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Sun Y, Yin Y, Yang S, Ai D, Qin H, Xia X, Xu X, Song J. Lipotoxicity: The missing link between diabetes and periodontitis? J Periodontal Res 2024; 59:431-445. [PMID: 38419425 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity refers to the accumulation of lipids in tissues other than adipose tissue (body fat). It is one of the major pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the progression of diabetes complications such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetic nephropathy. Accumulating evidence indicates that lipotoxicity also contributes significantly to the toxic effects of diabetes on periodontitis. Therefore, we reviewed the current in vivo, in vitro, and clinical evidence of the detrimental effects of lipotoxicity on periodontitis, focusing on its molecular mechanisms, especially oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, ceramides, adipokines, and programmed cell death pathways. By elucidating potential therapeutic strategies targeting lipotoxicity and describing their associated mechanisms and clinical outcomes, including metformin, statins, liraglutide, adiponectin, and omega-3 PUFA, this review seeks to provide a more comprehensive and effective treatment framework against diabetes-associated periodontitis. Furthermore, the challenges and future research directions are proposed, aiming to contribute to a more profound understanding of the impact of lipotoxicity on periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Sihan Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongqing Ai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Han Qin
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuyun Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinlin Song
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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Viglianisi G, Santonocito S, Lupi SM, Amato M, Spagnuolo G, Pesce P, Isola G. Impact of local drug delivery and natural agents as new target strategies against periodontitis: new challenges for personalized therapeutic approach. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231191043. [PMID: 37720593 PMCID: PMC10501082 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231191043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a persistent inflammation of the soft tissue around the teeth that affects 60% of the population in the globe. The self-maintenance of the inflammatory process can cause periodontal damage from the alveolar bone resorption to tooth loss in order to contrast the effects of periodontitis, the main therapy used is scaling and root planing (SRP). At the same time, studying the physiopathology of periodontitis has shown the possibility of using a local drug delivery system as an adjunctive therapy. Using local drug delivery devices in conjunction with SRP therapy for periodontitis is a potential tool since it increases drug efficacy and minimizes negative effects by managing drug release. This review emphasized how the use of local drug delivery agents and natural agents could be promising adjuvants for the treatment of periodontitis patients affected or not by cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other system problems. Moreover, the review evidences the current issues and new ideas that can inspire potential later study for both basic research and clinical practice for a tailored approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Viglianisi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialities, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialities, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Saturnino Marco Lupi
- Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Amato
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialities, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Pesce
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialities, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, Catania 95123, Italy
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Yiğit U, Kırzıoğlu FY, Özmen Ö. Effects of low dose doxycycline and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on sclerostin and bone morphogenic protein-2 expressions in experimental periodontitis. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:567-575. [PMID: 35135409 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2036370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and low-dose doxycycline (LDD) on sclerostin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 expression in experimental periodontitis. We used male rats in groups as follows: control group (C), periodontitis + CAPE group (PC), periodontitis + LDD group (PD), periodontitis + LDD + CAPE group (PCD) and periodontitis group (P). We administered 10 µmol/kg/day CAPE by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 10 mg/kg/day LDD by oral gavage. Histopathological changes among groups were evaluated and compared. Sclerostin and BMP-2 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. LDD and/or CAPE treatment ameliorated pathology. The highest sclerostin and lowest BMP-2 expressions were found in P group. Group PC exhibited the highest BMP-2 expression scores and the most significant improvement among the treatment groups. The lowest sclerostin expression was observed in the PD group. We found that preventing sclerostin activity may be a useful treatment alternative for bone resorption, especially in cases of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. We found that CAPE and/or LDD may act as anti-sclerostin agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Yiğit
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yeşim Kırzıoğlu
- Department of Periodontogy, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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Saadat S, Boskabady MH. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Rosuvastatin on Asthmatic, Hyperlipidemic, and Asthmatic-Hyperlipidemic Rat Models. Inflammation 2021; 44:2279-2290. [PMID: 34226988 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins could be of potential therapeutic effect in asthma due to their pleiotropic effects on inflammation process. This study aimed to examine the possible interaction of serum lipids, and evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin treatment on asthma. Seven groups of rats, namely control (C), asthmatic (A), hyperlipidemic (H), asthmatic-hyperlipidemic (AH), rosuvastatin (40 mg/kg)-treated asthmatic (AR), rosuvastatin-treated hyperlipidemic (HR), and rosuvastatin-treated hyperlipidemic-asthmatic (AHR) groups, were studied. Total and differential WBC counts, serum oxidative stress markers, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were evaluated. In the A and AH groups, total and differential WBC counts, and IL-6 and IL-10 levels were higher than in the C group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). An increase in nitrite and malondialdehyde concentrations and a decrease in total thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were observed in the A, H, and AH groups compared to the C group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Beyond lipid lowering, rosuvastatin treatment reduced total and differential WBC counts in the A and AH groups (p<0.05 to p<0.001), IL-6 level in the AH group (p<0.05), and IL-10 level in all treated groups (p<0.05). Rosuvastatin reduced oxidative stress by decreasing nitrite and malondialdehyde concentrations, and increasing total thiol content in all treated groups as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the H and AH groups (p<0.05 to p<0.01). Rosuvastatin reduced airway inflammation and oxidation through regulating NOS and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and inflammatory cells, which indicate a novel insight into the pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin in treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Saadat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Isola G, Polizzi A, Alibrandi A, Williams RC, Lo Giudice A. Analysis of galectin-3 levels as a source of coronary heart disease risk during periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:597-605. [PMID: 33641161 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Different evidence has shown that Galectins have a key role as modulators of cell surface functions and signaling in a wide range of inflammatory diseases during their preclinical stages. The aim of this study was to analyze the association and impact of periodontitis and coronary heart disease (CHD) on salivary and serum Galectin-3 in patients with periodontitis and CHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the present study, healthy controls (n = 38), periodontitis (n = 40), CHD (n = 39), and a combination of periodontitis +CHD (n = 38) patients were enrolled and analyzed. In each patient, demographic characteristics and a full-mouth clinical periodontal examination were achieved. Moreover, serum and salivary samples were collected to assess Galectin-3 and Endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels. The Jonckheere-Terpstra p-trend and Spearman's correlation tests as well as uni- and linear regression analyses were used to analyze the study data. RESULTS Patients with periodontitis (serum, p = .003; saliva, p < .001) and periodontitis + CHD groups (serum p = .004; saliva, p < .001) had higher median serum and salivary concentrations of Galectin-3 in comparison with CHD and healthy controls. Serum (p = .006) and salivary (p = .009) Galectin-3 levels were significantly correlated with serum ET-1. The multivariate regression analysis highlighted that periodontitis (p = .047) was the significant predictor of serum Galectin-3 levels while ET-1 (p = .028) was the significant predictor of salivary Galectin-3 levels. CONCLUSION The results showed that patients with periodontitis and periodontitis + CHD presented significant higher serum and salivary Galectin-3 levels in comparison with CHD patients and healthy subjects. Periodontitis and ET-1 were the significant predictors of serum and salivary Galectin-3 levels, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economics, Unit of Statistical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ray C Williams
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Antonino Lo Giudice
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Isola G, Polizzi A, Alibrandi A, Williams RC, Leonardi R. Independent impact of periodontitis and cardiovascular disease on elevated soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels. J Periodontol 2021; 92:896-906. [PMID: 33091149 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that a soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) plays an essential function in leukocytes and endothelial homeostasis and, therefore, in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and periodontitis. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of gingival health, periodontitis, and CHD on suPAR levels in plasma and saliva and to evaluate suPAR as a biomarker of periodontitis and CHD. METHODS Healthy controls (n = 33), patients with periodontitis (n = 31), CHD (n = 29), and a combination of periodontitis + CHD (n = 29) were enrolled in the present study. All patients were clinically and periodontally evaluated and regularly assessed for socioeconomic status, serum lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and for plasma and salivary suPAR levels. RESULTS Patients with periodontitis (P <.001) and with periodontitis + CHD (P <.001) presented higher median plasma and salivary suPAR levels compared with CHD and healthy controls. Moreover, univariate regression analysis demonstrated that hs-CRP (P <.001) and periodontitis (P <.001) had a significant negative direct effect on both plasma and salivary suPAR levels. The multivariate regression analysis showed that periodontitis was the only significant predictor of plasma suPAR (P = .035) while hs-CRP was the only significant predictor of salivary suPAR (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study demonstrated that patients with periodontitis and periodontitis + CHD presented higher suPAR levels in both plasma and saliva in comparison with healthy controls and CHD. Moreover, periodontitis and hs-CRP were the only significant predictors of the augmented suPAR levels in plasma and saliva, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economics, Unit of Statistical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ray C Williams
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Doğan B, Kemer Doğan ES, Özmen Ö, Fentoğlu Ö, Kırzıoğlu FY, Calapoğlu M. Synergistic Effect of Omega-3 and Probiotic Supplementation on Preventing Ligature-Induced Periodontitis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:114-120. [PMID: 34037942 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 and probiotics were shown to improve periodontal health by modulating the host immune response. Recently, the combination of omega-3 and probiotics has been shown to have a potential synergistic effect on host modulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic role of an omega-3 and probiotic combination on alveolar bone loss (ABL) via inflammatory response in an experimental periodontitis model. Forty-three rats were divided into 5 groups as control (C, n = 8), periodontitis (P, n = 8), omega-3 + periodontitis (O, n = 8), probiotic + periodontitis (Pro, n = 10), and omega-3 + probiotic + periodontitis (OPro, n = 9). Additionally to a standardized diet, omega-3 and/or probiotics were supplemented with oral gavage to the O, Pro, and OPro groups for 44 days. Periodontitis was induced by ligature to the P, O, Pro, and OPro groups on the 30th day for 2 weeks. ABL levels were measured histopathologically, and serum interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, and IL10 levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ABL increased in all periodontitis groups (P, O, Pro, and OPro), compared to C group. Compared to P group, all oral gavage groups (O, Pro, and OPro) revealed decreased ABL, which was lowest in OPro group. IL1β and IL6 decreased and IL10 increased in OPro group, compared to P group. In conclusion, prophylactic administration of omega-3 and probiotic combination reduced ABL and improved serum IL1β, IL6, and IL10 levels more than their single use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Doğan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
| | - Esra Sinem Kemer Doğan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Özlem Fentoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yeşim Kırzıoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Calapoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Yu S, Fan X, Zheng S, Lin L, Liu J, Pan Y, Li C. The sialidase inhibitor, DANA, reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis pathogenicity and exerts anti-inflammatory effects: An in vitro and in vivo experiment. J Periodontol 2020; 92:286-297. [PMID: 32609876 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialidase has an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and Porphyromonas gingivalis is a sialidase-producing organism implicated in periodontitis development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-virulence and anti-inflammatory properties of the sialidase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA), in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The effects of DANA on P. gingivalis sialidase and cell viability were determined, and the effects of DANA on P. gingivalis virulence were evaluated by assessment of growth curves, cell morphology, biofilm formation, fimbriae gene expression, and gingipains and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity. Anti-inflammatory effects of DANA on LPS-induced macrophages were assessed by measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) secretions. The effect of DANA on P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis in rats was analyzed by radiography, stereoscopic microscopy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sialidase inhibition rate of 1mM DANA was 72.01%. Compared with untreated controls, treatment with DANA inhibited P. gingivalis growth and biofilm formation, and significantly decreased expression of the fimA, fimR, and fimS genes, as well as gingipains activity. DANA did not influence macrophage viability, but significantly inhibited TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. In the periodontitis rat model, DANA prevented alveolar bone absorption and inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β production. CONCLUSION DANA can reduce the growth, the biofilm formation and the virulence of P. gingivalis and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, as well as effects against rat periodontitis, suggesting that DANA should be considered for development as a new adjunctive treatment for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Yu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaomiao Fan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shaowen Zheng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Severe magnesium deficiency compromises systemic bone mineral density and aggravates inflammatory bone resorption. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 77:108301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Isola G. Current Evidence of Natural Agents in Oral and Periodontal Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020585. [PMID: 32102287 PMCID: PMC7071353 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral and periodontal diseases, chewing disorders, and many destructive inflammatory diseases of the supporting tissues of the teeth are usually caused by an imbalance between host defense and environmental factors like smoking, poor nutrition, and a high percentage of periodontopathogenic bacteria. For these reasons, it is important also to focus attention on plaque control and also on improving host resistance through smoking and stress reduction, and a healthy diet. During the last decades, the importance of micronutrients has been extensively reviewed, and it was concluded that the prevention and treatment of periodontitis should include correct daily nutrition and a correct balance between antioxidants, probiotics, natural agents, vitamin D, and calcium. Recently, there has been growing interest in the literature on the impact of nutraceutical dietary aliments on oral and general health. This Special Issue provides a current and thoughtful perspective on the relationship of diet and natural agents on oral and periodontal diseases through a correct clinical approach with the last and most important evidence that may determine good oral conditions and high quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, Unit of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Isola G. Antibiotics and Antimicrobials for Treatment of the Oral Microbiota: Myths and Facts in Research and Clinical Practice. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9020095. [PMID: 32098288 PMCID: PMC7167861 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dental field, the most common oral diseases include periodontitis, apical periodontitis, abscesses, phlegmons and pulpits, all of which are determined by the same aetiological factor, bacterial infections. For these reasons, it is important to choose the right approach through a target antibiotic therapy against oral bacteria. More specifically, during periodontitis, antibiotics are used, often in association with periodontal debridement, to reduce disease-associated periodontopathogens. However, international guidelines are not unanimous in recommending the use of local and/or systemic antimicrobials to reduce infection by oral bacteria, especially in cases in which there is a danger of spreading systemic infection such as cellulitis, diffuse swelling, and abscesses. The lack of consensus is mainly due to the side effects of antibiotic therapy in dentistry, maybe due to recent scientific evidence regarding the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, the purpose of this editorial is to analyze the therapeutic effects of antibiotics against the main forms of oral and periodontal diseases, and whether there is a significant clinical benefit, especially in the long term, of antimicrobial therapies in dentistry. The most recent evidence regarding antimicrobial agents will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Unit of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Contribution of Statins towards Periodontal Treatment: A Review. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6367402. [PMID: 30936777 PMCID: PMC6415285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6367402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of statins have been evaluated to assess their potential benefit in the treatment of various inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases including periodontitis. Herein, the adjunctive use of statins in periodontal therapy in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials was reviewed. Statins act through several pathways to modulate inflammation, immune response, bone metabolism, and bacterial clearance. They control periodontal inflammation through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory and/or proresolution molecule release, mainly, through the ERK, MAPK, PI3-Akt, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, they are able to modulate the host response activated by bacterial challenge, to prevent inflammation-mediated bone resorption and to promote bone formation. Furthermore, they reduce bacterial growth, disrupt bacterial membrane stability, and increase bacterial clearance, thus averting the exacerbation of infection. Local statin delivery as adjunct to both nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapies results in better periodontal treatment outcomes compared to systemic delivery. Moreover, combination of statin therapy with other regenerative agents improves periodontal healing response. Therefore, statins could be proposed as a potential adjuvant to periodontal therapy. However, optimization of the combination of their dose, type, and carrier could be instrumental in achieving the best treatment response.
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