMID: 29555274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial synthesis of enantiopure compounds is nowadays heavily based on the separation of racemates through crystallization processes. Although the application of ultrasound in solution crystallization processes (sonocrystallization) has become a promising emerging technology, offering several benefits (e.g. reduction of the induction time and narrowing of the metastable zone width, control over the product size, shape and polymorphic modification), little attention has been paid so far to the effects of ultrasound on chiral crystallization processes. Several recent studies have reported on the application of acoustic energy to crystallization processes that separate enantiomers, ranging from classical (diastereomeric) resolution and preferential crystallization to new and emerging processes such as attrition-enhanced deracemization (Viedma ripening). A variety of interesting effects have been observed, which include among others, enhanced crystallization yield with higher enantiomeric purity crystals, spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking crystallization, formation of metastable conglomerate crystals and enhanced deracemization rates. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the effects of ultrasound on chiral crystallization and outline several aspects of interest in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Xiouras
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), Department of Chemical Engineering KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonios Fytopoulos
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), Department of Chemical Engineering KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Process Analysis and Plant Design, School of Chemical Engineering NTUA, 9 Heroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Jeroen Jordens
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), Department of Chemical Engineering KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas G Boudouvis
- Process Analysis and Plant Design, School of Chemical Engineering NTUA, 9 Heroon Polytechniou, Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), Department of Chemical Engineering KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georgios D Stefanidis
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), Department of Chemical Engineering KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Kiss AA, Geertman R, Wierschem M, Skiborowski M, Gielen B, Jordens J, John JJ, Van Gerven T. Ultrasound-assisted emerging technologies for chemical processes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2018; 93:1219-1227. [PMID: 29780194 PMCID: PMC5947258 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The chemical industry has witnessed many important developments during past decades largely enabled by process intensification techniques. Some of them are already proven at commercial scale (e.g. reactive distillation) while others (e.g. ultrasound-assisted extraction/crystallization/reaction) are on their way to becoming the next-generation technologies. This article focuses on the advances of ultrasound (US)-assisted technologies that could lead in the near future to significant improvements in commercial activities. The aim is to provide an authoritative discussion on US-assisted technologies that are currently emerging from the research environment into the chemical industry, as well as give an overview of the current state-of-the-art applications of US in chemical processing (e.g. enzymatic reactive distillation, crystallization of API). Sufficient information is included to allow the assessment of US-assisted technologies and the challenges for implementation, as well as their potential for commercial applications. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Kiss
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Rob Geertman
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & JohnsonJanssen Research & DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
| | | | - Mirko Skiborowski
- Laboratory of Fluid SeparationsTU Dortmund UniversityDortmundGermany
| | - Bjorn Gielen
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & JohnsonJanssen Research & DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
| | - Jeroen Jordens
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
| | - Jinu J John
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU Leuven, LeuvenBelgium
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28
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Ultrasound Assisted Particle Size Control by Continuous Seed Generation and Batch Growth. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7070195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gielen B, Claes T, Janssens J, Jordens J, Thomassen LCJ, Gerven TV, Braeken L. Particle Size Control during Ultrasonic Cooling Crystallization of Paracetamol. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201600647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Gielen
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemical Engineering; Celestijnenlaan 200 F, box 2424 3001 Leuven Belgium
- KU Leuven; Faculty of Engineering Science, Lab4U; Agoralaan building B box 8 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Thomas Claes
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemical Engineering; Celestijnenlaan 200 F, box 2424 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jonas Janssens
- KU Leuven; Faculty of Engineering Science, Lab4U; Agoralaan building B box 8 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jeroen Jordens
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemical Engineering; Celestijnenlaan 200 F, box 2424 3001 Leuven Belgium
- KU Leuven; Faculty of Engineering Science, Lab4U; Agoralaan building B box 8 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Leen C. J. Thomassen
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemical Engineering; Celestijnenlaan 200 F, box 2424 3001 Leuven Belgium
- KU Leuven; Faculty of Engineering Science, Lab4U; Agoralaan building B box 8 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Van Gerven
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemical Engineering; Celestijnenlaan 200 F, box 2424 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Leen Braeken
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemical Engineering; Celestijnenlaan 200 F, box 2424 3001 Leuven Belgium
- KU Leuven; Faculty of Engineering Science, Lab4U; Agoralaan building B box 8 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
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30
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Agglomeration Control during Ultrasonic Crystallization of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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