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Mahdavi K, Zendehdel M, Baghbanzadeh A. The effects of neuropeptide W on food consumption and feeding behavior in neonatal meat-type chicks: Role of CRF1/CRF2 and NPY1 receptors. Neurosci Lett 2023; 817:137531. [PMID: 37863422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In several studies, the regulatory role of the neuropeptide W (NPW) system in food intake has been demonstrated. Considering the lack of avian studies in this field, the current research was conducted to evaluate the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of NPW and its interferences with corticotropin, melanocortin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors on meal consumption and feeding behaviors of broilers. In the first experiment, birds were injected with NPW (0.75, 1.5, and 3 nmol) in addition to saline. In the second experiment, saline, CRF1 receptor antagonist (NBI35965, 30 μg), NPW (3 nmol), and simultaneous injections of NBI35965 and NPW were performed. Experiments 3-8 were identical to experiment 2, except that CRF2 receptor antagonist (K41498, 30 μg), MC3/MC4 receptor antagonist (SHU9119, 0.5 nmol), MC4 receptor antagonist (HS024, 0.5 nmol), NPY1 receptor antagonist (BMS193885, 1.25 nmol), NPY2 receptor antagonist (CYM9484, 1.25 nmol), and NPY5 receptor (antagonist L-152,804, 1.25 nmol) were administrated instead of NBI35965. After that, cumulative feed intake and feeding behavior were monitored for 2 h and 30 min after injections, respectively. Following the infusion of NPW (1.5 and 3 nmol), there was a significant stimulation of meal consumption in chickens (P < 0.05). Concomitant injection of NBI35965 and K41498 with NPW enhanced the appetite-increasing effect of NPW (P < 0.05); while BMS193885 suppressed this effect of NPW (P < 0.05). Injection of SHU9119, HS024, CYM9484, and L-152804 with NPW at the same time, had no significant effect on NPW-induced hyperphagia (P > 0.05). NPW also significantly decreased the standing period and the number of jumps, steps, and exploratory pecks, and led to an increase in sitting period and feeding pecks (P < 0.05). Based on the observations, it seems that NPW-induced hyperphagia could be mediated through CRF1, CRF2, and NPY1 receptors in neonatal broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Mahdavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Baghbanzadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155-6453 Tehran, Iran
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Du P, Wang H, Shi X, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Chen W, Zhang H, Huang Y. A comparative study to determine the effects of breed and feed restriction on glucose metabolism of chickens. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:261-269. [PMID: 37168446 PMCID: PMC10164833 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The glucose metabolism of poultry draws wide attention as they have nearly twice the fasting blood glucose than that of mammals. To define the relationship between glucose metabolism and breed of chicken, the outcomes from different growth rate chickens showed that Arbor Acres (AA) broilers, a well-known fast-growing breed, had a lower fasting blood glucose concentration and glucose clearance rate when compared to Silky chickens, a Chinese traditional medicinal chicken with black skin and a slow growth rate. Moreover, AA broilers had a relatively slow rise in blood glucose in response to oral glucose solution than the Silky chickens on 21 and 42 d (P < 0.05), which is probably attributed to downregulated expression of pancreatic insulin (INS), and upregulated transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase 1 (PCK1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the liver of AA broilers (P < 0.05). In response to feeding restriction from 7 to 21 d, both the fasting blood glucose and the response speed of AA broilers to oral glucose were increased on d 21 (P < 0.05), and the serum glucose concentrations after 3 weeks compensatory growth were improved by early feed restriction in AA broilers. Feed restriction could also upregulate the mRNA level of pancreatic INS on d 21 and 42, as well as decrease the expressions of PCK1, glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic (G6PC), and GLUT2 in the liver on d 21 (P < 0.05) when compared to the free feeding group. These results revealed that Silky chickens have a stronger capability to regulate glucose homeostasis than AA broilers, and feed restriction could improve the fasting blood glucose and the response to oral glucose of AA broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Huanjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiangli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
| | - Huaiyong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yanqun Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Zhao Y, Li C, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhen W, Huang S, Li T, Fan H, Ma Y, Zhang C. Effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide on growth performance, appetite, and hypothalamic inflammation in broilers. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:6991303. [PMID: 36652259 PMCID: PMC9940736 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) on growth performance, appetite, and hypothalamic inflammation-related indexes in broilers. One-day-old male AA broilers were randomly divided into four groups: Control, L-GCP, M-GCP, and H-GCP (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg GCP/kg feed), with six repetition cages for each treatment and 12 broilers in each repeat for a period of 42 days. From day 1 to day 21, the addition of GCP to the diet significantly improved the ADFI and the ADG of broilers, and the mRNA levels of NPY and AgRP were significantly increased while POMC and CART were decreased in the hypothalamus of broilers; GCP also significantly decreased the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-4, MyD88, and NF-κB, and increased the IL-4 and IL-10 in the hypothalamus from day 1 to day 42. The concentrations of appetite-related factors and inflammatory factors in serum were changed in the same fashion. Supplementation with 600 mg/kg GCP had the optimal effect in broilers, and GCP has the potential to be used as a feed additive in the poultry production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xueying Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Jicang Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Wenrui Zhen
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Tianshuai Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Hengyu Fan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China
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Patt A, Halle I, Dudde A, Olbrich A, Sieburg-Rockel J, Krause ET. Influence of different dietary fibre contents in the diet on feather pecking, locomotor activity and performance of laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:571-580. [PMID: 35543708 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2076212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This trial investigated the effects of three diets with increasing proportions of insoluble dietary fibre (3%, 6% and 9%) but with similar metabolisable energy on behaviour, plumage condition and laying performance of Lohmann Tradition hens.2. At 21 weeks of age, four groups of 20 hens each (= four replicates/treatment) were randomly assigned to one of the three feeding treatments and exclusively fed with their assigned feed until the end of the laying period.3. Severe feather pecking decreased with increasing fibre content (3%: 0.78 pecks/30min/hen, 6%: 0.31, 9%: 0.12; P<0.0001). In contrast, no effect of fibre was seen for gentle feather pecking (P=0.19) and aggressive pecking (P=0.84). The number of free feathers in the littered area increased with increasing fibre content (3%: 0.06 feathers/625cm2/hen, 6%: 0.09, 9%: 0.16; P=0.0074). Over time plumage quality worsened in all hens, but was consistently better with increasing fibre content (fibre content x sampling period; P<0.0001). Locomotor activity was similar across all treatments, except for a slight decrease in hens fed the 3% fibre diet at the end of the experimental period. No effect of fibre content on hens' weight (P=0.75) was detectable. Similarly, performance did not differ between hens fed varying dietary fibre.4. The results supported the assumption that increasing dietary fibre helps to reduce the risk for the occurrence of feather pecking in laying hens, i.e., improve well-being, while having no negative effects on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Patt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Dörnbergstr. 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany
| | - Ingrid Halle
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anissa Dudde
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Dörnbergstr. 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany
| | - Andrea Olbrich
- Thünen Institut, Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany
| | - Jördis Sieburg-Rockel
- Thünen Institut, Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany
| | - E Tobias Krause
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Dörnbergstr. 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany
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Shao M, Shi K, Zhao Q, Duan Y, Shen Y, Tian J, He K, Li D, Yu M, Lu Y, Tang Y, Feng C. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Differentially Expressed Genes Associated with Growth in Guangxi Partridge Chickens. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050798. [PMID: 35627183 PMCID: PMC9140345 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Guangxi Partridge chicken is a well-known chicken breed in southern China with good meat quality, which has been bred as a meat breed to satisfy the increased demand of consumers. Compared with line D whose body weight is maintained at the average of the unselected group, the growth rate and weight of the selected chicken group (line S) increased significantly after breeding for four generations. Herein, transcriptome analysis was performed to identify pivotal genes and signal pathways of selective breeding that contributed to potential mechanisms of growth and development under artificial selection pressure. The average body weight of line S chickens was 1.724 kg at 90 d of age, which showed a significant increase at 90 d of age than line D chickens (1.509 kg), although only the internal organ ratios of lung and kidney changed after standardizing by body weight. The myofiber area and myofiber density of thigh muscles were affected by selection to a greater extent than that of breast muscle. We identified 51, 210, 31, 388, and 100 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus, pituitary, breast muscle, thigh muscle, and liver between the two lines, respectively. Several key genes were identified in the hypothalamus-pituitary-muscle axis, such as FST, THSB, PTPRJ, CD36, PITX1, PITX2, AMPD1, PRKAB1, PRKAB2, and related genes for muscle development, which were attached to the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway, the PPAR signaling pathway, and lipid metabolism. However, signaling molecular pathways and the cell community showed that elevated activity in the liver of line S fowl was mainly involved in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules, and signal transduction. Collectively, muscle development, lipid metabolism, and several signaling pathways played crucial roles in the improving growth performance of Guangxi Partridge chickens under artificial selection for growth rate. These results support further study of the adaptation of birds under selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ying Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yangyang Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Jinjie Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Kun He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Dongfeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minli Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Yanfei Tang
- Guangxi Fufeng Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Group Co., Ltd., Nanning 530024, China;
| | - Chungang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.S.); (K.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (J.T.); (K.H.); (D.L.); (M.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Emami NK, Schreier LL, Greene E, Tabler T, Orlowski SK, Anthony NB, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M, Dridi S. Ileal microbial composition in genetically distinct chicken lines reared under normal or high ambient temperatures. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:28. [PMID: 35449035 PMCID: PMC9028080 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress (HS) has negative effects on poultry productivity, health and welfare resulting in economic losses. Broiler chickens are particularly susceptible to HS due to their high metabolic rate and rapid growth. The commensal intestinal bacterial populations have an important physiological role in the host and could ameliorate the negative effect of HS on the host. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare changes in the ileal (IL) microbiota in four different broiler lines during HS.
Results Day-old broiler chicks from Giant Jungle Fowl (JF), Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB), 1995 Random Bred (L1995), and Modern Random Bred (L2015) lines were raised under thermoneutral (TN) conditions until day (d) 28. On d 29 birds were subjected to TN (24 °C) or chronic cyclic HS (8 h/d, 36 °C) condition till d 56. On d 56 two birds per pen were euthanized, and IL luminal content (IL-L) and mucosal scrapings (IL-M) were collected for bacterial DNA isolation. Libraries were constructed using V3–V4 16S rRNA primers and sequenced using MiSeq. DNA sequences were analyzed using QIIME2 platform and SILVA 132 database for alpha and beta diversity, and taxonomic composition, respectively. Functional property of microbiota was predicted using the PICRUSt 2 pipeline and illustrated with STAMP software. Shannon index was significantly elevated in IL-M under HS. β-diversity PCoA plots revealed separation of microbial community of L2015-TN from JF-TN, JF-HS, ACRB-TN, and ACRB-HS in the IL-M. PERMANOVA analysis showed a significant difference between microbial community of L1995-HS compared to ACRB-HS and JF-TN, L1995-TN compared to ACRB-HS and JF-TN, L2015-HS compared to ACRB-HS and ACRB-TN, L2015-HS compared to JF-TN, L2015-TN compared to ACRB-HS and JF-TN, and ACRB-HS compared to JF-TN in the IL-L. The impact of HS on microbial composition of IL-M was more prominent compared to IL-L with 12 and 2 taxa showing significantly different relative abundance, respectively. Furthermore, differences in microbiota due to the genetic line were more prominent in IL-M than IL-L with 18 and 8 taxa showing significantly different relative abundance, respectively. Unlike taxonomy, predicted function of microbiota was not affected by HS. Comparison of L2015 with JF or ACRB showed significant changes in predicted function of microbiota in both, IL-M and IL-L. Differences were most prominent between L2015 and JF; while there was no difference between L2015 and L1995. Conclusions These data indicate the genetic line × temperature effect on the diversity and composition of IL microbiota. Moreover, the data showcase the effect of host genetics on the composition of IL microbiota and their predicted function. These data are of critical importance for devising nutritional strategies to maintain GIT microbial balance and alleviate the negative effects of HS on broiler chickens’ performance and health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00183-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Lori L Schreier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Travis Tabler
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Sara K Orlowski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Nicholas B Anthony
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Te Pas MFW, Borg R, Buddiger NJH, Wood BJ, Rebel JMJ, van Krimpen MM, Calus MPL, Park JE, Schokker D. Regulating appetite in broilers for improving body and muscle development - A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1819-1834. [PMID: 32592266 PMCID: PMC7754290 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Appetite is the desire for feed and water and the voluntary intake of feed and is an important regulator of livestock productivity and animal health. Economic traits such as growth rate and muscle development (meat deposition) in broilers are directly correlated to appetite. Factors that may influence appetite include environmental factors, such as stress and temperature variation, and animal‐specific factors, such as learning period, eating capacity and preferences. Feed preferences have been reported to be determined in early life, and this period is important in broilers due to their fast growth and relatively short growth trajectories. This may be of importance when contemplating the use of more circular and sustainable feeds and the optimization of appetite for these feeds. The objective of this review was to review the biological mechanisms underlying appetite using data from human, animal and bird models and to consider the option for modulating appetite particularly as it relates to broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus F W Te Pas
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin J Wood
- Hendrix Genetics North America Office, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus M van Krimpen
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario P L Calus
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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