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Yan Z, Luo J, Wang Y, Yang J, Su M, Jiang L, Yang J, Dai M, Liu A. PPARα suppresses low-intensity-noise-induced body weight gain in mice: the activated HPA axis plays an critical role. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01550-2. [PMID: 38902386 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the second most risky environmental pollution, noise imposes threats to human health. Exposure to high-intensity noise causes hearing impairment, psychotic disorders, endocrine modifications. The relationship among low-intensity noise, obesity and lipid-regulating nuclear factor PPARα is not yet clear. METHODS In this study, male wild-type (WT) and Pparα-null (KO) mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) were exposed to 75 dB noise for 12 weeks to explore the effect of low-intensity noise on obesity development and the role of PPARα. 3T3-L1 cells were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) and sodium oleate (OA) to verify the down-stream effect of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation on the adipose tissues. RESULTS The average body weight gain (BWG) of WT mice on HFD exposed to noise was inhibited, which was not observed in KO mice. The mass and adipocyte size of adipose tissues accounted for the above difference of BWG tendency. In WT mice on HFD, the adrenocorticotropic hormone level was increased by the noise challenge. The aggravation of fatty liver by noise exposure occurred in both mouse lines, and the transport of hepatic redundant lipid to adipose tissues were similar. The lipid metabolism in adipose tissue driven by HPA axis accorded with the BWG inhibition in vivo, validated in 3T3-L1 adipogenic stem cells. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to low-intensity noise aggravated fatty liver in both WT and KO mice. BWG inhibition was observed only in WT mice, which covered up the aggravation of fatty liver by noise exposure. PPARα mediates the activation of HPA axis by noise exposure in mice on HFD. Elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) promoted lipid metabolism in adipocytes, which contributed to the disassociation of BWG and fatty liver development in male WT mice. Summary of PPARα suppresses noise-induced body weight gain in mice on high-fat-diet. Chronic exposure to low-intensity noise exposure inhibited BWG by PPARα-dependent activation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Mingli Su
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Julin Yang
- Department of Basic Nutrition, Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Manyun Dai
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Aiming Liu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Jiang S, Uddin MJ, Yu X, Piao L, Dorotea D, Oh GT, Ha H. Peroxisomal Fitness: A Potential Protective Mechanism of Fenofibrate against High Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:829-842. [PMID: 35746892 PMCID: PMC9723204 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing in association with the epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Peroxisomes are single membrane-enclosed organelles that play a role in the metabolism of lipid and reactive oxygen species. The present study examined the role of peroxisomes in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD using fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal diet or HFD for 12 weeks, and fenofibrate (50 mg/kg/day) was orally administered along with the initiation of HFD. RESULTS HFD-induced liver injury as measured by increased alanine aminotransferase, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation was effectively prevented by fenofibrate. Fenofibrate significantly increased the expression of peroxisomal genes and proteins involved in peroxisomal biogenesis and function. HFD-induced attenuation of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation was also significantly restored by fenofibrate, demonstrating the functional significance of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. In Ppara deficient mice, fenofibrate failed to maintain peroxisomal biogenesis and function in HFD-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION The present data highlight the importance of PPARα-mediated peroxisomal fitness in the protective effect of fenofibrate against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songling Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lingjuan Piao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Debra Dorotea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Kikuchi R, Maeda Y, Tsuji T, Yamaguchi K, Abe S, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K. Fenofibrate inhibits TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in human lung fibroblasts in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11. [PMID: 34228906 PMCID: PMC8329776 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FF), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) agonist and a lipid-lowering agent, can decrease experimental pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effect of FF remain unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of FF on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation in lung fibroblasts. The results showed that FF inhibited alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor expression, collagen production, cell motility, SMAD3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and metabolic reprogramming in TGF-β-exposed cells. The inhibitory effect of FF did not decrease with the addition of a PPAR-α antagonist. Moreover, the inhibitory effect given by FF could not be reproduced with the addition of an alternative PPAR-α agonist. FF inhibited mitochondrial respiration. However, rotenone, a complex I inhibitor, did not suppress TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Furthermore, the TGF-β-induced nuclear reduction of protein phosphatase, Mg2+ /Mn2+ -dependent 1A (PPM1A), a SMAD phosphatase, was inhibited by FF. These results showed that FF suppressed TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation and activation independent of PPAR-α activation and impaired mitochondrial respiration. In conclusion, this study provides information on the effects of FF on anti-TGF-β mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Yuki Maeda
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Takao Tsuji
- Department of MedicineOtsuki Municipal HospitalJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Shinji Abe
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical UniversityShinjuku‐kuJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
| | - Kazutetsu Aoshiba
- Department of Respiratory MedicineTokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical CenterInashikiJapan
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Bharadwaj U, Kasembeli MM, Robinson P, Tweardy DJ. Targeting Janus Kinases and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 to Treat Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Cancer: Rationale, Progress, and Caution. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:486-526. [PMID: 32198236 PMCID: PMC7300325 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Before it was molecularly cloned in 1994, acute-phase response factor or signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 was the focus of intense research into understanding the mammalian response to injury, particularly the acute-phase response. Although known to be essential for liver production of acute-phase reactant proteins, many of which augment innate immune responses, molecular cloning of acute-phase response factor or STAT3 and the research this enabled helped establish the central function of Janus kinase (JAK) family members in cytokine signaling and identified a multitude of cytokines and peptide hormones, beyond interleukin-6 and its family members, that activate JAKs and STAT3, as well as numerous new programs that their activation drives. Many, like the acute-phase response, are adaptive, whereas several are maladaptive and lead to chronic inflammation and adverse consequences, such as cachexia, fibrosis, organ dysfunction, and cancer. Molecular cloning of STAT3 also enabled the identification of other noncanonical roles for STAT3 in normal physiology, including its contribution to the function of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, its basal and stress-related adaptive functions in mitochondria, its function as a scaffold in inflammation-enhanced platelet activation, and its contributions to endothelial permeability and calcium efflux from endoplasmic reticulum. In this review, we will summarize the molecular and cellular biology of JAK/STAT3 signaling and its functions under basal and stress conditions, which are adaptive, and then review maladaptive JAK/STAT3 signaling in animals and humans that lead to disease, as well as recent attempts to modulate them to treat these diseases. In addition, we will discuss how consideration of the noncanonical and stress-related functions of STAT3 cannot be ignored in efforts to target the canonical functions of STAT3, if the goal is to develop drugs that are not only effective but safe. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Key biological functions of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 signaling can be delineated into two broad categories: those essential for normal cell and organ development and those activated in response to stress that are adaptive. Persistent or dysregulated JAK/STAT3 signaling, however, is maladaptive and contributes to many diseases, including diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis, and cancer. A comprehensive understanding of JAK/STAT3 signaling in normal development, and in adaptive and maladaptive responses to stress, is essential for the continued development of safe and effective therapies that target this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddalak Bharadwaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control & Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine (U.B., M.M.K., P.R., D.J.T.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (D.J.T.), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Moses M Kasembeli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control & Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine (U.B., M.M.K., P.R., D.J.T.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (D.J.T.), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Prema Robinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control & Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine (U.B., M.M.K., P.R., D.J.T.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (D.J.T.), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David J Tweardy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control & Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine (U.B., M.M.K., P.R., D.J.T.), and Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology (D.J.T.), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Estrela GR, Arruda AC, Torquato HFV, Freitas-Lima LC, Perilhão MS, Wasinski F, Budu A, Fock RA, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Araujo RC. Gemfibrozil Induces Anemia, Leukopenia and Reduces Hematopoietic Stem Cells via PPAR-α in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145050. [PMID: 32708962 PMCID: PMC7403977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is a form of hyperlipidemia, which may be a consequence of diet, obesity or diabetes. In addition, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Thus, controlling cholesterol levels is commonly necessary, and fibrates have been used as lipid-lowering drugs. Gemfibrozil is a fibrate that acts via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha to promote changes in lipid metabolism and decrease serum triglyceride levels. However, anemia and leukopenia are known side effects of gemfibrozil. Considering that gemfibrozil may lead to anemia and that gemfibrozil acts via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, we treated wild-type and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-knockout mice with gemfibrozil for four consecutive days. Gemfibrozil treatment led to anemia seven days after the first administration of the drug; we found reduced levels of hemoglobin, as well as red blood cells, white blood cells and a reduced percentage of hematocrits. PPAR-alpha-knockout mice were capable of reversing all of those reduced parameters induced by gemfibrozil treatment. Erythropoietin levels were increased in the serum of gemfibrozil-treated animals, and we also observed an increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) and erythropoietin in renal tissue, while PPAR-alpha knockout mice treated with gemfibrozil did not present increased levels of serum erythropoietin or tissue HIF-2α and erythropoietin mRNA levels in the kidneys. We analyzed bone marrow and found that gemfibrozil reduced erythrocytes and hematopoietic stem cells in wild-type mice but not in PPAR-alpha-knockout mice, while increased colony-forming units were observed only in wild-type mice treated with gemfibrozil. Here, we show for the first time that gemfibrozil treatment leads to anemia and leukopenia via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rufino Estrela
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hematotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04037002, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.E.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +55-11-5576-4859 (R.C.A.)
| | - Adriano Cleis Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
| | - Heron Fernandes Vieira Torquato
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04044020, Brazil; (H.F.V.T.); (E.J.P.-G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Center Braz Cubas, Mogi das Cruzes 08773380, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Sérgio Perilhão
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
| | - Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil;
| | - Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04044020, Brazil; (H.F.V.T.); (E.J.P.-G.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070900, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araujo
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.E.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +55-11-5576-4859 (R.C.A.)
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Abdel-Aziz AM, Abozaid SMM, Yousef RKM, Mohammed MM, Khalaf HM. Fenofibrate ameliorates testicular damage in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes: role of HO-1 and p38 MAPK. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1645-1656. [PMID: 32515004 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since diabetes mellitus type-1 (DM-1) induces testicular oxidative and inflammatory damage with finally an ultimate male infertility, and as fenofibrate (FEN) plays an important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of FEN on diabetes-induced reproductive damage and clarifying the underlying related mechanisms. METHODS DM-1 was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). FEN (100 mg/kg/day, orally) was administrated to diabetic rats for 4 weeks. Testicular damage was detected by estimation of both testicular and body weights, assessment of serum testosterone, testicular oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels) and testicular oxidant defenses (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and hemeoxygenase-1). Expressions of the inflammatory markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and apoptotic marker (caspase-3) were evaluated in testicular tissue. Our results were confirmed by histopathological examination of testicular tissues. RESULTS Diabetic testicular damage was proved by both biochemical and histopathological examinations. FEN treatment reversed diabetic testicular damage; normalized the serum testosterone level, improved anti-oxidative capacity, ameliorated the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in testicular tissue with the down regulation of p38 MAPK mediated-testicular apoptosis. CONCLUSION FEN treatment exerted a protective effect against streptozotocin-induced diabetic reproductive dysfunction not only through its powerful antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects, but also through its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect via down-regulation of testicular p38 MAPK expression in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hanaa Mohamed Khalaf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt.
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Lipid lowering therapy in cardiovascular disease: From myth to molecular reality. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107592. [PMID: 32492513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapy is one major cornerstone of medical treatment of cardiovascular disease in order to modulate atherosclerosis. Statins, ezetimibe and novel PCSK9-inhibitors are already recommended in current guidelines and were shown to improve lipid profiles and have positive effects on the rate of ischemic events and cardiovascular mortality. Recent studies suggest that the concept of "The lower the better" might be valid at least regarding low density lipoproteins. In addition, lowering lipoprotein (a) still displays a major challenge in lipid therapy. Furthermore, also lowering triglycerides seems to improve cardiovascular outcome. Regarding triglycerides, icosapent ethyl, a polyunsaturated fatty acid recently attracted attention showing cardiovascular risk reduction due to triglyceride lowering. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and drug classes are eagerly awaited. Targeting LDL, bempedoic acid and the siRNA inclisiran provide promising results. Moreover, regarding TG a monoclonal antibody called evinacumab and an antisense-oligonucleotide against ANGPTL3 showed effective TG-lowering. At least, using antisense-oligonucleotides against ApoC-III and Lp(a) resulted in promising outcomes. In this review, current and future options for lipid management are presented depending on different drug classes.
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