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Hao Y, Li Z, Zhang A, Sun L, Wang G, Wang H, Jia Z. The role of PKN1 in glioma pathogenesis and the antiglioma effect of raloxifene targeting PKN1. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2730-2743. [PMID: 37480215 PMCID: PMC10494285 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PKN1 (protein kinase N1), a serine/threonine protein kinase family member, is associated with various cancers. However, the role of PKN1 in gliomas has rarely been studied. We suggest that PKN1 expression in glioma specimens is considerably upregulated and positively correlates with the histopathological grading of gliomas. Knocking down PKN1 expression in glioblastoma (GBM) cells inhibits GBM cell proliferation, invasion and migration and promotes apoptosis. In addition, yes-associated protein (YAP) expression, an essential effector of the Hippo pathway contributing to the oncogenic role of gliomagenesis, was also downregulated. In contrast, PKN1 upregulation enhances the malignant characteristics of GBM cells and simultaneously upregulates YAP expression. Therefore, PKN1 is a promising therapeutic target for gliomas. Raloxifene (Ralo), a commonly used selective oestrogen-receptor modulator to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, was predicted to target PKN1 according to the bioinformatics team from the School of Mathematics, Tianjin Nankai University. We showed that Ralo effectively targets PKN1, inhibits GBM cells proliferation and migration and sensitizes GBM cells to the major chemotherapeutic drug, Temozolomide. Ralo also reverses the effect of PKN1 on YAP activation. Thus, we confirm that PKN1 contributes to the pathogenesis of gliomas and may be a potential target for Ralo adjuvant glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Hao
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General Hospital. Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro‐Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Trauma Neuro‐Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjinP. R. China
| | - Zelin Li
- Clinical College of NeurologyNeurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinP. R. China
| | - Anling Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General Hospital. Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro‐Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Trauma Neuro‐Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjinP. R. China
| | - Li Sun
- Laboratory of Neuro‐ChemistryTianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Guangxiu Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General Hospital. Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro‐Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Trauma Neuro‐Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjinP. R. China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Huanhu HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Zhifan Jia
- Department of NeurosurgeryTianjin Medical University General Hospital. Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro‐Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post‐Trauma Neuro‐Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous SystemTianjinP. R. China
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Cavalca AMB, Aquino AM, Mosele FC, Justulin LA, Delella FK, Flaws JA, Scarano WR. Effects of a phthalate metabolite mixture on both normal and tumoral human prostate cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2566-2578. [PMID: 35861251 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates represent a group of substances used in industry that have antiandrogenic activity and are found in different concentrations in human urine and plasma. More than 8 million tons of phthalates are used each year, predominantly as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Phthalates are widely used in everyday consumer products and improperly discarded into the environment. Furthermore, in vivo studies carried out in our laboratory showed that a mixture of phthalates, equivalent to the mixture used in this study, deregulated the expression of genes and miRNAs associated with prostatic carcinogenic pathways. Thus, this study was designed to establish an in vitro model to assess pathways related to cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and biosynthesis of miRNAs, using both normal and tumoral prostatic epithelial cells exposed to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalate metabolites. Tumor (LNCaP) and normal (PNT-2) prostatic epithelial cell lines were exposed for 24 and 72 h to vehicle control or the phthalate mixture. The selected metabolite mixture (1000 μmol/L) consisted of 36.7% monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 19.4% mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), 15.3% monobutyl phthalate (MBP), 10.2% monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), 10.2% monoisononyl phthalate (MiNP), and 8.2% monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP). Gene expression was performed by qRT-PCR and cell migratory potential was measured using cell migration assays. Our results showed that the mixture of phthalates increased cell turnover, oxidative stress, biosynthesis, and expression of miRNAs in LNCaP cells; thus, increasing their cellular expansive and migratory potential and modulating tumor behavior, making them possibly more aggressive. However, these effects were less pronounced in benign cells, demonstrating that, in the short term, benign cells are able to develop effective mechanisms or more resistance against the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M B Cavalca
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ariana M Aquino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Francielle C Mosele
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luis A Justulin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Flávia K Delella
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Wellerson R Scarano
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Salata GC, Malagó ID, Lopes LB. A Lipid-Based In Situ-Forming Hexagonal Phase for Prolonged Retention and Drug Release in the Breast Tissue. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:260. [PMID: 36123553 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the addition of monoolein to phosphatidylcholine (PC), tricaprylin, and propylene glycol (PG) mixtures was studied to produce fluid precursor formulations (FIPs) that could transform into hexagonal phase (resistant to aqueous dilution) in vitro and in vivo. The overall goal was to obtain FIPs that could incorporate chemopreventive drugs for subcutaneous administration in the mammary tissue to inhibit the development and/or recurrence of breast cancer. Increasing PG content reduced FIP viscosity up to ~ 2.5-fold, while increases in PC (over monoolein) increased the formation of emulsified systems. The hexagonal phase was observed at 20% of water and higher, with the minimum amount of water necessary for this formation increasing with PG content. The selected FIP formed a depot in vivo after ~ 24 h of administration; its structure was compatible with the hexagonal phase and it remained in the mammary tissue for at least 30 days, prolonging the permanence of a fluorescent probe. In vitro, the release of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide was slow, with ~ 9% of the drug released in 72 h. Consistent with this slow release, fenretinide IC50 in breast cancer cells was ~ 100-fold higher in the selected FIP compared to its solution. The FIP reduced cell migration and presented higher cytotoxicity towards tumor compared to non-tumor cells. Given the limited number of options for pharmacological prevention of breast cancer development and recurrences, this formulation could potentially find applicability to reduce the frequency of administration and improve local concentrations of chemopreventive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna C Salata
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 1524 Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo-SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isabella D Malagó
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 1524 Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo-SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 1524 Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, São Paulo-SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Salata GC, Malagó ID, Carvalho Dartora VFM, Marçal Pessoa AF, Fantini MCDA, Costa SKP, Machado-Neto JA, Lopes LB. Microemulsion for Prolonged Release of Fenretinide in the Mammary Tissue and Prevention of Breast Cancer Development. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3401-3417. [PMID: 34482696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The need of pharmacological strategies to preclude breast cancer development motivated us to develop a non-aqueous microemulsion (ME) capable of forming a depot after administration in the mammary tissue and uptake of interstitial fluids for prolonged release of the retinoid fenretinide. The selected ME was composed of phosphatidylcholine/tricaprylin/propylene glycol (45:5:50, w/w/w) and presented a droplet diameter of 175.3 ± 8.9 nm. Upon water uptake, the ME transformed successively into a lamellar phase, gel, and a lamellar phase-containing emulsion in vitro as the water content increased and released 30% of fenretinide in vitro after 9 days. Consistent with the slow release, the ME formed a depot in cell cultures and increased fenretinide IC50 values by 68.3- and 13.2-fold in MCF-7 and T-47D cells compared to a solution, respectively. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, the ME reduced T-47D cell migration by 75.9% and spheroid growth, resulting in ∼30% smaller structures. The depot formed in vivo prolonged a fluorochrome release for 30 days without producing any sings of local irritation. In a preclinical model of chemically induced carcinogenesis, ME administration every 3 weeks for 3 months significantly reduced (4.7-fold) the incidence of breast tumors and increased type II collagen expression, which might contribute to limit spreading. These promising results support the potential ME applicability as a preventive therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cassone Salata
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isabella D Malagó
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa F M Carvalho Dartora
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Marçal Pessoa
- Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM26, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Márcia Carvalho de Abreu Fantini
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1371, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Soraia K P Costa
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Xu E, Xia X, Jiang C, Li Z, Yang Z, Zheng C, Wang X, Du S, Miao J, Wang F, Wang Y, Lu X, Guan W. GPER1 Silencing Suppresses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Gastric Cancer Cells by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT-Mediated EMT. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591239. [PMID: 33425895 PMCID: PMC7793665 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1) is a membrane estrogen receptor, belonging to the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors family, and has important biological functions in cancer. However, the functional role of GPER1 in gastric cancer (GC) remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we employed gene set enrichment analysis and discovered that GPER1 expression was concomitant with EMT process and was positively correlated with activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in GC. Knockdown of GPER1 with siRNA suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of AGS and MGC-803 GC cells. Knockdown of GPER1 also downregulated the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin, upregulated E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, and suppressed expression of the Snail, Slug and Twist1 transcription factors, indicating that knockdown of GPER1 inhibited EMT. Moreover, 740Y-P, a PI3K activator, reversed the effects of GPER1 knockdown on EMT processes. Overexpression of GPER1 with plasmid can further prove these findings. In summary, these data demonstrate that GPER1 inhibition suppresses the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT-mediated EMT. Our study elucidated the function of GPER1 in gastric cancer, and we identified PI3K/AKT-mediated EMT as a novel mechanism by which GPER1 contributes to proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer. These data suggest that combining inhibition of GPER1 and PI3K may be a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit gastric cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoyu Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingzhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangce Du
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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