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Gu YY, Cui XB, Jiang J, Zhang YX, Liu MH, Cheng SB, Li YY, Liu LL, Liao RX, Zhao P, Jin W, Jia YH, Wang J, Zhou FH. Dingxin recipe Ⅲ ameliorates hyperlipidemia injury in SD rats by improving the gut barrier, particularly the SCFAs/GPR43 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116483. [PMID: 37059245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dingxin Recipe Ⅲ (DXR Ⅲ) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound used for hyperlipidemia treatment in clinical practice. However, its curative effects and pharmacological mechanisms in hyperlipidemia have not been clarified to date. AIM OF THE STUDY Studies have demonstrated that gut barrier was strongly implicated in lipid deposition. Based on gut barrier and lipid metabolism, this study examined the effects and molecular mechanisms of DXR Ⅲ in hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bioactive compounds of DXR Ⅲ were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and its effects were evaluated in high-fat diet-fed rats. Specifically, the serum levels of lipids and hepatic enzymes were measured using the appropriate kits; colon and liver sections were obtained for histological analyses; gut microbiota and metabolites were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-MS/MS; and the expression of genes and proteins was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The pharmacological mechanisms of DXR Ⅲ were further explored by fecal microbiota transplantation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs)-based interventions. RESULTS DXR Ⅲ treatment significantly downregulated serum lipid levels, mitigated hepatocyte steatosis and improved lipid metabolism. Moreover, DXR Ⅲ improved the gut barrier, specifically by improving the physical barrier in the colon, causing part composition changes in the gut microbiota, and increasing the serum SCFAs level. DXR Ⅲ also upregulated the expression of colon GPR43/GPR109A. Fecal microbiota transplantation from rats treated with DXR Ⅲ downregulated part hyperlipidemia-related phenotypes, while the SCFAs intervention significantly improved most of the hyperlipidemia-related phenotypes and upregulated the expression of GPR43. Moreover, both DXR Ⅲ and SCFAs upregulated the expression of colon ABCA1. CONCLUSION DXR Ⅲ protects against hyperlipidemia by improving the gut barrier, particularly the SCFAs/GPR43 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Gu
- Third Level Research Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Department of Cardiology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Meng-Hua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Sai-Bo Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lin-Ling Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Rong-Xin Liao
- Center of TCM Preventive Treatment, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Center of TCM Preventive Treatment, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Cardiovascular Hospital, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Yu-Hua Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Feng-Hua Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Center of TCM Preventive Treatment, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China.
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Liu P, Liu M, Xi D, Bai Y, Ma R, Mo Y, Zeng G, Zong S. Short-chain fatty acids ameliorate spinal cord injury recovery by regulating the balance of regulatory T cells and effector IL-17 + γδ T cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:312-325. [PMID: 37056207 PMCID: PMC10106403 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunctions. The gut microbiome has an important role in SCI, while short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are one of the main bioactive mediators of microbiota. In the present study, we explored the effects of oral administration of exogenous SCFAs on the recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair in SCI. Allen's method was utilized to establish an SCI model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The animals received water containing a mixture of 150 mmol/L SCFAs after SCI. After 21 d of treatment, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score increased, the regularity index improved, and the base of support (BOS) value declined. Spinal cord tissue inflammatory infiltration was alleviated, the spinal cord necrosis cavity was reduced, and the numbers of motor neurons and Nissl bodies were elevated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunohistochemistry assay revealed that the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 increased and that of IL-17 decreased in the spinal cord. SCFAs promoted gut homeostasis, induced intestinal T cells to shift toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and promoted regulatory T (Treg) cells to secrete IL-10, affecting Treg cells and IL-17+ γδ T cells in the spinal cord. Furthermore, we observed that Treg cells migrated from the gut to the spinal cord region after SCI. The above findings confirm that SCFAs can regulate Treg cells in the gut and affect the balance of Treg and IL-17+ γδ T cells in the spinal cord, which inhibits the inflammatory response and promotes the motor function in SCI rats. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship among gut, spinal cord, and immune cells, and the "gut-spinal cord-immune" axis may be one of the mechanisms regulating neural repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Mingfu Liu
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Deshuang Xi
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yiguang Bai
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanchong Central Hosipital, the Second Clinical Institute of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Ruixin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yaomin Mo
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- College of Public Hygiene of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Shaohui Zong
- Department of Spine Osteopathic, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Hong S, Li S, Meng X, Li P, Wang X, Su M, Liu X, Liu L. Bile duct ligation differently regulates protein expressions of organic cation transporters in intestine, liver and kidney of rats through activation of farnesoid X receptor by cholate and bilirubin. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:227-245. [PMID: 36815051 PMCID: PMC9939304 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Body is equipped with organic cation transporters (OCTs). These OCTs mediate drug transport and are also involved in some disease process. We aimed to investigate whether liver failure alters intestinal, hepatic and renal Oct expressions using bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrates that BDL decreases plasma metformin exposure, associated with decreased intestinal absorption and increased urinary excretion. Western blot shows that BDL significantly downregulates intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 but upregulates renal and hepatic Oct2. In vitro cell experiments show that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), bilirubin and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 increase OCT2/Oct2 but decrease OCT1/Oct1, which are remarkably attenuated by glycine-β-muricholic acid and silencing FXR. Significantly lowered intestinal CDCA and increased plasma bilirubin levels contribute to different Octs regulation by BDL, which are confirmed using CDCA-treated and bilirubin-treated rats. A disease-based physiologically based pharmacokinetic model characterizing intestinal, hepatic and renal Octs was successfully developed to predict metformin pharmacokinetics in rats. In conclusion, BDL remarkably downregulates expressions of intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 protein while upregulates expressions of renal and hepatic Oct2 protein in rats, finally, decreasing plasma exposure and impairing hypoglycemic effects of metformin. BDL differently regulates Oct expressions via Fxr activation by CDCA and bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Hong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaoyan Meng
- Tianjin Institutes of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Mengxiang Su
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
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Zhou J, Zhang R, Guo P, Li P, Huang X, Wei Y, Yang C, Zhou J, Yang T, Liu Y, Shi S. Effects of intestinal microbiota on pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine a in rats. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1032290. [PMID: 36483198 PMCID: PMC9723225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbiota has been confirmed to influencing the pharmacokinetic processes of a variety of oral drugs. However, the pharmacokinetic effects of the gut microbiota on cyclosporine A, a drug with a narrow therapeutic window, remain to be studied. METHOD Twenty-one rats were randomly divided into three groups: (a) control group (CON), (b) antibiotic treatment group (ABT) and (c) fecal microbe transplantation group (FMT). The ABT group was administrated with water containing multiple antibiotics to deplete microorganisms. FMT was with the same treatment, followed by oral administration of conventional rat fecal microorganisms for normalization. RESULT The bioavailability of CSA increased by 155.6% after intestinal microbes were consumed by antibiotics. After intestinal microbiota reconstruction by fecal transplantation, the increased bioavailability was significantly reduced and basically returned to the control group level. Changes in gut microbiota alter the protein expression of CYP3A1, UGT1A1 and P-gp in liver. The expressions of these three proteins in ABT group were significantly lower than those in CON and FMT groups. The relative abundance of Alloprevolleta and Oscillospiraceae UCG 005 was negatively correlated with CSA bioavailability while the relative abundance of Parasutterella and Eubacterium xylanophilum group was negatively correlated with CSA bioavailability. CONCLUSION Intestinal microbiota affects the pharmacokinetics of CSA by regulating the expression of CYP3A1, UGT1A1 and P-GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengpeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peixia Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xixi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yani Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Union Jiangnan Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Robles NR, Fici F, Valladares J, Grassi G. Antiretroviral Treatment and Antihypertensive Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4116-4124. [PMID: 34784859 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210810090805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of hypertension among the population with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a new threat to the health and well-being of people living with this disease, in particular, among those who received antiretroviral therapy. The estimated prevalence of high blood pressure in HIV-infected patients is significantly higher than the rate observed in HIV-uninfected subjects. The approach to the HIV-positive patient requires the assessment of individual cardiovascular risk and its consideration when designing the individualized target. On the other hand, the numerous pharmacological interactions of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are essential elements to take into account. Serum levels of any kind of antihypertensive drugs may be influenced by the coadministration of protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or other antiretroviral. Similarly, plasma concentrations of antiretroviral drugs can be increased by the concomitant use of calcium channel blockers or diuretics. In this regard, the treatment of high blood pressure in HIV patients should be preferentially based on ACE inhibitors or thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics or their combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás R Robles
- Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francesco Fici
- Cardiovascular Risk Chair, University of Salamanca School of Medicine, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julian Valladares
- Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Guido Grassi
- Clinica Medica, Universita Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Spain
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Interactions between gut microbiota and berberine, a necessary procedure to understand the mechanisms of berberine. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:541-555. [PMID: 36105164 PMCID: PMC9463479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been found in many plants, such as Coptis chinensis Franch and Phellodendron chinense Schneid. Although BBR has a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, its oral bioavailability is extremely low. In recent years, gut microbiota has emerged as a cynosure to understand the mechanisms of action of herbal compounds. Numerous studies have demonstrated that due to its low bioavailability, BBR can interact with the gut microbiota, thereby exhibiting altered pharmacological effects. However, no systematic and comprehensive review has summarized these interactions and their corresponding influences on pharmacological effects. Here, we describe the direct interactive relationships between BBR and gut microbiota, including regulation of gut microbiota composition and metabolism by BBR and metabolization of BBR by gut microbiota. In addition, the complex interactions between gut microbiota and BBR as well as the side effects and personalized use of BBR are discussed. Furthermore, we provide our viewpoint on future research directions regarding BBR and gut microbiota. This review not only helps to explain the mechanisms underlying BBR activity but also provides support for the rational use of BBR in clinical practice. Low bioavailability enables interactions between berberine and the gut microbiota. Berberine can shape the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota can metabolize and transform berberine. Personalized use of berberine can reduce the occurrence of side effects.
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Yang Y, Liu X. Imbalance of Drug Transporter-CYP450s Interplay by Diabetes and Its Clinical Significance. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E348. [PMID: 32290519 PMCID: PMC7238081 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a drug is dependent upon the coordinate work of influx transporters, enzymes and efflux transporters (i.e., transporter-enzyme interplay). The transporter-enzyme interplay may occur in liver, kidney and intestine. The influx transporters involving drug transport are organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), peptide transporters (PepTs), organic anion transporters (OATs), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and organic cation transporters (OCTs). The efflux transporters are P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug/toxin extrusions (MATEs), multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The enzymes related to drug metabolism are mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that diabetes alters the expression and functions of CYP450s and transporters in a different manner, disordering the transporter-enzyme interplay, in turn affecting the pharmacokinetics of some drugs. We aimed to focus on (1) the imbalance of transporter-CYP450 interplay in the liver, intestine and kidney due to altered expressions of influx transporters (OATPs, OCTs, OATs, PepTs and MCT6), efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP and MRP2) and CYP450s (CYP3As, CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2Cs) under diabetic status; (2) the net contributions of these alterations in the expression and functions of transporters and CYP450s to drug disposition, therapeutic efficacy and drug toxicity; (3) application of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model in transporter-enzyme interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
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