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Abdoul-Aziz SKA, Zhang Y, Wang J. Milk Odd and Branched Chain Fatty Acids in Dairy Cows: A Review on Dietary Factors and Its Consequences on Human Health. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3210. [PMID: 34827941 PMCID: PMC8614267 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of odd and branched chain fatty acids (OBCFAs) and dietary factors that may affect the content of milk OBCFAs in dairy cows. Historically, OBCFAs in cow milk had little significance due to their low concentrations compared to other milk fatty acids (FAs). The primary source of OBCFAs is ruminal bacteria. In general, FAs and OBCFAs profile in milk is mainly affected by dietary FAs and FAs metabolism in the rumen. Additionally, lipid mobilization in the body and FAs metabolism in mammary glands affect the milk OBCFAs profile. In cows, supplementation with fat rich in linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid decrease milk OBCFAs content, whereas supplementation with marine algae or fish oil increase milk OBCFAs content. Feeding more forage rather than concentrate increases the yield of some OBCFAs in milk. A high grass silage rate in the diet may increase milk total OBCFAs. In contrast to saturated FAs, OBCFAs have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases and type II diabetes. Furthermore, OBCFAs may have anti-cancer properties and prevent Alzheimer's disease and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (S.K.A.A.-A.); (Y.Z.)
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2
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Zaeem M, Nadeem M, Pham TH, Ashiq W, Ali W, Gillani SSM, Moise E, Elavarthi S, Kavanagh V, Cheema M, Galagedara L, Thomas R. Corn-Soybean Intercropping Improved the Nutritional Quality of Forage Cultivated on Podzols in Boreal Climate. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10051015. [PMID: 34069729 PMCID: PMC8161002 DOI: 10.3390/plants10051015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intercropping systems could be a potential source of nutrient-rich forage production in cool climates on podzolic soils common in boreal ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the effects of corn-soybean intercropping (IC) on the nutritional quality of forage. Two silage corn varieties were cultivated as monocropping (MC) or were intercropped with three forage soybean varieties using a randomized complete block design. IC significantly increased the crude protein (22%) and decreased the acid detergent (14%) and neutral detergent (6%) fibers. Forage net energy, total digestible nutrients, ash, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter and relative feed value were also significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) in the IC treatments compared to corn MC. The macro and micro nutrients were higher in IC than corn MC. Intercropping increased the omega 3 fatty acid (FA) contents (67%) compared to corn MC. IC also increased the active microbial community in the plant root zone, which may contribute to the improvement in forage nutritional quality because the active soil microbial community composition showed significant correlations with soluble sugars, soluble proteins and potassium contents of the forage. These results demonstrate that corn-soybean IC could be a suitable cropping system to increase the nutritional quality of forage cultivated on podzols in boreal climates. The resultant forage has the potential to be a source of high-value animal feed for livestock production in cool climate regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zaeem
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
- Department of Fisheries, Forestry and Agriculture, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL A2H 7E1, Canada
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (M.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (M.N.); (R.T.)
| | - Thu Huong Pham
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Waqar Ashiq
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Waqas Ali
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Syed Shah Mohioudin Gillani
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Eric Moise
- Atlantic Forestry Centre, 26 University Drive, Corner Brook, NL A2H 6J3, Canada;
| | - Sathya Elavarthi
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Delaware State University, 1200 N Dupont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901, USA;
| | - Vanessa Kavanagh
- Department of Fisheries, Land Resources, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John’s, NL A0L 1K0, Canada;
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Lakshman Galagedara
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (T.H.P.); (W.A.); (W.A.); (S.S.M.G.); (M.C.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (M.N.); (R.T.)
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3
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Vogel L, Gnott M, Kröger-Koch C, Görs S, Weitzel JM, Kanitz E, Hoeflich A, Tuchscherer A, Tröscher A, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM, Starke A, Bachmann L, Hammon HM. Glucose metabolism and the somatotropic axis in dairy cows after abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids together with conjugated linoleic acid during late gestation and early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3646-3664. [PMID: 33455762 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sufficient glucose availability is crucial for exploiting the genetic potential of milk production during early lactation, and endocrine changes are mainly related to repartitioning of nutrient supplies toward the mammary gland. Long-chain fatty acids, such as essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), have the potential to improve negative energy balance and modify endocrine changes. In the present study, the hypothesis that combined CLA and EFA treatment supports glucose metabolism around the time of calving and stimulates insulin action and the somatotropic axis in cows in an additive manner was tested. Rumen-cannulated German Holstein cows (n = 40) were investigated from wk 9 antepartum (AP) until wk 9 postpartum (PP). The cows were abomasally supplemented with coconut oil (CTRL, 76 g/d); 78 g/d of linseed and 4 g/d of safflower oil (EFA); Lutalin (CLA, isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA, each 10 g/d); or the combination of EFA+CLA. Blood samples were collected several times AP and PP to determine the concentrations of plasma metabolites and hormones related to glucose metabolism and the somatotropic axis. Liver tissue samples were collected several days AP and PP to measure glycogen concentration and the mRNA abundance of genes related to gluconeogenesis and the somatotropic axis. On d 28 AP and 21 PP, endogenous glucose production (eGP) and glucose oxidation (GOx) were measured via tracer technique. The concentration of plasma glucose was higher in CLA than in non-CLA-treated cows, and the plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was higher in EFA than in non-EFA cows on d 21 PP. The eGP increased from AP to PP with elevated eGP in EFA and decreased eGP in CLA-treated cows; GOx was lower in CLA than in CTRL on d 21 PP. The plasma insulin concentration decreased after calving in all groups and was higher in CLA than in non-CLA cows at several time points. Plasma glucagon and cortisol concentrations on d 21 PP were lower in CLA than non-CLA groups. The glucagon/insulin and glucose/insulin ratios were higher in CTRL than in CLA group during the transition period. Plasma IGF-I concentration was lower in EFA than non-EFA cows on d 42 AP and was higher during the dry period and early lactation in CLA than in non-CLA cows. The IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3/-2 ratio in blood plasma was higher in CLA than in non-CLA cows. Hepatic glycogen concentration on d 28 PP was higher, but the mRNA abundance of PC and IGFBP2 was lower in CLA than non-CLA cows on d 1 PP. The EFA treatment decreased the mRNA abundance of IGFBP3 AP and PCK1, PCK2, G6PC, PCCA, HMGCS2, IGFBP2, and INSR at several time points PP. Results indicated elevated concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin along with the stimulation of the somatotropic axis in cows treated with CLA, whereas EFA treatment stimulated eGP but not mRNA abundance related to eGP PP. The systemic effects of the combined EFA+CLA treatment were very similar to those of CLA treatment, but the effects on hepatic gene expression partially corresponded to those of EFA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vogel
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Gnott
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kröger-Koch
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - S Görs
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - J M Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioral Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Bachmann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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4
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Vogel L, Gnott M, Kröger-Koch C, Dannenberger D, Tuchscherer A, Tröscher A, Kienberger H, Rychlik M, Starke A, Bachmann L, Hammon HM. Effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids together with conjugated linoleic acid in late and early lactation on performance, milk and body composition, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7431-7450. [PMID: 32475659 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rations including high amounts of corn silage are currently very common in dairy production. Diets with corn silage as forage source result in a low supply of essential fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, and may lead to low conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. The present study investigated the effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, and CLA in dairy cows fed a corn silage-based diet on performance, milk composition, including fatty acid (FA) pattern, and lipid metabolism from late to early lactation. Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (n = 40) were studied from wk 9 antepartum to wk 9 postpartum and dried off 6 wk before calving. The cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Cows were abomasally supplemented with coconut oil (CTRL, 76 g/d), linseed and safflower oil (EFA, 78 and 4 g/d; linseed/safflower oil ratio = 19.5:1; n-6/n-3 FA ratio = 1:3), Lutalin (CLA, 38 g/d; BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 each 10 g/d) or EFA+CLA. Milk composition was analyzed weekly, and blood samples were taken several times before and after parturition to determine plasma concentrations of metabolites related to lipid metabolism. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy on d 63 and 21 antepartum and on d 1, 28, and 63 postpartum to measure triglyceride concentration. Body composition was determined after slaughter. Supplementation of CLA reduced milk fat concentration, increased body fat mass, and improved energy balance (EB) in late and early lactation, but EB was lowest during late lactation in the EFA group. Cows with CLA treatment alone showed an elevated milk citrate concentration in early lactation, whereas EFA+CLA did not reveal higher milk citrate but did have increased acetone. Milk protein was increased in late lactation but was decreased in wk 1 postpartum in CLA and EFA+CLA. Milk urea was reduced by CLA treatment during the whole period. After calving, the increase of nonesterified fatty acids in plasma was less in CLA groups; liver triglycerides were raised lowest at d 28 in CLA groups. Our data confirm an improved metabolic status with CLA but not with exclusive EFA supplementation during early lactation. Increased milk citrate concentration in CLA cows points to reduced de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland, but milk citrate was less affected in EFA+CLA cows, indicating that EFA supplementation may influence changes in mammary gland FA metabolism achieved by CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vogel
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Gnott
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kröger-Koch
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - D Dannenberger
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - H Kienberger
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - A Starke
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Bachmann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Dawod A, Ahmed H, Abou-Elkhair R, Elbaz HT, Taha AE, Swelum AA, Alhidary IA, Saadeldin IM, Al-Ghadi MQ, Ba-Awadh HA, Hussein EOS, Al-Sagheer AA. Effects of Extruded Linseed and Soybean Dietary Supplementation on Lactation Performance, First-Service Conception Rate, and Mastitis Incidence in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030436. [PMID: 32150851 PMCID: PMC7143478 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study quantifies the effects of extruded linseed and soybean (ELS) dietary supplementation on milk yield, composition, and fatty acid profiles, as well as first-service conception rate in Holstein dairy cows. Seventy-eight open Holstein dairy cows were divided into two groups: (1) a control, which received a basal diet; and (2) a test group, which received a basal diet supplemented with the ELS (650 g/kg of extruded linseed and 150 g/kg of extruded soybean) at a rate of 100 g/kg. In the ELS group, milk yield per day and solid not fat (SNF) yield increased by 3.26% and 0.88%, respectively, in relation to the control. Percentage milk fat decreased significantly by 1.4% in the ELS group when compared with the control. The ELS supplement resulted in a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and an increase in monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in milk. In conclusion, the supplementation of dairy cow feed with 100 g/kg of ELS increases milk yield and milk unsaturated fatty acids (especially MUFAs and PUFAs). ELS supplementation also causes a decrease in percentage fat and SFA levels but does not affect the first-service conception rate or the incidence rate of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Dawod
- Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt;
| | - Hamada Ahmed
- Nutrition and Vet., Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Reham Abou-Elkhair
- Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32897, Egypt;
| | - Hamed T. Elbaz
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia 32897, Egypt;
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Behira, Rasheed, Edfina 22758, Egypt;
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (I.M.S.); (H.A.B.-A.); (E.O.S.H.)
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (A.A.A.-S.)
| | - Ibrahim A. Alhidary
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (I.M.S.); (H.A.B.-A.); (E.O.S.H.)
| | - Islam M. Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (I.M.S.); (H.A.B.-A.); (E.O.S.H.)
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Muath Q. Al-Ghadi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hani A. Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (I.M.S.); (H.A.B.-A.); (E.O.S.H.)
| | - Elsayed O. S. Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.A.); (I.M.S.); (H.A.B.-A.); (E.O.S.H.)
| | - Adham A. Al-Sagheer
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (A.A.A.-S.)
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Hambali IU, Bhutto KR, Jesse FFA, Lawan A, Odhah MN, Wahid AH, Azmi MLM, Zakaria Z, Arsalan M, Muhammad NA, Jefri MN. Clinical responses in cows vaccinated with a developed prototype killed Staphylococcus aureus mastitis vaccine. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:101-105. [PMID: 30114463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the udder that occurs as a result of the release of leucocytes into the udder in a response to bacterial invasion. The major causes of mastitis are an array of gram positive and negative bacteria, however, algae, virus, fungi, mechanical or thermal injury to the gland have also been identified as possible causes. Mastitis vaccines are yet to be developed using Malaysian local isolate of bacteria. The objective of the present experimental trial was to develop a monovalent vaccine against mastitis using S. aureus of Malaysian isolate and to evaluate the clinical responses such as temperature, respiratory rates and heart rates in vaccinated cows. S. aureus is a major causative bacteria in clinical and subclinical types of mastitis in cows. Four concentrations of the bacterin (106, 107, 108 and 109 cfu/ml of the local isolate of S. aureus) were prepared using Aluminium potassium sulfate adjuvant. Thirty cows were grouped into four treatment groups (B, C, D and E) with a fifth group as control (A). These groups were vaccinated intramuscularly(IM) with the prepared monovalent vaccine and its influence on the vital signs were intermittently measured. The mean of rectal temperature was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at 0hr Post Vaccination [1]" in groups D and E (39.5 ± 0.15 °C and 39.4 ± 0.15 °C respectively) and at 3 h PV in groups C, D and E (39.8 ± 0.14 °C, 39.9 ± 0.14 °C and 40.3 ± 0.14 °C respectively) compared to the control group. This indicated a sharp increased rectal temperatures between 0hr and 3 h PV in groups C, D and E which later declined at 24 h PV. The mean of rectal temperature of group E was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at weeks 1 and 2 PV (39.87 ± 0.19 °C and 39.80 ± 0.18 °C respectively) compared to the control group. The mean of heart rate was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at week 1 PV in groups D and E (83.0 ± 3.8 beats/minute and 80.0 ± 3.8 °C respectively) compared to control. A trending decrease was however observed in heart rates of group E from weeks through 4 PV and in group D from weeks 1 through 3 PV. The mean of respiratory rates was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at week 3 PV in group B and D (31.0 ± 1.2 breaths/minute and 28.0 ± 1.2 breaths/minute) compared to control. In conclusion, this study highlights responses of these vital signs due to vaccination against S. aureus causing mastitis in cows. To the best of our knowledge the findings of this study adds value to the shallow literature on vital signs alterations in cows vaccinated against mastitis as elevated levels of temperature and heart rates of group D and E indicated obvious response.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U Hambali
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Public health and Preventive Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600233, Nigeria.
| | - K R Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Directorate of Veterinary Research and Diagnosis, Livestock and Fisheries Department, 70050, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - F F A Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre for Ruminant Disease, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - A Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600233, Nigeria
| | - M N Odhah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, 39, Yemen
| | - A H Wahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M L Mohd Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Arsalan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Directorate of Animal Health, Livestock and Dairy Development Department Baluchistan, 87300, Pakistan
| | - N A Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Science Lahore, 54500, Pakistan
| | - M N Jefri
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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7
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Extruded linseed alone or in combination with fish oil modifies mammary gene expression profiles in lactating goats. Animal 2017; 12:1564-1575. [PMID: 29122055 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117002816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is a major factor that regulates ruminant milk components, particularly its fatty acid (FA) composition, which is an important determinant of milk nutritional quality. In the mammary gland, milk component biosynthesis involves a large number of genes under nutritional regulation that are not well understood. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of extruded linseeds (EL) alone or in combination with fish oil (ELFO) on goat mammary gene expression. In total, 14 goats were fed one of the following three diets: a natural grassland hay basal diet (CTRL) alone, CTRL supplemented with 530 g/day of EL, or 340 g/day of EL plus 39 g/day of fish oil (ELFO). Mammary secretory tissues were collected after slaughter on day 28, to determine the expression of 14 lipogenic genes and five lipogenic enzyme activities and transcriptomic profiles. The mRNA abundance decreased for SCD1 (P<0.1) with ELFO v. CTRL, and for AZGP1 (P<0.1) and ACSBG1 (P<0.05) decreased with EL v. ELFO and the CTRL diets (only for ACSBG1), respectively. Transcriptomic analyses performed using a bovine microarray revealed 344 and 314 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the EL and ELFO diets, respectively, compared with the CTRL diet, with 76 common DEGs. In total, 21 and 27 DEGs were involved in lipid metabolism and transport class in the EL and ELFO v. the CTRL diets, respectively, with eight common genes (ALDH3B1, ALDH18A1, DGKD1, ENPP1, IL7, NSMAF, PI4KA and SERINC5) down-regulated by these two treatments. In EL v. CTRL diets, a gene network related to lipid metabolism and transport was detected. Although this network was not detected in the ELFO v. CTRL analysis, five genes known to be involved in lipid metabolism and transport were up-regulated (SREBF1, PPARG and GPX4) or down-regulated (FABP1 and ENPP6) by ELFO. The protein metabolism and transport biological processes were largely altered by both EL and ELFO v. CTRL diets without changes in major milk protein secretion. Amino acid metabolism was highlighted as an enriched network by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and was similar to cellular growth and proliferation function. Two regulation networks centered on the estrogen receptor (ESR1) and a transcriptional factor (SP1) were identified in EL and ELFO v. CTRL diets. In conclusion, these results show that these two supplemented diets, which largely changed milk FA composition, had more effects on mRNA linked to protein metabolism and transport pathways than to lipid metabolism, and could affect mammary remodeling.
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Leduc M, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Gervais R, Chouinard P. Effect of dietary flax seed and oil on milk yield, gross composition, and fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8906-8927. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pegolo S, Cecchinato A, Mach N, Babbucci M, Pauletto M, Bargelloni L, Schiavon S, Bittante G. Transcriptomic Changes in Liver of Young Bulls Caused by Diets Low in Mineral and Protein Contents and Supplemented with n-3 Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167747. [PMID: 27930681 PMCID: PMC5145186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify transcriptional modifications and regulatory networks accounting for physiological and metabolic responses to specific nutrients in the liver of young Belgian Blue × Holstein bulls using RNA-sequencing. A larger trial has been carried out in which animals were fed with different diets: 1] a conventional diet; 2] a low-protein/low-mineral diet (low-impact diet) and 3] a diet enriched in n-3 fatty acids (FAs), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin E (nutraceutical diet). The initial hypothesis was that the administration of low-impact and nutraceutical diets might influence the transcriptional profiles in bovine liver and the resultant nutrient fluxes, which are essential for optimal liver function and nutrient interconversion. Results showed that the nutraceutical diet significantly reduced subcutaneous fat covering in vivo and liver pH. Dietary treatments did not affect overall liver fat content, but significantly modified the liver profile of 33 FA traits (out of the total 89 identified by gas-chromatography). In bulls fed nutraceutical diet, the percentage of n-3 and CLA FAs increased around 2.5-fold compared with the other diets, whereas the ratio of n6/n3 decreased 2.5-fold. Liver transcriptomic analyses revealed a total of 198 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when comparing low-impact, nutraceutical and conventional diets, with the nutraceutical diet showing the greatest effects on liver transcriptome. Functional analyses using ClueGo and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis evidenced that DEGs in bovine liver were variously involved in energy reserve metabolic process, glutathione metabolism, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Modifications in feeding strategies affected key transcription factors regulating the expression of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, e.g. insulin-induced gene 1, insulin receptor substrate 2, and RAR-related orphan receptor C. This study provides noteworthy insights into the molecular changes occurring as a result of nutrient variation in diets (aimed at reducing the environmental impact and improving human health) and broadens our understanding of the relationship between nutrients variation and phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pegolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Núria Mach
- Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology unit (GABI), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Massimiliano Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bittante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Leroux C, Bernard L, Faulconnier Y, Rouel J, de la Foye A, Domagalski J, Chilliard Y. Bovine Mammary Nutrigenomics and Changes in the Milk Composition due to Rapeseed or Sunflower Oil Supplementation of High-Forage or High-Concentrate Diets. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2016; 9:65-82. [DOI: 10.1159/000445996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Suksombat W, Thanh LP, Meeprom C, Mirattanaphrai R. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1545-1553. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wisitiporn Suksombat
- School of Animal Production Technology; Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Lam Phuoc Thanh
- Department of Animal Sciences; College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University; Can Tho city Viet Nam
| | - Chayapol Meeprom
- School of Animal Production Technology; Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Rattakorn Mirattanaphrai
- School of Animal Production Technology; Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
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Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Li R, Ammah AA, Dudemaine PL, Bissonnette N, Benchaar C, Zhao X. Transcriptome adaptation of the bovine mammary gland to diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids shows greater impact of linseed oil over safflower oil on gene expression and metabolic pathways. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:104. [PMID: 26861594 PMCID: PMC4748538 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional strategies can decrease saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and increase health beneficial fatty acids (FAs) in bovine milk. The pathways/genes involved in these processes are not properly defined. Next-generation RNA-sequencing was used to investigate the bovine mammary gland transcriptome following supplemental feeding with 5% linseed oil (LSO) or 5% safflower oil (SFO). Holstein cows in mid-lactation were fed a control diet for 28 days (control period) followed by supplementation with 5% LSO (12 cows) or 5% SFO (12 cows) for 28 days (treatment period). Milk and mammary gland biopsies were sampled on days-14 (control period), +7 and +28 (treatment period). Milk was used to measure fat(FP)/protein(PP) percentages and individual FAs while RNA was subjected to sequencing. RESULTS Milk FP was decreased by 30.38% (LSO) or 32.42% (SFO) while PP was unaffected (LSO) or increased (SFO). Several beneficial FAs were increased by LSO (C18:1n11t, CLA:10t12c, CLA:9c11t, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, C22:5n3) and SFO (C18:1n11t, CLA:10t12c, C20:1c11, C20:2, C20:3n3) while several SFAs (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C24:0) were decreased by both treatments (P < 0.05). 1006 (460 up- and 546 down-regulated) and 199 (127 up- and 72 down-regulated) genes were significantly differentially regulated (DE) by LSO and SFO, respectively. Top regulated genes (≥ 2 fold change) by both treatments (FBP2, UCP2, TIEG2, ANGPTL4, ALDH1L2) are potential candidate genes for milk fat traits. Involvement of SCP2, PDK4, NQO1, F2RL1, DBI, CPT1A, CNTFR, CALB1, ACADVL, SPTLC3, PIK3CG, PIGZ, ADORA2B, TRIB3, HPGD, IGFBP2 and TXN in FA/lipid metabolism in dairy cows is being reported for the first time. Functional analysis indicated similar and different top enriched functions for DE genes. DE genes were predicted to significantly decrease synthesis of FA/lipid by both treatments and FA metabolism by LSO. Top canonical pathways associated with DE genes of both treatments might be involved in lipid/cholesterol metabolism. CONCLUSION This study shows that rich α-linolenic acid LSO has a greater impact on mammary gland transcriptome by affecting more genes, pathways and processes as compared to SFO, rich in linoleic acid. Our study suggest that decrease in milk SFAs was due to down-regulation of genes in the FA/lipid synthesis and lipid metabolism pathways while increase in PUFAs was due to increased availability of ruminal biohydrogenation metabolites that were up taken and incorporated into milk or used as substrate for the synthesis of PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Ran Li
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Adolf A Ammah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Pier-Luc Dudemaine
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Chaouki Benchaar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3 V9, Canada.
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Petit H. Milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, and blood composition of dairy cows fed different proportions of whole flaxseed in the first half of lactation. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thanh LP, Suksombat W. Milk Yield, Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile in Dairy Cows Fed a High-concentrate Diet Blended with Oil Mixtures Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:796-806. [PMID: 25925057 PMCID: PMC4412976 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of feeding linseed oil or/and sunflower oil mixed with fish oil on milk yield, milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, 24 crossbred primiparous lactating dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to a completely randomized design experiment. All cows were fed a high-concentrate basal diet and 0.38 kg dry matter (DM) molasses per day. Treatments were composed of a basal diet without oil supplement (Control), or diets of (DM basis) 3% linseed and fish oils (1:1, w/w, LSO-FO), or 3% sunflower and fish oils (1:1, w/w, SFO-FO), or 3% mixture (1:1:1, w/w) of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils (MIX-O). The animals fed SFO-FO had a 13.12% decrease in total dry matter intake compared with the control diet (p<0.05). No significant change was detected for milk yield; however, the animals fed the diet supplemented with SFO-FO showed a depressed milk fat yield and concentration by 35.42% and 27.20%, respectively, compared to those fed the control diet (p<0.05). Milk c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) proportion increased by 198.11% in the LSO-FO group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Milk C18:3n-3 (ALA) proportion was enhanced by 227.27% supplementing with LSO-FO relative to the control group (p<0.01). The proportions of milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in the cows fed LSO-FO (0.38%) and MIX-O (0.23%) compared to the control group (0.01%). Dietary inclusion of LSO-FO mainly increased milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas feeding MIX-O improved preformed FA and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). While the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio was found in the LSO-FO, the decreased atherogenecity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) seemed to be more extent in the MIX-O. Therefore, to maximize milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 PUFA and to minimize milk n-6/n-3 ratio, AI and TI, an ideal supplement would appear to be either LSO-FO or MIX-O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Phuoc Thanh
- School of Animal Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Effect of linseed supplementation of the gestation and lactation diets of dairy ewes on the growth performance and the intramuscular fatty acid composition of their lambs. Animal 2014; 9:800-9. [PMID: 25491563 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111400305x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal gestation and/or lactation diets supplemented with extruded linseed (rich in 18:3n-3) on growth performance and long-chain polyunsaturated faaty acid (PUFA) accumulation in muscle tissues of suckling lambs. A total of 36 dairy ewes were fed a control diet (CON) and a diet containing linseed (LIN) during the last 8 weeks of gestation and/or the first 4 weeks of lactation. The four dietary treatments consisted of the following gestation/lactation feeding treatments: CON/CON, CON/LIN, LIN/LIN or LIN/CON. The lambs born from ewes fed the aforementioned diets were reared exclusively on milk and were slaughtered at 4 weeks of age. Profiles of ewes' milk fatty acids and that of intramuscular fat (IMF) of leg muscles from lambs were determined. Compared with the CON/CON, LIN/CON offspring tended to grow slower and to have reduced cold carcass weights. Moreover, the LIN supplementation only in the prepartum period (LIN/CON) resulted in greater PUFAn-3 accumulation in the IMF compared with the CON/CON offspring due to increased 20:5n-3 (1.20 v. 0.64 mg/100 mg of total FA), 22:5n-3 (1.91 v. 1.46;) and 22:6n-3 (1.25 v. 0.89) contents, respectively. Compared with the CON/CON diet, providing LIN only during lactation (CON/LIN) caused a greater PUFAn-3 content in the IMF mainly due to a greater 18:3n-3 (1.79 v. 0.75 mg/100 g total FA) concentration. Continuous PUFAn-3 exposure, both via the maternal gestation and lactation diet, had no additive effects on PUFAn-3 accumulation in tissues. The results suggest that linseed, as an 18:3n-3 source, seems to be more efficient in increasing long-chain PUFAn-3 in fetal than in suckling lamb tissues.
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Suksombat W, Thanh LP, Meeprom C, Mirattanaphrai R. Effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk Fatty Acid composition of lactating dairy cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:951-9. [PMID: 25050036 PMCID: PMC4093560 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. Thirty six Holstein Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were blocked by milking days first and then stratified random balanced for milk yields and body weight into three groups of 12 cows each. The treatments consisted of basal ration (53:47; forage:concentrate ratio, on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively) supplemented with 300 g/d of palm oil as a positive control diet (PO), or supplemented with 300 g/d of linseed oil (LSO), or supplemented with 688 g/d of top-dressed whole linseed (WLS). All cows were received ad libitum grass silage and individually fed according to the treatments. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks including the first 2 weeks as the adjustment period, followed by 8 weeks of measurement period. The results showed that LSO and WLS supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and live weight change; however, the animals fed WLS had higher crude protein (CP) intake than those fed PO and LSO (p<0.05). To compare with the control diet, dairy cow’s diets supplemented with LSO and WLS significantly increased milk concentrations of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (FA) (p<0.01), particularly, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Supplementing LSO and WLS induced a reduction of medium chain FA, especially, C12:0-C16:0 FA (p<0.05) while increasing the concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (p<0.05). Milk FA proportions of n-3 FA remarkably increased whereas the ratio of n-6 to n-3 decreased in the cows supplemented with WLS as compared with those fed the control diet and LSO (p<0.01). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows’ diet based on grass silage with WLS had no effect on milk yield and milk composition; however, trans-9- C18:1, cis-9, trans-11-CLA, n-3 FA and UFA were increased while saturated FA were decreased by WLS supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition 300 g/d of oil from whole linseed should be used to lactating dairy cows’ diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisitiporn Suksombat
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Lam Phuoc Thanh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Chayapol Meeprom
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Rattakorn Mirattanaphrai
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 10000, Viet Nam
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