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Song Y, Yang X, Li S, Luo Y, Chang JS, Hu Z. Thraustochytrids as a promising source of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols: bioactive compound biosynthesis, and modern biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:618-640. [PMID: 37158096 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2196373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are eukaryotes and obligate marine protists. They are increasingly considered to be a promising feed additive because of their superior and sustainable application in the production of health-benefiting bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols. Moreover, the increasing demand makes it critical to rationally design the targeted products by engineering industrial strains. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in thraustochytrids were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Metabolic networks and biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols were methodically summarized. Further, stress-based strategies used in thraustochytrids were reviewed to explore the potential methodologies for enhancing specific product yields. There are internal relationships between the biosynthesis of fatty acids, carotenoids, and sterols in thraustochytrids since they share some branches of the synthetic routes with some intermediate substrates in common. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these compounds are being synthesized in thraustochytrids still remains uncovered. Further, combined with omics technologies to deeply understand the mechanism and effects of different stresses is necessary, which could provide guidance for genetic engineering. While gene-editing technology has allowed targeted gene knock-in and knock-outs in thraustochytrids, efficient gene editing is still required. This critical review will provide comprehensive information to benefit boosting the commercial productivity of specific bioactive substances by thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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Policastro G, Ebrahimi S, Weissbrodt DG, Fabbricino M, van Loosdrecht MCM. Selecting for a high lipid accumulating microalgae culture by dual growth limitation in a continuous bioreactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169213. [PMID: 38097066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
A dual-growth-limited continuous operated bioreactor (chemostat) was used to enhance lipid accumulation in an enrichment culture of microalgae. The light intensity and nitrogen concentration where both limiting factors resulting in high lipid accumulation in the mixed culture. Both conditions of light and nitrogen excess and deficiency were tested. Strategies to selectively enrich for a phototrophic lipid-storing community, based on the use of different nitrogen sources (ammonium vs. nitrate) and vitamin B supplementation in the growth medium, were evaluated. The dual limitation of both nitrogen and light enhanced the accumulation of storage compounds. Ammoniacal nitrogen was the preferred nitrogen source. Vitamin B supplementation led to a doubling of the lipid productivity. The availability of vitamins played a key role in selecting an efficient lipid-storing community, primarily consisting of Trebouxiophyceae (with an 82 % relative abundance among eukaryotic microorganisms). The obtained lipid volumetric productivity (387 mg L-1 d-1) was among the highest reported in literature for microalgae bioreactors. Lipid production by the microalgae enrichment surpassed the efficiencies reported for continuous microalgae pure cultures, highlighting the benefits of mixed-culture photo-biotechnologies for fuels and food ingredients in the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Policastro
- Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Telematic University Pegaso, Naples, Italy; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sirous Ebrahimi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - David G Weissbrodt
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Massimiliano Fabbricino
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Wang M, Ye X, Bi H, Shen Z. Microalgae biofuels: illuminating the path to a sustainable future amidst challenges and opportunities. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:10. [PMID: 38254224 PMCID: PMC10804497 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The development of microalgal biofuels is of significant importance in advancing the energy transition, alleviating food pressure, preserving the natural environment, and addressing climate change. Numerous countries and regions across the globe have conducted extensive research and strategic planning on microalgal bioenergy, investing significant funds and manpower into this field. However, the microalgae biofuel industry has faced a downturn due to the constraints of high costs. In the past decade, with the development of new strains, technologies, and equipment, the feasibility of large-scale production of microalgae biofuel should be re-evaluated. Here, we have gathered research results from the past decade regarding microalgae biofuel production, providing insights into the opportunities and challenges faced by this industry from the perspectives of microalgae selection, modification, and cultivation. In this review, we suggest that highly adaptable microalgae are the preferred choice for large-scale biofuel production, especially strains that can utilize high concentrations of inorganic carbon sources and possess stress resistance. The use of omics technologies and genetic editing has greatly enhanced lipid accumulation in microalgae. However, the associated risks have constrained the feasibility of large-scale outdoor cultivation. Therefore, the relatively controllable cultivation method of photobioreactors (PBRs) has made it the mainstream approach for microalgae biofuel production. Moreover, adjusting the performance and parameters of PBRs can also enhance lipid accumulation in microalgae. In the future, given the relentless escalation in demand for sustainable energy sources, microalgae biofuels should be deemed a pivotal constituent of national energy planning, particularly in the case of China. The advancement of synthetic biology helps reduce the risks associated with genetically modified (GM) microalgae and enhances the economic viability of their biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Hongwen Bi
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zhongbao Shen
- Grass and Science Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.
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Yakoviichuk A, Krivova Z, Maltseva S, Kochubey A, Kulikovskiy M, Maltsev Y. Antioxidant Status and Biotechnological Potential of New Vischeria vischeri (Eustigmatophyceae) Soil Strains in Enrichment Cultures. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:654. [PMID: 36978902 PMCID: PMC10045218 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional state of enrichment cultures of the Eustigmatophycean strains Vischeria vischeri MZ-E3 and MZ-E4 after 25-day cultivation in the BBM medium was studied. The concentrations of chlorophyll a, total carotenoids, protein, vitamins A and E, fatty acid peroxidation product content, an antioxidant enzyme, and succinate dehydrogenase activity were measured. MZ-E3 succinate dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher by 2.21 times; the MZ-E4 strain had 2.94 times higher glutathione peroxidase activity. The MZ-E3 antioxidant activity index and the MZ-E3 unsaturation of fatty acids were 1.3 and 1.25 times higher than the MZ-E4. The retinol and α-tocopherol content of the MZ-E3 was 28.6% and 38.76% higher than MZ-E4. The main fatty acid profile differences were the 3.46-fold and 3.92-fold higher stearic and eicosapentaenoic acid content in the MZ-E4 biomass. MZ-E3 had higher antioxidant, energy, and metabolic and photosynthetic status than MZ-E4. The antioxidant status of the studied strains showed the dependence of the adaptive mechanisms of each, associated with differences in the ecological conditions of the biotopes from which they were isolated. These strains are promising for producing α-tocopherol and biomass enriched with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Yakoviichuk
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, A. Makarenko Melitopol State University, Melitopol 72312, Russia
| | - Zinaida Krivova
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics of Aquatic Plants, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Svetlana Maltseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics of Aquatic Plants, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Angelica Kochubey
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, A. Makarenko Melitopol State University, Melitopol 72312, Russia
| | - Maxim Kulikovskiy
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics of Aquatic Plants, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Yevhen Maltsev
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics of Aquatic Plants, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow 127276, Russia
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Aburai N, Kitajima E, Morita R, Fujii K. Nitrogen-assisted lipid production by biofilms of aerial microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea KGU-D001 in the aerial phase. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:60. [PMID: 36624247 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aerial microalga (Coccomyxa subellipsoidea KGU-D001) was photoautotrophically cultured under aerial phase conditions, and the influence of the nitrogen source on lipid production was investigated. Coccomyxa biofilms were introduced onto cotton wool using pure water (i.e., nutrient depletion) or a nitrogen-containing solution in a Petri dish, and they were cultured for 14 days under aerial phase conditions. The biomass in the biofilm increased by more than 150% in 14 days under nutrient depleted conditions and then increased further by approximately 30% following the addition of a nitrogen source. The lipid content rose under both nutrient depletion and nitrogen-added conditions, increasing by 170 and 150% in 14 days, respectively. The protein and sugar contents were also monitored and analyzed. In the presence of a nitrogen source, C. subellipsoidea undergo cell division in a relatively short time span, and biomass and lipids can be synthesized under both nutrient depleted and nitrogen-added conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Aburai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
| | - Emi Kitajima
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Rei Morita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fujii
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1 Nakano-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Rozmoš M, Nedbalová L, Jansa J. Separation of triacylglycerols containing positional isomers of hexadecenoic acids by enantiomeric liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1208:123401. [PMID: 35921696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing positional isomers of hypogeic (Hy), palmitoleic (Po), and palmitvaccenic (Pv) acids from three microorganisms (top-fermenting brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, green alga Coccomyxa elongata, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis) were analyzed. Dozens of regioisomers and enantiomers of TAGs containing one, two or three hexadecenoic acids have been identified by means of reversed phase chromatography/mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS). The regioisomers of TAGs containing two palmitic acids and any hexadecenoic acid were separated. Analysis of regioisomers of TAGs having one Pv residue showed that asymmetric molecular species such as PvPP or PPPv were dominant in Rhizophagus. TAGs were also analyzed on a chiral phase column and nine molecular species of TAGs containing two palmitic and any of three hexadecenoic acids were separated and identified. In the case of TAGs containing one palmitic and two hexadecenoic acids, the separation was successful only if the hexadecenoic acids were identical. Separation of TAGs containing three hexadecenoic acids was successful only if all three hexadecenoic acids were identical. Regardless of the type of TAG, it was found that TAGs in the AM fungus and containing palmitvaccenic acid bound at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone were dominant, suggesting similarity in the biosynthesis of the different TAGs. The covalent adduct chemical ionization method was used for identification of TAGs as adduct with (1-methyleneimino)-1-ethenyl ion, which reacted with double bond of the unsaturated fatty acid. Tandem MS thus makes it possible to identify TAGs containing various hexadecenoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Desjardins SM, Laamanen CA, Basiliko N, Senhorinho GNA, Scott JA. Dark stress for improved lipid quantity and quality in bioprospected acid-tolerant green microalgae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6615457. [PMID: 35746875 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cost of microalgae cultivation is one of the largest limitations to achieving sustainable, large-scale microalgae production of commercially desirable lipids. Utilizing CO2 as a 'free' carbon source from waste industrial flue gas emissions can offer wide-ranging cost savings. However, these gas streams typically create acidic environments, in which most microalgae cannot survive due to the concentration of CO2 and the presence of other acidic gasses such as NO2 and SO2. To address this situation, we investigated growth of a mixed acid-tolerant green microalgal culture (91% dominated by a single Coccomyxa sp. taxon) bioprospected at pH 2.8 from an acid mine drainage impacted water body. The culture was grown at pH 2.5 and fed with a simulated flue gas containing 6% CO2 and 94% N2. On reaching the end of the exponential growth phase, the culture was exposed to either continued light-dark cycle conditions or continual dark conditions. After three days in the dark, the biomass consisted of 28% of lipids, which was 42% higher than at the end of the exponential phase and 55% higher than the maximum lipid content achieved under light/dark conditions. The stress caused by being continually in the dark also favoured the production of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; 19.47% and 21.04%, respectively, after 7 days) compared to 7-days of light-dark treatment (1.94% and 9.53%, respectively) and showed an increase in nitrogen content (C:N ratio of 6.4) compared to light-dark treatment (C:N ratio of 11.9). The results of the research indicate that use of acid tolerant microalgae overcomes issues using flue gasses that will create an acidic environment and that applying dark stress is a low-cost stressor stimulates production of desirable dietary lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Desjardins
- School of Engineering, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Corey A Laamanen
- School of Engineering, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Nathan Basiliko
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Gerusa N A Senhorinho
- School of Engineering, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - John A Scott
- School of Engineering, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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Lipid accumulation by Coelastrella multistriata (Scenedesmaceae, Sphaeropleales) during nitrogen and phosphorus starvation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19818. [PMID: 34615938 PMCID: PMC8494790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel freshwater strain of Coelastrella multistriata MZ-Ch23 was discovered in Tula region, Russia. The identification is based on morphological features, phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA gene and ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region and predicted secondary structure of the ITS2. Phylogenetic analysis places the novel strain in the "core" Coelastrella clade within the Chlorophyceae. This is the first record of Coelastrella multistriata in the algal flora of Russia. Cultivation experiments were carried out to evaluate growth dynamics of the newly identified strain and the impact of nitrogen and/or phosphorus depletion on the fatty acid profiles and lipid productivity. On the fully supplemented Bold's basal medium and under phosphorus-depleted conditions as well, the fatty acid profiles were dominated by α-linolenic acid (29.4-38.1% of total fatty acids). Depletion of either nitrogen or both nitrogen and phosphorus was associated with increased content of oleic acid (32.9-33.7%) and linoleic acid (11.9%). Prolongation of the growth to two months (instead of 25 days) resulted in increased content and diversity of very long-chain fatty acids including saturated species. The total very long-chain fatty acid content of 9.99% achieved in these experiments was 1.9-12.3-fold higher than in stress experiments. The highest variation was observed for oleic acid (3.4-33.7%). The novel strain showed the ability to accumulate lipids in amounts up to 639.8 mg L-1 under nitrogen and phosphorus starvation, which exceeds the previously obtained values for most Coelastrella strains. Thus, the newly identified MZ-Ch23 strain can be considered as a potential producer of omega-3 fatty acids on fully supplemented Bold's basal medium or as a source of biomass with high content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids after nitrogen and phosphorus starvation.
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Maltsev Y, Maltseva A, Maltseva S. Differential Zn and Mn sensitivity of microalgae species from genera Bracteacoccus and Lobosphaera. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:57412-57423. [PMID: 34409533 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common pollutants in natural ecosystems is heavy metals. Algae are sensitive to the action of heavy metals. This allows to use algae to assess the toxicity of heavy metals, bioindication, and during phycoremediation. This study examines the effect of different Zn and Mn concentrations (1.0, 5.0, 25.0, 50.0, 500.0, 1000.0 mg L-1) on green algae Bracteacoccus minor and Lobosphaera incisa in a chronic bioassay. The results of this study showed that the toxic effect of Zn and Mn on B. minor and L. incisa begins to manifest itself at the lowest of the studied metal concentrations-1 mg L-1. The critical concentration of Zn, which leads to the complete death of B. minor and L. incisa, is 50.0 and 500.0 mg L-1, and Mn is 1000.0 mg L-1 and 500.0 mg L-1, respectively. It was found that principal component (PC) 1 accounts for 60.47% of the total variance and reflects changes associated with low concentrations of heavy metals (up to 5.0 mg L-1). PC2 accounts for 27.95% of the total variance. PC2 is mostly associated with high concentrations of ions of heavy metals. Thus, the effect of Zn and Mn concentrations up to 5 mg L-1and above 50 mg L-1on B. minor and L. incisa has a different character. At the same time, the response of the studied algae species to the action of Zn and Mn has individual differences. In general, B. minor is more resistant to Mn, while L. incisa is more resistant to Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Maltsev
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anna Maltseva
- Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University, Melitopol, 72312, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana Maltseva
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, 127276, Moscow, Russia
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Nayar S, Thangavel G. CsubMADS1, a lag phase transcription factor, controls development of polar eukaryotic microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C-169. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1228-1242. [PMID: 34160095 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) have not been functionally delineated in microalgae. In this study, the role of CsubMADS1 from microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C-169 has been explored. Unlike Type II MADS-box proteins of seed plants with MADS, Intervening, K-box, and C domains, CsubMADS1 only has MADS and Intervening domains. It forms a group with MADS TFs from algae in the phylogenetic tree within the Type II MIKCC clade. CsubMADS1 is expressed strongly in the lag phase of growth. The CsubMADS1 monomer does not have a specific localization in the nucleus, and it forms homodimers to localize exclusively in the nucleus. The monomer has two nuclear localization signals (NLSs): an N-terminal NLS and an internal NLS. The internal NLS is functional, and the homodimer requires two NLSs for specific nuclear localization. Overexpression (OX) of CsubMADS1 slows down the growth of the culture and leads to the creation of giant polyploid multinucleate cells, resembling autospore mother cells. This implies that the release of autospores from autospore mother cells may be delayed. Thus, in wild-type (WT) cells, CsubMADS1 may play a crucial role in slowing down growth during the lag phase. Due to starvation in 2-month-old colonies on solid media, the WT colonies produce mucilage, whereas OX colonies produce significantly less mucilage. Thus, CsubMADS1 also negatively regulates stress-induced mucilage production and probably plays a role in stress tolerance during the lag phase. Taken together, our results reveal that CsubMADS1 is a key TF involved in the development and stress tolerance of this polar microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswati Nayar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India
| | - Gokilavani Thangavel
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, India
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Nicolò MS, Gugliandolo C, Rizzo MG, Zammuto V, Cicero N, Dugo G, Guglielmino SPP. Nutritional conditions of the novel freshwater Coccomyxa AP01 for versatile fatty acids composition. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:401-412. [PMID: 34260800 PMCID: PMC9292221 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study was to analyse the biomass production and fatty acids (FAs) profiles in a newly isolated chlorophyte, namely Coccomyxa AP01, under nutritionally balanced (NB) conditions (comparing nitrate and urea as nitrogen sources) and nitrogen or phosphate deprivation. METHODS AND RESULTS Lipid yields was about 30%-40% of dried biomasses in all examined nutritional conditions. Under NB conditions, lipids were principally constituted by monounsaturated FAs, mainly represented by oleic acid, and saturated and polyunsaturated FAs at similar concentrations. Nutrients deprivation induced remarkable changes in FAs profiles, with the highest amounts of saturated (42%-46%), followed by similar amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, and the emergence of rare long-chain FAs. Under phosphate deprivation, biomass yield was similar to NB conditions, with the highest yield of saturated (mainly palmitic acid) and of polyunsaturated FAs (33%) (mainly linoleic and linolenic acids). CONCLUSIONS Balanced or deprived nutritional conditions in Coccomyxa AP01 induced a selective production and composition of FAs. The phosphate-deprivation condition concomitantly provided high biomass yield and the production of high value saturated and polyunsaturated FAs with industrial interest. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Coccomyxa AP01 could be considered a promising source of different FAs, including also docosapentaenoic acid, for several commercial purposes spanning from biodiesel production, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications to innovative aquaculture fish feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sebastiano Nicolò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Zammuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Maltsev Y, Maltseva I, Maltseva S, Kociolek JP, Kulikovskiy M. A New Species of Freshwater Algae Nephrochlamys yushanlensis sp. nov. (Selenastraceae, Sphaeropleales) and Its Lipid Accumulation during Nitrogen and Phosphorus Starvation. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:606-618. [PMID: 33296071 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The new species Nephrochlamys yushanlensis sp. nov. is described from a freshwater plankton sample. A comparison of morphology, 18S rDNA gene and ITS2 sequences, and fatty acid profiles showed that the novel strain represents a new lineage within the genus Nephrochlamys. For the first time with a member of the Selenastraceae, experiments with phosphate and nitrate deprivation were conducted to evaluate changes in biomass, lipid and triacylglycerol (TAGs) accumulation, and composition of fatty acids. Biomass dry weight under simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus depletion was 1.73 g · L-1 , which is significantly lower than the 2.41 g · L-1 observed in the control. All conditions of nutrient restriction significantly increased the lipid content in comparison with the control. The largest increase in the total lipid content, reaching 58.64% DW per cell at the end of cultivation, occurred with nitrogen deficiency. Significant increases in TAGs content (to 23.69% and 21.74%, respectively) occurred in phosphorus- and nitrogen-depleted conditions in comparison to the control (16.90%). Oleic (49.8-64.1%), palmitic (21.1-22.7%), and linoleic (8.6-10.3%) acids were the dominant fatty acids when cultured on standard BBM medium, as well as with the shortage of nutrients. Phosphorus deprivation as well as absence of both nitrogen and phosphorus led to the appearance of FAMEs α-linolenic (1.5-4.1%) and stearidonic (1.0-1.8%) acids. In general, FAME profiles revealed that the relative percentage of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased (88.9% of total fatty acids) in nitrogen-depletion conditions, suggesting this strain may be suitable for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Maltsev
- К.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Irina Maltseva
- Bohdan Khmelnytskyi Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 72312, Melitopol, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana Maltseva
- К.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - John Patrick Kociolek
- Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Maxim Kulikovskiy
- К.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, IPP RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of the Aerophytic Cave Alga Coccomyxa subglobosa as a Source for Biodiesel Production. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13246494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic alga Coccomyxa subglobosa, collected from the Głowoniowa Nyża Cave (Tatra Mountains, Poland), is a source of fatty acids (FAs) that could be used for biodiesel production. FAs from subaerial algae have unlimited availability because of the ubiquity of algae in nature. Algal culture was carried out under laboratory conditions and algal biomass was measured during growth phase, resulting in 5 g of dry weight (32% oil). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile was analyzed by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of lipids and chloroplasts in C. subglobosa was demonstrated using GC–MS and confocal laser microscopy. Naturally occurring FAMEs contained C12–C24 compounds, and methyl palmitate (28.5%) and methyl stearate (45%) were the predominant lipid species. Aerophytic algae could be an important component of biodiesel production, as they are omnipresent and environmentally friendly, contain more methyl esters than seaweed, and can be easily produced on a large scale.
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