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Petrucciani A, Moretti P, Ortore MG, Norici A. Integrative effects of morphology, silicification, and light on diatom vertical movements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1143998. [PMID: 37056507 PMCID: PMC10087530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms represent the most abundant and diversified class of primary producers in present oceans; their distinctive trait is the ability to incorporate silicic acid in a silica outer shell called frustule. Numerous adaptative functions are ascribed to frustules, including the control of vertical movements through the water column; this indirectly determines cell access to fundamental resources such as light and nutrients, and favors diatom escape from predators. At the same time, light guides phototroph movements in the water column by affecting cell density (e.g., by modulating Si deposition in diatoms, vacuole volume, and/or solution). We investigated how the tremendous diversity in morphology and silicification that characterizes the frustule and the crucial role of light in diatom spatial distribution govern diatom sinking capacity. To test their integrative effects, we acclimated four diatoms distinguished by frustule traits (Chaetoceros muelleri, Conticribra weissflogii, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Cylindrotheca fusiformis) to different light conditions and evaluated their physiological performance in terms of growth, elemental composition, morphological changes, and their in vivo sinking capacity. What emerged from this study was that silicification, more than other morphological characteristics, controls species vertical movements, while a higher energy availability enhances cell floating independently from the silica content.
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Ren X, Yu Z, Song X, Zhu J, Wang W, Cao X. Effects of modified clay on the formation of Phaeocystis globosa colony revealed by physiological and transcriptomic analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155985. [PMID: 35597349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Phaeocystis globosa is commonly observed in global temperate and tropical oceans, and colonies of P. globosa exhibit a dominant morphotype during blooms. The use of polyaluminium chloride modified clay (PAC-MC) is an effective mitigation strategy for P. globosa blooms. Although previous studies have found that PAC-MC can stimulate P. globosa colony formation at low concentrations and inhibit it at higher concentrations, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively compared the physiochemical indices and transcriptomic response of residual P. globosa cells after treatment with two concentrations of PAC-MC. The results showed that PAC-MC induced oxidative stress, photosynthetic inhibition, and DNA damage in residual cells. Moreover, it could activate antioxidant responses and enhance the repair of photosynthetic structure and DNA damage in cells. The biosynthesis of polysaccharides was enhanced and genes associated with cell motility were down-regulated after treatment with PAC-MC, resulting in the accumulation of colonial matrixes. After treatment with a low concentration of PAC-MC (0.1 g/L), the residual cells were slightly stressed, including physical damage, oxidative stress and other damage, and polysaccharide synthesis was enhanced to promote colony formation to alleviate environmental stress. Moreover, the damage to residual cells was slight; thus, normal cell function provided abundant energy and matter for colony formation. After treatment with a high concentration of PAC-MC (0.5 g/L), the residual cells suffered severe damage, which disrupted normal physiological processes and inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. The present study elucidated the concentration-dependent mechanism of PAC-MC affecting the formation of P. globosa colonies and provided a reference for the application of PAC-MC to control P. globosa blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzheng Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihua Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Behrenfeld MJ, Halsey KH, Boss E, Karp‐Boss L, Milligan AJ, Peers G. Thoughts on the evolution and ecological niche of diatoms. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Behrenfeld
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University 4575 SW Research Way Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA
| | - Kimberly H. Halsey
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University Nash Hall 226 Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Emmanuel Boss
- School of Marine Sciences University of Maine 5706 Aubert Hall Orono Maine 04469‐5706 USA
| | - Lee Karp‐Boss
- School of Marine Sciences University of Maine 5706 Aubert Hall Orono Maine 04469‐5706 USA
| | - Allen J. Milligan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University 4575 SW Research Way Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA
| | - Graham Peers
- Department of Biology Colorado State University Biology Building, Room 111, 1878 Campus Delivery Fort Collins Colorado 80523‐1878 USA
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Lavoie M, Raven JA. How can large-celled diatoms rapidly modulate sinking rates episodically? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3386-3389. [PMID: 32161972 PMCID: PMC7364400 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lavoie
- Québec-Océan and Unité Mixte Internationale Takuvik Ulaval-CNRS, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec-Océan, Québec, Canada
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA, Australia
- Climate Changer Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Zhang SF, Zhang K, Cheng HM, Lin L, Wang DZ. Comparative transcriptomics reveals colony formation mechanism of a harmful algal bloom species Phaeocystis globosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137454. [PMID: 32114233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phaeocystis globosa is a major causative agent of harmful algal blooms in the global ocean, featuring a complex polymorphic life cycle alternating between free-living solitary cells and colonial cells. Colony is the dominant morphotype during P. globosa bloom. However, the underlying mechanism of colony formation is poorly understood. Here, we comprehensively compared global transcriptomes of P. globosa cells at four distinctive colony formation stages: free-living solitary cells, two cell-, four cell- and multi-cell colonies, under low (20 °C) and high (32 °C) temperatures, and characterized the genes involved in colony formation. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis was enhanced while its degradation was decreased during colony formation, resulting in the accumulation of GAGs that are an essential substrate of the colony matrix. Nitrogen metabolism and glutamine synthesis were remarkably increased in the colonial cells, which provided precursors for GAG synthesis. Furthermore, cell defense and motility were down-regulated in the colonial cells, thereby conserving energy for GAG synthesis. Notably, high temperature led to decreased synthesis and increased degradation of GAGs, resulting in insufficient substrates to form the colony. Our study indicates that GAGs accumulation is critical for colony formation of P. globosa, but high temperature inhibits GAGs' accumulation and colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Hua-Min Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Lavoie M, Saint-Béat B, Strauss J, Guérin S, Allard A, V. Hardy S, Falciatore A, Lavaud J. Genome-Scale Metabolic Reconstruction and in Silico Perturbation Analysis of the Polar Diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus Predicts High Metabolic Robustness. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020030. [PMID: 32079178 PMCID: PMC7168318 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diatoms are major primary producers in polar environments where they can actively grow under extremely variable conditions. Integrative modeling using a genome-scale model (GSM) is a powerful approach to decipher the complex interactions between components of diatom metabolism and can provide insights into metabolic mechanisms underlying their evolutionary success in polar ecosystems. We developed the first GSM for a polar diatom, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, which enabled us to study its metabolic robustness using sensitivity analysis. We find that the predicted growth rate was robust to changes in all model parameters (i.e., cell biochemical composition) except the carbon uptake rate. Constraints on total cellular carbon buffer the effect of changes in the input parameters on reaction fluxes and growth rate. We also show that single reaction deletion of 20% to 32% of active (nonzero flux) reactions and single gene deletion of 44% to 55% of genes associated with active reactions affected the growth rate, as well as the production fluxes of total protein, lipid, carbohydrate, DNA, RNA, and pigments by less than 1%, which was due to the activation of compensatory reactions (e.g., analogous enzymes and alternative pathways) with more highly connected metabolites involved in the reactions that were robust to deletion. Interestingly, including highly divergent alleles unique for F. cylindrus increased its metabolic robustness to cellular perturbations even more. Overall, our results underscore the high robustness of metabolism in F. cylindrus, a feature that likely helps to maintain cell homeostasis under polar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lavoie
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Blanche Saint-Béat
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jan Strauss
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
- CSSB Centre for Structural Systems Biology, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Guérin
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Antoine Allard
- Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Centre interdisciplinaire de modélisation mathématique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Simon V. Hardy
- Département d’informatique et génie logiciel, Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Unité des Neurosciences cellulaires et moléculaires, Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Angela Falciatore
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Johann Lavaud
- Unité Mixte Internationale 3376 Takuvik, CNRS-ULaval, Département de Biologie and Québec-Océan, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.S.-B.); (S.G.); (J.L.)
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Du Clos KT, Karp-Boss L, Villareal TA, Gemmell BJ. Coscinodiscus wailesii mutes unsteady sinking in dark conditions. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20180816. [PMID: 30890072 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of large, centric diatoms exhibit an unsteady sinking behaviour characterized by order-of-magnitude oscillations in sinking speed that occur over seconds. We show that under nutrient-depleted conditions, Coscinodiscus wailesii exhibits significantly stronger unsteady sinking behaviour in the light than in the dark. Results suggest that regulating unsteady sinking in response to irradiance as well as nutrient conditions may help C. wailesii balance its requirements for light and nutrients, which are often spatially separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Du Clos
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL 33620 , USA.,2 Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Lee Karp-Boss
- 3 School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine , Orono, ME 04473 , USA
| | - Tracy A Villareal
- 2 Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Brad J Gemmell
- 1 Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL 33620 , USA
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Pančić M, Kiørboe T. Phytoplankton defence mechanisms: traits and trade-offs. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1269-1303. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pančić
- Centre for Ocean Life; Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Kemitorvet B201; Kongens Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
| | - Thomas Kiørboe
- Centre for Ocean Life; Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua, Kemitorvet B201; Kongens Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
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Li Y, Zhuang S, Wu Y, Ren H, Chen F, Lin X, Wang K, Beardall J, Gao K. Ocean acidification modulates expression of genes and physiological performance of a marine diatom. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170970. [PMID: 28192486 PMCID: PMC5305191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean Acidification (OA) is known to affect various aspects of physiological performances of diatoms, but little is known about the underlining molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we show that in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the expression of key genes associated with photosynthetic light harvesting as well as those encoding Rubisco, carbonic anhydrase, NADH dehydrogenase and nitrite reductase, are modulated by OA (1000 μatm, pHnbs 7.83). Growth and photosynthetic carbon fixation were enhanced by elevated CO2. OA treatment decreased the expression of β-carbonic anhydrase (β-ca), which functions in balancing intracellular carbonate chemistry and the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). The expression of the genes encoding fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c protein (lhcf type (fcp)), mitochondrial ATP synthase (mtATP), ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene (rbcl) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ndh2), were down-regulated during the first four days (< 8 generations) after the cells were transferred from LC (cells grown under ambient air condition; 390 μatm; pHnbs 8.19) to OA conditions, with no significant difference between LC and HC treatments with the time elapsed. The expression of nitrite reductase (nir) was up-regulated by the OA treatment. Additionally, the genes for these proteins (NiR, FCP, mtATP synthase, β-CA) showed diel expression patterns. It appeared that the enhanced photosynthetic and growth rates under OA could be attributed to stimulated nitrogen assimilation, increased CO2 availability or saved energy from down-regulation of the CCM and consequently lowered cost of protein synthesis versus that of non-nitrogenous cell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shufang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yaping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Honglin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - John Beardall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Ruan Z, Giordano M. The use of NH 4+ rather than NO 3- affects cell stoichiometry, C allocation, photosynthesis and growth in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. UTEX LB 2380, only when energy is limiting. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:227-236. [PMID: 27982443 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of N-NO3- requires more energy than that of N-NH4+ . This becomes relevant when energy is limiting and may impinge differently on cell energy budget depending on depth, time of the day and season. We hypothesize that N-limited and energy-limited cells of the oceanic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. differ in their response to the N source with respect to growth, elemental stoichiometry and carbon allocation. Under N limitation, cells retained almost absolute homeostasis of elemental and organic composition, and the use of NH4+ did not stimulate growth. When energy was limiting, however, Synechococcus grew faster in NH4+ than in NO3- and had higher C (20%), N (38%) and S (30%) cell quotas. Furthermore, more C was allocated to protein, whereas the carbohydrate and lipid pool size did not change appreciably. Energy limitation also led to a higher photosynthetic rate relative to N limitation. We interpret these results as an indication that, under energy limitation, the use of the least expensive N source allowed a spillover of the energy saved from N assimilation to the assimilation of other nutrients. The change in elemental stoichiometry influenced C allocation, inducing an increase in cell protein, which resulted in a stimulation of photosynthesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxi Ruan
- Marine Biology Institute, Science Center, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Mario Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Algatech, Trebon, Czech Republic
- National Research Council, Institute of Marine Science, Venezia, Italy
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Lavoie M, Raven JA, Jones OAH, Qian H. Energy cost of intracellular metal and metalloid detoxification in wild-type eukaryotic phytoplankton. Metallomics 2016; 8:1097-1109. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00049e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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