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Reynolds BS, Chetboul V, Elliott J, Laxalde J, Nguyen P, Testault I, Dorso L, Abadie J, Lefebvre HP, Biourge V. Long-term safety of dietary salt: A 5-year ProspEctive rAndomized bliNded and controlled stUdy in healThy aged cats (PEANUT study). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:285-299. [PMID: 38084870 PMCID: PMC10800216 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-salt diets promote urine dilution and decrease urolithiasis risk. OBJECTIVE Prospectively evaluate the safety of chronic high dietary salt intake (randomized controlled trial). ANIMALS Twenty research colony neutered, healthy aged cats (11.5 years [10.0-11.6], median [interquartile range]). METHODS Healthy cats were randomized to control or high-salt dry diets (sodium: 1.02 ± 0.16 [mean, SD] and 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal metabolizable energy [ME], respectively; chloride: 2.26 ± 0.33 and 5.71 ± 0.28 g/Mcal ME, respectively), fed for up to 60 months. Assessments included CBC, plasma biochemistry, urinalysis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood pressure, renal and cardiac (conventional Doppler and 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler) imaging, annually. Cats that died or were euthanized underwent necropsy. Diet effects over time were evaluated with linear mixed models. RESULTS Follow-up duration (median [Interquartile range]) was similar between the control (38.7 months [28.6-48.2]) and high-salt group (51.4 months [45.7-59.0]). Diet had no significant effect on changes in GFR, blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, LV internal diameters, LV systolic function, left atrial size, or systolic and diastolic Doppler variables. One control cat developed hypertension. One high-salt group cat developed persistent azotemia. Serial plasma biochemistry and urine specific gravity suggested early chronic kidney disease in 4 nonazotemic cats (2 per group), consistent with necropsy findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In healthy aged cats, a commercial veterinary diet containing 3.26 ± 0.30 g/Mcal ME sodium was safe with regard to renal and cardiac function for up to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Chetboul
- Unité de cardiologie d'Alfort (UCA), CHUVAEcole Nationale Vétérinare d'AlfortMaisons‐AlfortFrance
- Université Paris‐Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRBCréteilFrance
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition and Endocrinology Unit, LUNAM UniversitéOnirisNantesFrance
| | | | - Laëticia Dorso
- Centre hospitalier Univesitaire VétérinaireOnirisNantesFrance
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Ahmed HB, Mahmoud NE, Mahdi AA, Emam HE, Abdelhameed RM. Affinity of carbon quantum dots anchored within metal organic framework matrix as enhancer of plant nourishment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12396. [PMID: 36590470 PMCID: PMC9794903 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-fertilizers were ascribed to be significantly advantageous with minimizing the negative effects of requiring excessive contents in the soil and reducing the number of times for fertilization. Herein, the superior affinity of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) anchored within metal organic framework (Cu-BTC) matrix was investigated for the first time as a fertilizer for sunflower. CQDs were nucleated from alkali-hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via the hydrothermal technique. The synthesized CQDs (6.8 ± 3.7 nm) were anchored within Cu-BTC (crystalline rod-like structure) matrix, to produce CQDs@Cu-BTC composite. The obtained CQDs and CQDs@Cu-BTC were applied as nutrients for the sunflower plant. The chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents were 0.465 & 0.497 and 0.350 & 0.364 mg/g after treatment with CQDs & CQDs@Cu-BTC, respectively. The shoot length of sunflower sample was increased after feeding with CQDs and CQDs@Cu-BTC to be 38.7 and 46.5 cm, respectively. The obtained results confirmed that, the synthesized CQDs@Cu-BTC showed superiority as nutrient material via enhancing the growth and physiological properties of sunflower and consequently could be used as fertilizer for plants instead of the commercial nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan B. Ahmed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Noura E. Mahmoud
- Biochemistry Unit, Plant Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Mahdi
- Biochemistry Unit, Plant Genetic Resources Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam E. Emam
- Department of Pretreatment and Finishing of Cellulosic based Textiles, Textile Research and Technology Institute, National Research Centre, 33 EL Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Reda M. Abdelhameed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 EL Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
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Blanchard G, Amato C, André A, Bleis P, Ninet S, Zentek J, Nguyen P. Beneficial effects of a prescription home-prepared diet and of zucchini on urine calcium oxalate supersaturation and urinary parameters in adult cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1203-1211. [PMID: 35142590 PMCID: PMC10812357 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211067931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES From the authors' experience, the consumption of a balanced prescription home-prepared diet that includes zucchini (courgette) benefits cats with recurrent urolithiasis, but there is no published evidence to support this. The aim was to study the effects on urinary parameters of (1) a balanced prescription home-prepared diet containing zucchini, and (2) the addition of zucchini to a dry food, compared with two commercial therapeutic diets. METHODS Eight healthy cats were included in a Latin-square designed protocol. Five diets were evaluated: two commercial diets, designed for cats with urinary disorders, one high-moisture (U-WET) and one high-sodium dry (U-DRY); one home-prepared diet (HOME); one commercial dry food for adult maintenance (DRY); and DRY given together with 10 g of zucchini per kg body weight (DRY-Zuc). After a 7-day adaptation period, urine was collected and daily food and water intakes were assessed for 12 days. Urinary parameters, and relative supersaturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite, were determined. Data underwent repeated measures ANOVA analysis. RESULTS The digestibility of energy, dry matter, protein and fat was highest with the HOME diet. CaOx RSS was lowest in cats eating the HOME diet, but not significantly different from the U-WET or U-DRY diets. CaOx RSS was lower in cats eating the DRY-Zuc diet than in cats eating the DRY diet. Struvite RSS did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study shows that a balanced prescription home-prepared diet was safe and allowed a very low urinary CaOx RSS. It also showed that adding zucchini to dry food lowered the urine CaOx RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Concetta Amato
- Nutrition, Physiopathology & Pharmacology Unit, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Agnès André
- Nutrition, Physiopathology & Pharmacology Unit, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Bleis
- Nutrition, Physiopathology & Pharmacology Unit, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel Ninet
- Nutrition, Physiopathology & Pharmacology Unit, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- Nutrition, Physiopathology & Pharmacology Unit, Oniris, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
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High Intake of Sodium Chloride for 28 Days Causes No Effect on Serum FGF23 Concentrations in Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223195. [PMID: 36428422 PMCID: PMC9686773 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGF23 is an acknowledged parameter to assess kidney health. As chronic kidney failure is one of the most common diseases in aging cats, dietary influences on renal health warrant investigation. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate potential correlations between dietary sodium chloride and FGF23. METHODS In a total of two trials, 11 cats were included. In the first trial, the cats were fed a complete and balanced control diet; in the second trial, sodium chloride was added (8 g/kg/DM)). Blood, urinary, feed, and faecal samples were analysed for major minerals. FGF23 and creatinine were measured in blood and urine samples. RESULTS Serum phosphate and FGF23 were unaffected by high sodium chloride intake, thus showing no correlation between serum FGF23 and sodium concentrations. Apparent phosphorus digestibility was significantly increased, however, by high sodium chloride intake, whereas apparent digestibility of calcium was unaffected. The present study confirms differences in FGF23 and sodium chloride interaction in cats compared with other species. Further research regarding the correlation between sodium chloride and phosphate homeostasis is warranted.
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Kazimierska K, Biel W, Witkowicz R. Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines. Molecules 2020; 25:E5173. [PMID: 33172044 PMCID: PMC7664208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present work are to estimate the nutritional value and to evaluate and compare the levels of macroelements (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg), microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), heavy metals (Co, Cd, Pb, Mo, Cr, Ni), and their ratios in extruded complete foods for adult dogs, their compatibility with nutritional guidelines, as well as food profile similarity. Basic composition was determined according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Analyses for elements were performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. All the evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum recommended levels for protein and fat. Eighteen tested dog foods (60%) did not meet at least one recommendation of nutritional guidelines. Four dog foods exceeded the legal limit of Fe and five foods exceeded the legal limit of Zn; in one of them, Zn level was almost twice higher. Dog foods with insect protein exceeded the legal limit for Mn content. Eight dog foods had an inappropriate Ca:P ratio. Heavy metals were below detection limit in all analyzed dog foods. The results seem to show the need for regular feed analyses of the elemental composition in raw materials before introducing supplementation and for the monitoring of the mineral composition of finished pet food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kazimierska
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Biel
- Department of Monogastric Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition and Food, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 29 Klemensa Janickiego, 71270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Robert Witkowicz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 21 Mickiewicza, 31120 Krakow, Poland;
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Garcia CA, Loureiro BA, Peres FM, Goloni C, Di Santo LG, Mendonça FS, Carciofi AC. Effects of crude protein and sodium intake on water turnover in cats fed extruded diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105 Suppl 2:95-105. [PMID: 32548918 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The comprehension of strategies to increase urine production may be important, especially in kibble diets to prevent urolithiasis in cats. The effects of increasing amounts of crude protein (CP) and sodium on the water turnover of cats were evaluated using the water balance (WB) method and the deuterium dilution technique. The study followed a randomized block design, with three blocks of eight cats, two cats per food type in each block, and six cats per food. Four extruded diets with different amounts of CP and sodium were evaluated (on DM basis): 28% CP and 0.58% sodium; 39% CP and 0.64% sodium; 52% CP and 0.76% sodium; and 64% CP and 0.87% sodium. Cats were individually housed in cages for 8 days to measure WB, urea excretion, and faecal and urine characteristics. Deuterium oxide was used to evaluate water turnover, and during the period cats were housed in a collective cattery. The data were analysed by an F test, and the means were compared by polynomial contrasts. The ɑ level of significance was set at 0.05. The methods were compared by Pearson correlation, and Bland and Altman analysis. The increase in the CP content elevated linearly the renal excretion of urea (p < .001), and, together with the higher sodium intake, elevated the renal solute load, which resulted in a linear increase in urine production and water intake (p < .01). The urine density, metabolic water, and faecal and insensible water losses did not differ (p > .05). The water flux increased linearly when using the deuterium method (p < .001), but the obtained values were 20.85 ± 11.11 ml/cat/day higher than those verified using the WB method (p = .001). Higher CP and sodium amounts in dry diets increased the urine production and water consumption of cats, and this can be explored as a possible option to increase urination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Garcia
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Bruna A Loureiro
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Francine M Peres
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Camila Goloni
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla G Di Santo
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Mendonça
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Aulus C Carciofi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Brunetto MA, Zafalon RVA, Teixeira FA, Vendramini THA, Rentas MF, Pedrinelli V, Risolia LW, Macedo HT. Phosphorus and sodium contents in commercial wet foods for dogs and cats. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:494-499. [PMID: 31273944 PMCID: PMC6868456 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that wet foods for dogs and cats have high levels of sodium and phosphorus due to their composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the sodium and phosphorus contents in wet pet foods, and compare it to daily requirements for both species. Twenty‐five commercial wet foods for adult animals were evaluated, 13 for dogs and 12 for cats. The analyses’ results were compared to the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF 2018) recommendations. All foods contained phosphorus and sodium amounts above minimum requirements. Three wet foods for dogs exceeded the safe upper limit for phosphorus, and four wet foods for dogs and three for cats exceeded 3.75 g of sodium/1,000 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), considered safe by FEDIAF. No studies were found at the present time evaluating whether higher sodium levels are safe for dogs and cats; however, consumption of high phosphorus diets has been associated with adverse effects on renal function parameters. Therefore, more studies are necessary to investigate the health implications of phosphorus and sodium concentrations observed in some foods evaluated in this research. It has been reported that wet foods for dogs and cats have high levels of sodium and phosphorus due to their composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the sodium and phosphorus contents in wet pet foods, and compared to daily requirements for both species.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio A Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Rafael V A Zafalon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Thiago H A Vendramini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Rentas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Larissa W Risolia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Henrique T Macedo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/Pirassununga, Brazil
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