Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in current and recurrent periodontitis: A human study

The Role of Different Types of Cannabinoids in Periodontal Disease: An Integrative Review

This integrative review addresses the potential of the Endocannabinoid System (ES) and cannabinoids in the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal disease (PD). Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues, indicating a potential regulatory role for SEC in oral homeostasis. Healthy periodontal cells express more CB1 receptors, while inflamed sites show increased CB2 receptors. This suggests a dynamic involvement of the SEC in the inflammatory response associated with PD. Cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinoid receptor agonists such as HU-308, anandamide (AEA), and methanamide (Meta-AEA) have demonstrated promising therapeutic potential in studies. CBD has been associated with the control of bone resorption, antibacterial activity, and increased production of gingival fibroblasts, indicating effects in mitigating the progression of PD. HU-308 demonstrated preventive effects against alveolar bone loss, and anti-inflammatory, osteoprotective, and pro-homeostatic properties in animal models of periodontitis. AEA and Meta-AEA have anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. The activation of cannabinoid receptors attenuates inflammatory processes, inhibits alveolar bone loss, exerts antibacterial effects, and promotes tissue repair. However, clinical trials are especially needed to validate these results and explore the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in the treatment of PD in humans.

Cannabinoids in Periodontology: Where Are We Now?

INTRODUCTION

Cannabinoids are a well-documented treatment modality for various immune and inflammatory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn's disease, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and a range of neurodegenerative conditions. However, limited information is available regarding the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in treating periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to analyze the current evidence on the antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of cannabis and its role in the healing and regeneration processes within periodontal tissues.

RESULTS

This review discusses the potential role of cannabinoids in restoring periodontal tissue homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS

The examination of the endocannabinoid system and the physiological effects of cannabinoids in the periodontium suggests that they possess immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties, which could potentially promote proper tissue healing and regeneration.