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An investigation into the effects of geometric scaling and pore structure on drug dose and release of 3D printed solid dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:113-125. [PMID: 35779743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A range of 3D printing methods have been investigated intensively in the literature for manufacturing personalised solid dosage forms, with infill density commonly used to control release rates. However, there is limited mechanistic understanding of the impacts of infill adjustments on in vitro performance when printing tablets of constant dose. In this study, the effects and interplay of infill pattern and tablet geometry scaling on dose and drug release performance were investigated. Paracetamol (PAC) was used as a model drug. An immediate release erodible system (Eudragit E PO) and an erodible swellable system (Soluplus) were prepared via wet granulation into granules and printed using Arburg Plastic Freeforming (APF). Both binary formulations, despite not FDM printable, were successfully APF printed and exhibited good reproducibility compared to pharmacopoeia specification. The physical form of the drug and its integrity following granulation and printing was assessed using DSC, PXRD and ATR-FTIR. Two infill patterns (SM1 and SM2) were employed to print tablets with equal porosity, but different pore size, structure and surface area to volume ratio (SA/V). Geometry scaling (tablet height and diameter) of Eudragit-PAC tablets was not found to significantly influence the release rate of the tablets with 30 to 70% infill density. When increased to 90% infill density, geometric scaling was found to have a significant effect on release rate with the constant diameter tablet releasing faster than the constant height tablet. Soluplus-PAC tablets printed using different infill patterns demonstrated similar release profiles, due to swelling. Geometric parameters were found to significantly influence release profiles for tablets printed at certain infill densities giving new insight into how software parameters can be used to tune drug release.
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McDonagh T, Belton P, Qi S. Direct Granule Feeding of Thermal Droplet Deposition 3D Printing of Porous Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms Free of Plasticisers. Pharm Res 2022; 39:599-610. [PMID: 35194719 PMCID: PMC8986746 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To develop a new direct granule fed 3D printing method for manufacturing pharmaceutical solid dosage forms with porous structures using a thermal droplet deposition technology. Methods Eudragit® E PO was used as the model polymer, which is well-known to be not FDM printable without additives. Wet granulation was used to produce drug loaded granules as the feedstock. The flow and feedability of the granules were evaluated. The physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release performance of the granules and the printed tablets were fully characterised. Results Using the method developed by this study, Eudragit E PO was printed with a model drug into tablets with infills ranging from 30–100%, without additives. The drug was confirmed to be molecularly dispersed in the printed tablets. The printing quality and performances of the porous tablets were confirmed to be highly compliant with the pharmacopeia requirement. The level of infill density of the porous tablets had a significant effect on their in vitro drug release performance. Conclusion This is the first report of thermal droplet deposition printing via direct granule feeding. The results of this study demonstrated that this new printing method can be used as a potentially valuable alternative for decentralised pharmaceutical solid dosage form manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Diniz LF, Franco CHJ, Silva DF, Martins LS, Carvalho PS, Souza MAC, Reis NFA, Fernandes C, Diniz R. Multicomponent ionic crystals of diltiazem with dicarboxylic acids toward understanding the structural aspects driving the drug-release. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120790. [PMID: 34116180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diltiazem (DIL) is a calcium channel blocker antihypertensive drug commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Due to the high solubility and prompt dissolution of the commercial form hydrochloride (DIL-HCl) that is closely related to short elimination drug half-life, this API is known for exhibiting an unfitted pharmacokinetic profile. In an attempt to understand how engineered multicomponent ionic crystals of DIL with dicarboxylic acids can minimize these undesirable biopharmaceutical attributes, herein, we have focused on the development of less soluble and slower dissolving salt/cocrystal forms. By the traditional solvent evaporation method, two hydrated salts of DIL with succinic and oxalic acids (DIL-SUC-H2O and DIL-OXA-H2O), and one salt-cocrystal with fumaric acid (DIL-FUM-H2FUM) were successfully prepared. An in-depth crystallographic description of these new solid forms was conducted through single and powder X-ray diffraction (SCXRD, PXRD), Hirshfeld surface (HS) analysis, energy framework (EF) calculations, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermal analysis (TG, DSC, and HSM). Structurally, the inclusion of dicarboxylic acids in the crystal structures provided the formation of 2D-sheet assemblies, where ionic pairs (DIL+/anion-) are associated with each other via H-bonding. Consequently, a substantial lowering in both solubility (16.5-fold) and intrinsic dissolution rate (13.7-fold) of the API has been achieved compared to that of the hydrochloride salt. These findings demonstrate the enormous potential of these solid forms in preparing of novel modified-release pharmaceutical formulations of DIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan F Diniz
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas (ICEx), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901-Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Chris H J Franco
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas (ICE), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900-Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniely F Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas (ICEx), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901-Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa S Martins
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas (ICEx), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901-Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Carvalho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, 79074-460 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Mateus A C Souza
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Naialy F A Reis
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renata Diniz
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas (ICEx), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901-Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Asare-Addo K, Totea AM, Nokhodchi A. Drug release from magnesium aluminium silicate-polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanocomposite matrices: An investigation using the USP III apparatus. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 153:105474. [PMID: 32702388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the use of the USP III apparatus in discriminating simulated fed and fasted conditions as well as ionic strength on veegum-polyethylene (PEO) (called clay-PEO matrices hereafter) matrices. The successful formulations were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and evaluated for their physical properties. Isothermal calorimetry (ITC) was used to evaluate the thermodynamics of the complexation processes. The effect of agitation sequences on the matrices as evaluated from the USP III suggested an increase in polymer content to significantly decrease the burst release experienced using diltiazem hydrochloride (DILT) as a model cationic drug. The manufacturing methods showed superior performance in relation to a decrease in burst release over the physical manufactured counterparts. The clay-PEO matrices also showed robustness (no matrix failure) in up to 0.2 M ionic strength solutions mimicking the upper limit experienced in the GI tract. ITC results revealed that the binding between DILT and PEO was enthalpy and entropy-driven. Furthermore, the binding between veegum and DILT in the presence of PEO was shown to be enthalpy-driven and entropically unfavourable, which was also the case for the binding between veegum and PEO thus giving insights to how the matrices were performing on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Asare-Addo
- University of Huddersfield, Department of Pharmacy, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH.
| | - Ana-Maria Totea
- University of Huddersfield, Department of Pharmacy, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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Vanza JD, Patel RB, Dave RR, Patel MR. Polyethylene oxide and its controlled release properties in hydrophilic matrix tablets for oral administration. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:1169-1187. [PMID: 32772604 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1808015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are excipients that modify the rate of drug release from pharmaceutical dosage forms. Hydrophilic polymer-based controlled drug delivery system is more advantageous as compared to the conventional delivery system as it reduces the dosing frequency, improves therapeutic efficacy, reduces side-effects, and probably enhances patient compliance. Polyethylene oxide (PEO), a nonionic hydrophilic polymer, is one of the most widely used polymers for extending the drug release. This review mainly focuses on the PEO marketed by, but not limited to, The Dow Chemical Company under the trade name of POLYOXTM. It is commercially available polyethylene oxide polymer existing in various molecular weight and viscosity grades depending upon the application. This study essentially discusses chemistry, physicochemical properties, and the impact of formulation and processing variables on the release of drug from hydrophilic PEO matrix tablets. Moreover, it also summarizes the stability, patents, and regulatory perspectives of POLYOX that can further influence the future developments of controlled release dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar D Vanza
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, India
| | - Rashmin B Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, India
| | - Richa R Dave
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, India
| | - Mrunali R Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, India
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Ward A, Walton K, Stoycheva S, Wallis M, Adebisi A, Nep E, Ngwuluka NC, Shaboun S, Smith AM, Conway BR, Asare-Addo K. The use of visible and UV dissolution imaging for the assessment of propranolol hydrochloride in liquisolid compacts of Sesamum radiatum gum. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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