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Ye Z, Wei Y, Zhang G, Ge L, Wu C, Ren Y, Wang J, Xu X, Yang J, Wang T. Circadian rhythm regulation in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus: Insights into clock gene expression, photoperiod susceptibility, and neurohormone signaling. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 270:110930. [PMID: 38065309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus displays the typical circadian rhythms. This present study investigated the molecular regulation of clock genes, as well as monoamines and melatonin, in multiple tissues of A. japonicus, responding to the photoperiod. In order to determine their pivotal role in circadian rhythms, the crucial clock genes, namely AjClock, AjArnt1, AjCry1, and AjTimeless, were identified and a comprehensive analysis of their expressions across various tissues in adult A. japonicus was conducted, revealing the potential existence of central and peripheral oscillators. Results demonstrated that the tissues of polian vesicle and nerve ring exhibited significant clock gene expression associated with the orchestration of circadian regulation, and that environmental light fluctuations exerted influence on the expression of these clock genes. However, a number of genes, such as AjArnt1 and AjCry1, maintained their circadian rhythmicity even under continuous light conditions. Moreover, we further investigated the circadian patterns of melatonin (MT), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA) secretion in A. japonicus, data that underscored the tissue-specific regulatory differences and the inherent adaptability to dynamic light environments. Collectively, these findings will provide the molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm in echinoderms and the candidate tissues playing the role of central oscillators in sea cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifei Ge
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenqian Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixiu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Marine Germplasm Resources Exploration and Utilization, Marine Science College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, People's Republic of China.
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Tamayo E, Mouland JW, Lucas RJ, Brown TM. Regulation of mouse exploratory behaviour by irradiance and cone-opponent signals. BMC Biol 2023; 21:178. [PMID: 37605163 PMCID: PMC10441731 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal survival depends on the ability to adjust behaviour according to environmental conditions. The circadian system plays a key role in this capability, with diel changes in the quantity (irradiance) and spectral content ('colour') of ambient illumination providing signals of time-of-day that regulate the timing of rest and activity. Light also exerts much more immediate effects on behaviour, however, that are equally important in shaping daily activity patterns. Hence, nocturnal mammals will actively avoid light and dramatically reduce their activity when light cannot be avoided. The sensory mechanisms underlying these acute effects of light are incompletely understood, particularly the importance of colour. RESULTS To define sensory mechanisms controlling mouse behaviour, we used photoreceptor-isolating stimuli and mice with altered cone spectral sensitivity (Opn1mwR), lacking melanopsin (Opn1mwR; Opn4-/-) or cone phototransduction (Cnga3-/-) in assays of light-avoidance and activity suppression. In addition to roles for melanopsin-dependent irradiance signals, we find a major influence of spectral content in both cases. Hence, remarkably, selective increases in S-cone irradiance (producing a blue-shift in spectrum replicating twilight) drive light-seeking behaviour and promote activity. These effects are opposed by signals from longer-wavelength sensitive cones, indicating a true spectrally-opponent mechanism. Using c-Fos-mapping and multielectrode electrophysiology, we further show these effects are associated with a selective cone-opponent modulation of neural activity in the key brain site implicated in acute effects of light on behaviour, the subparaventricular zone. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data reveal a mechanism whereby blue-shifts in the spectrum of environmental illumination, such as during twilight, promote mouse exploratory behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tamayo
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J W Mouland
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T M Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Grant LK, Crosthwaite PC, Mayer MD, Wang W, Stickgold R, St. Hilaire MA, Lockley SW, Rahman SA. Supplementation of ambient lighting with a task lamp improves daytime alertness and cognitive performance in sleep-restricted individuals. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad096. [PMID: 37026184 PMCID: PMC10424162 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES We examined the impact of adding a single-high-melanopic-illuminance task lamp in an otherwise low-melanopic-illuminance environment on alertness, neurobehavioral performance, learning, and mood during an 8-h simulated workday. METHODS Sixteen healthy young adults [mean(±SD) age = 24.2 ± 2.9, 8F] participated in a 3-day inpatient study with two 8-h simulated workdays and were randomized to either ambient fluorescent room light (~30 melanopic EDI lux, 50 lux), or room light supplemented with a light emitting diode task lamp (~250 melanopic EDI lux, 210 lux) in a cross-over design. Alertness, mood, and cognitive performance were assessed throughout the light exposure and compared between conditions using linear mixed models. RESULTS The primary outcome measure of percentage correct responses on the addition task was significantly improved relative to baseline in the supplemented condition (3.15% ± 1.18%), compared to the ambient conditions (0.93% ± 1.1%; FDR-adj q = 0.005). Additionally, reaction time and attentional failures on the psychomotor vigilance tasks were significantly improved with exposure to supplemented compared to ambient lighting (all, FDR-adj q ≤ 0.030). Furthermore, subjective measures of sleepiness, alertness, happiness, health, mood, and motivation were also significantly better in the supplemented, compared to ambient conditions (all, FDR-adj q ≤ 0.036). There was no difference in mood disturbance, affect, declarative memory, or motor learning between the conditions (all, FDR-adj q ≥ 0.308). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that supplementing ambient lighting with a high-melanopic-illuminance task lamp can improve daytime alertness and cognition. Therefore, high-melanopic-illuminance task lighting may be effective when incorporated into existing suboptimal lighting environments. CLINICAL TRIALS NCT04745312. Effect of Lighting Supplementation on Daytime Cognition. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04745312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilah K Grant
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phoebe C Crosthwaite
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Mayer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Stickgold
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa A St. Hilaire
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shadab A Rahman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Feord RC, Gomoliszewska A, Pienaar A, Mouland JW, Brown TM. Colour opponency is widespread across the mouse subcortical visual system and differentially targets GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9313. [PMID: 37291239 PMCID: PMC10250360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colour vision plays many important roles in animal behaviour but the brain pathways processing colour remain surprisingly poorly understood, including in the most commonly used laboratory mammal, mice. Indeed, particular features of mouse retinal organisation present challenges in defining the mechanisms underlying colour vision in mice and have led to suggestions that this may substantially rely on 'non-classical' rod-cone opponency. By contrast, studies using mice with altered cone spectral sensitivity, to facilitate application of photoreceptor-selective stimuli, have revealed widespread cone-opponency across the subcortical visual system. To determine the extent to which such findings are truly reflective of wildtype mouse colour vision, and facilitate neural circuit mapping of colour-processing pathways using intersectional genetic approaches, we here establish and validate stimuli for selectively manipulating excitation of the native mouse S- and M-cone opsin classes. We then use these to confirm the widespread appearance of cone-opponency (> 25% of neurons) across the mouse visual thalamus and pretectum. We further extend these approaches to map the occurrence of colour-opponency across optogenetically identified GABAergic (GAD2-expressing) cells in key non-image forming visual centres (pretectum and intergeniculate leaflet/ventral lateral geniculate; IGL/vLGN). Strikingly, throughout, we find S-ON/M-OFF opponency is specifically enriched in non-GABAergic cells, with identified GABAergic cells in the IGL/VLGN entirely lacking this property. Collectively, therefore, we establish an important new approach for studying cone function in mice, confirming a surprisingly extensive appearance of cone-opponent processing in the mouse visual system and providing new insight into functional specialisation of the pathways processing such signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Feord
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Gomoliszewska
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Pienaar
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J W Mouland
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T M Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Campbell I, Sharifpour R, Vandewalle G. Light as a Modulator of Non-Image-Forming Brain Functions—Positive and Negative Impacts of Increasing Light Availability. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:116-140. [PMID: 36975552 PMCID: PMC10047820 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Light use is rising steeply, mainly because of the advent of light-emitting diode (LED) devices. LEDs are frequently blue-enriched light sources and may have different impacts on the non-image forming (NIF) system, which is maximally sensitive to blue-wavelength light. Most importantly, the timing of LED device use is widespread, leading to novel light exposure patterns on the NIF system. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the multiple aspects that we think should be accounted for when attempting to predict how this situation will affect the NIF impact of light on brain functions. We first cover both the image-forming and NIF pathways of the brain. We then detail our current understanding of the impact of light on human cognition, sleep, alertness, and mood. Finally, we discuss questions concerning the adoption of LED lighting and screens, which offer new opportunities to improve well-being, but also raise concerns about increasing light exposure, which may be detrimental to health, particularly in the evening.
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Mouland JW, Watson AJ, Martial FP, Lucas RJ, Brown TM. Colour and melanopsin mediated responses in the murine retina. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1114634. [PMID: 36993934 PMCID: PMC10040579 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1114634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) integrate melanopsin and rod/cone-mediated inputs to signal to the brain. Whilst originally identified as a cell type specialised for encoding ambient illumination, several lines of evidence indicate a strong association between colour discrimination and ipRGC-driven responses. Thus, cone-mediated colour opponent responses have been widely found across ipRGC target regions in the mouse brain and influence a key ipRGC-dependent function, circadian photoentrainment. Although ipRGCs exhibiting spectrally opponent responses have also been identified, the prevalence of such properties have not been systematically evaluated across the mouse retina or yet been found in ipRGC subtypes known to influence the circadian system. Indeed, there is still uncertainty around the overall prevalence of cone-dependent colour opponency across the mouse retina, given the strong retinal gradient in S and M-cone opsin (co)-expression and overlapping spectral sensitivities of most mouse opsins.Methods: To address this, we use photoreceptor isolating stimuli in multielectrode recordings from human red cone opsin knock-in mouse (Opn1mwR) retinas to systematically survey cone mediated responses and the occurrence of colour opponency across ganglion cell layer (GCL) neurons and identify ipRGCs based on spectral comparisons and/or the persistence of light responses under synaptic blockade.Results: Despite detecting robust cone-mediated responses across the retina, we find cone opponency is rare, especially outside of the central retina (overall ~3% of GCL neurons). In keeping with previous suggestions we also see some evidence of rod-cone opponency (albeit even more rare under our experimental conditions), but find no evidence for any enrichment of cone (or rod) opponent responses among functionally identified ipRGCs.Conclusion: In summary, these data suggest the widespread appearance of cone-opponency across the mouse early visual system and ipRGC-related responses may be an emergent feature of central visual processing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Mouland
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Joshua W. Mouland
| | - Alex J. Watson
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Franck P. Martial
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Wang HB, Zhou D, Luk SHC, In Cha H, Mac A, Chae R, Matynia A, Harrison B, Afshari S, Block GD, Ghiani CA, Colwell CS. Long wavelength light reduces the negative consequences of dim light at night. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105944. [PMID: 36493974 PMCID: PMC10594349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) show disturbances in their sleep/wake cycles, and they may be particularly vulnerable to the impact of circadian disruptors. We have previously shown that a 2-weeks exposure to dim light at night (DLaN) disrupts diurnal rhythms, increases repetitive behaviors and reduces social interactions in contactin-associated protein-like 2 knock out (Cntnap2 KO) mice. The deleterious effects of DLaN may be mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin, which is maximally sensitive to blue light (480 nm). In this study, the usage of a light-emitting diode array enabled us to shift the spectral properties of the DLaN while keeping the intensity of the illumination at 10 lx. First, we confirmed that the short-wavelength enriched lighting produced strong acute suppression of locomotor activity (masking), robust light-induced phase shifts, and cFos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in wild-type (WT) mice, while the long-wavelength enriched lighting evoked much weaker responses. Opn4DTA mice, lacking the melanopsin expressing ipRGCs, were resistant to DLaN effects. Importantly, shifting the DLaN stimulus to longer wavelengths mitigated the negative impact on the activity rhythms and 'autistic' behaviors (i.e. reciprocal social interactions, repetitive grooming) in the Cntnap2 KO as well as in WT mice. The short-, but not the long-wavelength enriched, DLaN triggered cFos expression in in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) as well as in the peri-habenula region raising that possibility that these cell populations may mediate the effects. Broadly, our findings are consistent with the recommendation that spectral properties of light at night should be considered to optimize health in neurotypical as well as vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Bin Wang
- Molecular, Cellular, Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - David Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shu Hon Christopher Luk
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hye In Cha
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amanda Mac
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Rim Chae
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Anna Matynia
- Laboratory of Ocular Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | - Gene D Block
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cristina A Ghiani
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
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Liu AL, Liu YF, Wang G, Shao YQ, Yu CX, Yang Z, Zhou ZR, Han X, Gong X, Qian KW, Wang LQ, Ma YY, Zhong YM, Weng SJ, Yang XL. The role of ipRGCs in ocular growth and myopia development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9027. [PMID: 35675393 PMCID: PMC9176740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of myopia calls for elaboration of the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we show that selective ablation and activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in developing mice induced myopic and hyperopic refractive shifts by modulating the corneal radius of curvature (CRC) and axial length (AL) in an opposite way. Melanopsin- and rod/cone-driven signals of ipRGCs were found to influence refractive development by affecting the AL and CRC, respectively. The role of ipRGCs in myopia progression is evidenced by attenuated form-deprivation myopia magnitudes in ipRGC-ablated and melanopsin-deficient animals and by enhanced melanopsin expression/photoresponses in form-deprived eyes. Cell subtype-specific ablation showed that M1 subtype cells, and probably M2/M3 subtype cells, are involved in ocular development. Thus, ipRGCs contribute substantially to mouse eye growth and myopia development, which may inspire novel strategies for myopia intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Corresponding author. (X.-L.Y.); (S.-J.W.); (Y.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Corresponding author. (X.-L.Y.); (S.-J.W.); (Y.-M.Z.)
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Fernandez FX. Current Insights into Optimal Lighting for Promoting Sleep and Circadian Health: Brighter Days and the Importance of Sunlight in the Built Environment. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:25-39. [PMID: 35023979 PMCID: PMC8747801 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s251712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective considers the possibility that daytime's intrusion into night made possible by electric lighting may not be as pernicious to sleep and circadian health as the encroachment of nighttime into day wrought by 20th century architectural practices that have left many people estranged from sunlight.
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Beyond irradiance: Visual signals influencing mammalian circadian function. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 273:145-169. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dopamine D1 Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Per1, Per2, CLOCK, and BMAL1 Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Adult Male Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:618-625. [PMID: 34751875 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Photic and non-photic inputs are reported to affect clock gene expressions and behavioral activities in the SCN. However, it is not known whether dopaminergic input mediates these regulatory effects on clock genes. The present study examined the molecular effects of dopamine D1 agonist on Per1, Per2, CLOCK, and Bmal1 expressions in the SCN and its effect on behavioral activities to determine the role of dopamine D1 receptor in regulation of these gene expressions and behavioral activities in adult male Wistar rats. To examine the molecular effects of dopamine D1 agonist day and night, we injected 20 mg/kg SKF38393 to the first group of rats at 6 a.m. and the second group at 6 p.m. We also injected saline to the third and fourth groups of rats at 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. as control groups. All rats were sacrificed 2 h following the injections. The real-time PCR technique was used to evaluate the clock gene expression. In addition, to examine the effects of dopamine D1 agonists on behavioral activities, we injected 20 mg/kg SKF38393 to SKF receiving group and saline to control group. The behavioral activities of the rats were monitored on the running wheel for 21 days, 1 week following the injections. SKF injections increased the Per2 and CLOCK expressions in the daytime and significantly decreased the Per1 and Bmal1 expressions. However, at night, SKF injections increased only Per2 expressions significantly and decreased the Per1, CLOCK, and Bmal1 genes expressions. Both saline receiving groups showed that all gene expressions were significantly higher except Per2 during nighttime. SKF injection increased the running wheel activity during nighttime significantly. Based on the obtained result, clock gene expression and behavioral activities in adult male Wistar rats may be altered or monitored by administration of exogenous dopamine.
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