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Wang C, Chen D, Wu S, Zhou W, Chen X, Zhang Q, Wang L. Dietary supplementation with Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract improves broiler meat quality by enhancing antioxidant capacity and regulating metabolites. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:358-372. [PMID: 38800732 PMCID: PMC11127102 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet of broilers with Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract (NCLE) on meat quality by evaluating antioxidant parameters and the expression of genes in the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant responsive element (p38 MAPK/Nrf2/ARE) signaling pathway, coupled with LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis. A total of 480 one-day-old male broilers were randomly allocated to four treatment groups-a control (CON) group, which was fed a basal diet, and three NCLE treatment groups, which were fed the basal diet supplemented with 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg NCLE (N1, N2, and N3 groups, respectively) for 42 d. Compared with the CON group, meat quality was improved in the N2 and N3 groups, as evidenced by the higher pH45min (P < 0.05) and lower shear force (P < 0.05) in breast muscle (BM) and lower drip loss at 48 h (P < 0.05) in leg muscle (LM). Moreover, BM antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced in the N3 group, characterized by an increase in the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the concentrations of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and the relative mRNA expression of p38 MAPK, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Nrf2, CAT, and GSH-Px (P < 0.05). Similarly, LM in the N3 group displayed higher T-AOC, increased GSH-Px and CAT concentrations, reduced malonaldehyde contents (P < 0.05), and upregulation of the relative mRNA levels of JNK, Nrf2, heme oxygenase, CAT, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P < 0.05). Metabolomics analysis revealed that D-arabinono-1,4-lactone and lyso-PAF C-16-d4 were negatively correlated with shear force and cooking loss (P < 0.05) and displayed increased abundance in BM of the N3 group. L-Serine levels were upregulated while D-fructose 1,6-diphosphate contents were downregulated in the three NCLE groups. Finally, the differential metabolites in both BM and LM were involved in amino acid metabolism pathways. Our results indicated that NCLE supplementation improved meat quality by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, promoting the expression of genes in the p38 MAPK/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, and regulating amino acid metabolism. The optimal NCLE concentration was found to be 400 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Center of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Center of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shou Wu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Center of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Center of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Center of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangdong Research and Development Center of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhang C, Wang S, Han Y, Zheng A, Liu G, Meng K, Yang P, Chen Z. Effects of Crude Extract of Glycyrrhiza Radix and Atractylodes macrocephala on Immune and Antioxidant Capacity of SPF White Leghorn Chickens in an Oxidative Stress Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:578. [PMID: 38790683 PMCID: PMC11118435 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The natural edible characteristics of Chinese herbs have led more and more people to study them as an alternative product to antibiotics. In this study, crude extracts of Glycyrrhiza radix and Atractylodes macrocephala (abbreviated as GRAM) with glycyrrhizic acid content not less than 0.2 mg/g were selected to evaluate the effects of GRAM on the immune and antioxidant capacity of model animals. Thirty 21-day-old male Leghorn chickens were weighed and randomly assigned to one of three groups of ten animals each. The treatments comprised a control group (CON), in which saline was injected at day 31, day 33, and day 35, an LPS-treated group (LPS), in which LPS (0.5 mg/kg of BW) was injected at day 31, day 33, and day 35, and finally a GRAM and LPS-treated group, (G-L) in which a GRAM-treated diet (at GRAM 2 g/kg) was fed from day 21 to day 35 with LPS injection (0.5 mg/kg of BW) at day 31, day 33, and day 35. The results of diarrhea grade and serum antioxidant measurement showed that the LPS group had obvious diarrhea symptoms, serum ROS and MDA were significantly increased, and T-AOC was significantly decreased. The oxidative stress model of LPS was successfully established. The results of immune and antioxidant indexes showed that feeding GRAM significantly decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (p < 0.05) and significantly increased levels of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10 and levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH-Px and CAT (p < 0.05). GRAM resisted the influence of LPS on ileum morphology, liver, and immune organs and maintained normal index values for ileum morphology, liver, and immune organs. In summary, this study confirmed the antidiarrheal effect of GRAM, which improved the immune and antioxidant capacity of model animals by regulating inflammatory cytokine levels and antioxidant enzyme activity in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peilong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (A.Z.); (G.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (C.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.H.); (A.Z.); (G.L.); (K.M.)
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Biswas S, Ahn JM, Kim IH. Assessing the potential of phytogenic feed additives: A comprehensive review on their effectiveness as a potent dietary enhancement for nonruminant in swine and poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:711-723. [PMID: 38264830 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) often referred to as phytobiotics or botanical feed additives, are natural compounds derived from various plants, herbs, spices and other botanical sources. These feed additives are intended to serve a variety of purposes, including an immune system regulator, an antimicrobial, an antimutagenic, an antioxidant and a growth promoter. They are composed of bioactive compounds extracted from plants, including essential oils, polyphenols, terpenoids and flavonoids. They are mostly utilized as substitute antibiotic growth promoters in nonruminant (swine and poultry) livestock production, owing to the prohibition of antibiotic usage in the feed industry. It has been thoroughly examined to ascertain their impact on intestinal health and activity, correlation with animals' effective health and well-being, productivity, food security and environmental impact. The potential uses of these feed additives depend on the properties of herbs, the comprehension of their principal and secondary components, knowledge of their mechanisms of action, the safety of animals and the products they produce. They are gaining recognition as effective and sustainable tools for promoting animal health and performance while reducing the reliance on antibiotics in nonruminant nutrition. Their natural origins, multifaceted benefits and alignment with consumer preferences make them a valuable addition to modern animal farming process. However, because of their inconsistent effects and inadequate knowledge of the mechanisms of action, their usage as a feed additive has been limited. This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the applications of PFAs as an effective feed supplement in swine and poultry nutrition. In summary, this comprehensive review provides current knowledge, identifies gaps in research and emphasizes the potential of phytogenic additives to foster sustainable and healthier livestock production systems while addressing the global concerns associated with antibiotic use in livestock farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Biswas
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Je M Ahn
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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Zhao X, Du B, Wan M, Li J, Qin S, Nian F, Tang D. Analysis of the antioxidant activity of toons sinensis extract and their biological effects on broilers. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1337291. [PMID: 38260193 PMCID: PMC10800727 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1337291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts are rich in a variety of nutrients and contain a large number of bioactive compounds, and compared with traditional feed additives, they have advantages such as wide sources, natural safety and rich nutrition. This study employed in vitro antioxidant and animal experiments to comprehensively evaluate the use of Toona sinensis extract (TSE) in broiler production. 508 1-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to the 7 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. Two groups received Vitamin C (VC) 300 g/t and Vitamin E 500 g/t, and five dose groups of TSE received 0, 300, 600, 900, and 1,200 g/t of TSE in their feed. The study spanned 42 days, with a starter phase (1-21 days) and a finisher phase (22-42 days). The results showed that compared to ascorbic acid, TSE had the scavenging ability of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical, with IC50 values of 0.6658 mg/mL and 33.1298 mg/mL, respectively. Compared to TSE 0 group, broilers fed with 1,200 g/t TSE showed significant weight gain during the starter phase and increased the feed-to-weight gain ratio during both the starter and finisher phases. Additionally, broilers receiving 1,200 g/t TSE had enhanced dry matter and organic matter utilization. Concerning meat quality, broilers in the 1,200 g/t TSE group demonstrated increased cooked meat yield, and pH value, as well as higher antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in serum. In addition, there was no significant difference in ileal microflora due to TSE supplementation. In summary, this study confirms the positive impact of a dietary inclusion of 1,200 g/t TSE on broiler growth, meat quality, and serum antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baolong Du
- Yizhou District Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Hami, China
| | - Minyan Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinlu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shizhen Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fang Nian
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Defu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Wendner D, Schott T, Mayer E, Teichmann K. Beneficial Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Epithelial Barrier Integrity in an In Vitro Co-Culture Model of the Piglet Gut. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031026. [PMID: 36770693 PMCID: PMC9920886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial farming of livestock is increasingly focused on high productivity and performance. As a result, concerns are growing regarding the safety of food and feed, and the sustainability involved in their production. Therefore, research in areas such as animal health, welfare, and the effects of feed additives on animals is of significant importance. In this study, an in vitro co-culture model of the piglet gut was used to investigate the effects of two phytogenic feed additives (PFA) with similar compositions. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were co-cultivated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to model the complex porcine gut environment in vitro. The effects of treatments on epithelial barrier integrity were assessed by means of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in the presence of an inflammatory challenge. Protective effects of PFA administration were observed, depending on treatment duration and the model compartment. After 48 h, TEER values were significantly increased by 12-13% when extracts of the PFA were applied to the basolateral compartment (p < 0.05; n = 4), while no significant effects on cell viability were observed. No significant differences in the activity of a PFA based mainly on pure chemical compounds versus a PFA based mainly on complex, natural essential oils, and extracts were found. Overall, the co-culture model was used successfully to investigate and demonstrate beneficial effects of PFAs on intestinal epithelial barrier function during an inflammatory challenge in vitro. In addition, it demonstrates that the two PFAs are equivalent in effect. This study provides useful insights for further research on porcine gut health status even without invasive in vivo trials.
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Yin S, You T, Tang J, Wang L, Jia G, Liu G, Tian G, Chen X, Cai J, Kang B, Zhao H. Dietary licorice flavonoids powder improves serum antioxidant capacity and immune organ inflammatory responses in weaned piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:942253. [PMID: 35958301 PMCID: PMC9360566 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.942253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning often induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in piglets. This study investigated the effects of dietary licorice flavonoids powder (LFP) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immunity in weaned piglets. Notably, 96 Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc (DLY) weaned piglets were randomly allocated to four treatments with 6 replicates (4 animals per replicate) and fed with diet supplementation with 0, 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg LFP, respectively. The trial lasted for 5 weeks. The results showed that dietary LFP supplementation effectively increased the liver index (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary LFP supplementation reduced serum aspartate aminotransferase activity (P < 0.01). Piglets fed with 50 mg/kg LFP decreased total cholesterol and HDL-C content in serum (P < 0.05) and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.01). Similarly, supplementation with 150 mg/kg LFP elevated the activity of total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) in serum (P < 0.01) and dietary with 150 and 250 mg/kg LFP increased T-AOC activity in spleen (P < 0.01). Moreover, dietary with 150 mg/kg LFP addition enhanced (P < 0.05) the serum IgG content of piglets. Additionally, compared with the control group, dietary 250 mg/kg LFP supplementation upregulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA abundance of Interleukin (IL)-1β and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in the spleen. Meanwhile, dietary 150 and 250 mg/kg LFP supplementation downregulated (P < 0.05) mRNA abundance of IL-10, and MCP-1 and 250 mg/kg LFP upregulated (P < 0.05) the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the thymus. In conclusion, LFP supplementation improved the immune function of piglets by regulating the activity of serum biochemical enzymes, improving the antioxidant capacity, and alleviating inflammation of immune organs. This study indicated that LFP is potential alternative protection against early weaned stress in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenggang Yin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting You
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Zhao
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Dang DX, Cho S, Kim IH. Silybum marianum seed extract supplementation
positively affects the body weight of weaned piglets by improving voluntary feed
intake. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:696-706. [PMID: 35969696 PMCID: PMC9353349 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of
Silybum marianum seed (SMS) extract on the growth
performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal noxious gas emission, and hematology
parameters in weaned piglets. A total of 120, 21-day-old weaned piglets
([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were randomly assigned to 3
groups based on the average initial body weight (6.46 ± 0.45 kg). There
were 8 replicate pens per treatment and 5 pigs (mixed sex) per pen. The
experimental period was 42 days. Dietary groups included a basal diet, and a
basal diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% SMS extract. Feeding weaned piglets
with SMS extract containing diet significantly increased average daily gain and
average daily feed intake. Additionally, the supplementation of SMS extract had
no significant effects on nutrient digestibility, serum hematology, and fecal
noxious gas emission parameters. We considered that the supplementation of SMS
extract had positive effects on the voluntary feed intake in weaned piglets,
thus improving growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Xin Dang
- Department of Animal Resource &
Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner
Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource &
Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Corresponding author: In Ho Kim,
Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan
31116, Korea. Tel: +82-41-550-3652, E-mail:
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