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Li X, Pu Z, Xu G, Yang Y, Cui Y, Zhou X, Wang C, Zhong Z, Zhou S, Yin J, Shan F, Yang C, Jiao L, Chen D, Huang J. Hypoxia-Induced Myocardial Hypertrophy Companies with Apoptosis Enhancement and p38-MAPK Pathway Activation. High Alt Med Biol 2024. [PMID: 38647652 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Li, Xiaoxu, Zhijun Pu, Gang Xu, Yidong Yang, Yu Cui, Xiaoying Zhou, Chenyuan Wang, Zhifeng Zhong, Simin Zhou, Jun Yin, Fabo Shan, Chengzhong Yang, Li Jiao, Dewei Chen, and Jian Huang. Hypoxia-induced myocardial hypertrophy companies with apoptosis enhancement and p38-MAPK pathway activation. High Alt Med Biol. 00:00-00, 2024. Background: Right ventricular function and remodeling are closely associated with symptom severity and patient survival in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced myocardial hypertrophy remain unclear. Methods: In Sprague-Dawley rats, hemodynamics were assessed under both normoxia and hypobaric hypoxia at intervals of 7 (H7), 14 (H14), and 28 (H28) days. Morphological changes in myocardial tissue were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, while myocardial hypertrophy was evaluated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining. Apoptosis was determined through TUNEL assays. To further understand the mechanism of myocardial hypertrophy, RNA sequencing was conducted, with findings validated via Western blot analysis. Results: The study demonstrated increased hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and improved right ventricular diastolic and systolic function in the rat models. Significant elevations in pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), right ventricular mean pressure (RVMP), and the absolute value of +dp/dtmax were observed in the H14 and H28 groups compared with controls. In addition, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), -dp/dtmax, and the mean dp/dt during isovolumetric relaxation period were notably higher in the H28 group. Heart rate increased in the H14 group, whereas the time constant of right ventricular isovolumic relaxation (tau) was reduced in both H14 and H28 groups. Both the right heart hypertrophy index and the heart weight/body weight ratio (HW/BW) were elevated in the H14 and H28 groups. Myocardial cell cross-sectional area also increased, as shown by HE and WGA staining. Western blot results revealed upregulated HIF-1α levels and enhanced HIF-2α expression in the H7 group. In addition, phosphorylation of p38 and c-fos was augmented in the H28 group. The H28 group showed elevated levels of Cytochrome C (Cyto C), whereas the H14 and H28 groups exhibited increased levels of Cleaved Caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. TUNEL analysis revealed a rise in apoptosis with the extension of hypoxia duration in the right ventricle. Conclusions: The study established a link between apoptosis and p38-MAPK pathway activation in hypoxia-induced myocardial hypertrophy, suggesting their significant roles in this pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijun Pu
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyuan Wang
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Simin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Fabo Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Da-ping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengzhong Yang
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Dewei Chen
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of High Altitude Physiology & Pathology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine, Chongqing, China
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De Filippis B, Granese A, Ammazzalorso A. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor agonists and antagonists: an updated patent review (2020-2023). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:83-98. [PMID: 38501260 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2332661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The search for novel compounds targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) is currently ongoing, starting from the previous successfully identification of selective, dual or pan agonists. In last years, researchers' efforts are mainly paid to the discovery of PPARγ and δ modulators, both agonists and antagonists, selective or with a dual-multitarget profile. Some of these compounds are currently under clinical trials for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic, and renal diseases. AREAS COVERED A critical analysis of patents deposited in the range 2020-2023 was carried out. The novel compounds discovered were classified as selective PPAR modulators, dual and multitarget PPAR agonists. The use of PPAR ligands in combination with other drugs was also discussed, together with novel therapeutic indications proposed for them. EXPERT OPINION From the analysis of the patent literature, the current emerging landscape sees the necessity to obtain PPAR multitarget compounds, with a balanced potency on three subtypes and the ability to modulate different targets. This multitarget action holds great promise as a novel approach to complex disorders, as metabolic, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. The utility of PPAR ligands in the immunotherapy field also opens an innovative scenario, that could deserve further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Granese
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Saldívar-González FI, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Medina-Franco JL. Design of a multi-target focused library for antidiabetic targets using a comprehensive set of chemical transformation rules. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1276444. [PMID: 38027021 PMCID: PMC10651762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1276444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual small molecule libraries are valuable resources for identifying bioactive compounds in virtual screening campaigns and improving the quality of libraries in terms of physicochemical properties, complexity, and structural diversity. In this context, the computational-aided design of libraries focused against antidiabetic targets can provide novel alternatives for treating type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this work, we integrated the information generated to date on compounds with antidiabetic activity, advances in computational methods, and knowledge of chemical transformations available in the literature to design multi-target compound libraries focused on T2DM. We evaluated the novelty and diversity of the newly generated library by comparing it with antidiabetic compounds approved for clinical use, natural products, and multi-target compounds tested in vivo in experimental antidiabetic models. The designed libraries are freely available and are a valuable starting point for drug design, chemical synthesis, and biological evaluation or further computational filtering. Also, the compendium of 280 transformation rules identified in a medicinal chemistry context is made available in the linear notation SMIRKS for use in other chemical library enumeration or hit optimization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda I. Saldívar-González
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José L. Medina-Franco
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Li Y, Li Y, Chen N, Feng L, Gao J, Zeng N, He Z, Gong Q. Icariside II Exerts Anti-Type 2 Diabetic Effect by Targeting PPARα/γ: Involvement of ROS/NF-κB/IRS1 Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091705. [PMID: 36139776 PMCID: PMC9495514 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multisystem and complex metabolic disorder which is associated with insulin resistance and impairments of pancreatic β-cells. Previous studies have shown that icariside II (ICS II), one of the main active ingredients of Herba Epimedii, exerts potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. In this study, we investigated whether ICS II exerted anti-T2DM profile and further explored its possible underlying mechanism both in vivo and in vitro. db/db mice were administered ICS II (10, 20, 40 mg·kg−1) for 7 weeks. We found that ICS II dose-dependently attenuated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, as well as inhibited hepatic steatosis and islet architecture damage in db/db mice. Moreover, ICS II not only dramatically reduced inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, but also up-regulated PPARα/γ protein expressions, phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3β and IR, meanwhile, down-regulated phosphorylation of NF-κB(p65) and IRS1 in db/db mice. In palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 or MIN6 cells, ICS II (5−20 μM) concentration-dependently promoted the cell viability via mediating PPARα/γ/NF-κB signaling pathway. PPARα/γ knockout by CRISPR-Cas9 system partly abolished the protective effects of ICS II on HepG2 or MIN6 cells following PA insults. These findings reveal that ICS II effectively confer anti-T2DM property by targeting PPARα/γ through mediation of ROS/NF-κB/IRS1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yeli Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Nana Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Linying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jianmei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhixu He
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-851-286-423-03
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Zhou Z, Ren Q, Jiao S, Cai Z, Geng X, Deng L, Wang B, Hu L, Zhang L, Yang Y, Li Z. Discovery of new and highly effective quadruple FFA1 and PPARα/γ/δ agonists as potential anti-fatty liver agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114061. [PMID: 34954593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common hepatic disease, while no drug was approved until now. The previous study reported that the quadruple FFA1/PPAR-α/γ/δ agonist RLA8 provided better efficacy than obeticholic acid on NASH. In the present study, two design strategies were introduced to explore better quadruple FFA1/PPAR-α/γ/δ agonists with improved metabolic stability. These efforts ultimately resulted in the identification of ZLY18, a quadruple FFA1/PPAR-α/γ/δ agonist with twice higher metabolic half-life than RLA8 in the liver microsome. In the triton-1339W-induced hyperlipidemic model, ZLY18 reversed hyperlipidemia to an almost normal level, which exhibited far stronger lipid-lowering effects than that of RLA8. Moreover, ZLY18 significantly decreased steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, inflammation and liver fibrosis in NASH model even better than RLA8. Further mechanism studies suggested that ZLY18 exerts stronger effects than RLA8 on the regulation of the gene related to lipid synthesis, oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. In addition, ZLY18 is more effective than pirfenidone in the prevention of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Besides, ZLY18 has an acceptable safety profile in the acute toxicity study at a high dose of 500 mg/kg. Therefore, ZLY18 represents a novel and highly promising quadruple FFA1/PPAR-α/γ/δ agonist worth of further investigation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongtao Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qiang Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shixuan Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zongyu Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xinqian Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University and the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650021, PR China
| | - Liming Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lijun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University and the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650021, PR China.
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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