Complement components C3b and C4b as potential reliable site-specific diagnostic biomarkers for periodontitis

Identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers associated with periodontitis by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums and the bones supporting the teeth. Early detection and intervention are crucial for effective management of periodontitis. Our study aims to identify a diagnostic biomarker for periodontitis and explore the pathways associated with the occurrence and development of periodontitis. The expression of gingival tissue from periodontitis and healthy control were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to analyze module genes associated with periodontitis and DESeq2 were performed to identify differently expressed genes (DEGs) between periodontitis and healthy control. Then the candidate genes were obtained by intersecting the genes from interest modules and DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis was performed using gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of gene and genomes, followed by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The hub genes were identified by the cytoCNA plugin in Cytoscape. Finally, immunohistochemical staining of the hub genes was performed to validate the findings. WGCNA analysis found that the expression of the MEblack module was significantly higher in individuals with periodontitis compared to those in the healthy control group. A total of 888 DEGs, including 750 upregulated and 138 downregulated genes, were identified. Finally, 427 candidate genes were identified potentially associated with periodontitis after intersecting the DEGs and the black module genes. Several critical signaling pathways were identified associated with periodontitis by functional enrichment analysis, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and Interleukin-17 signaling pathway. The PPI network analysis revealed that C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CXCL6) could play an important role in the process of periodontitis. The gene expression level of CXCL5 and CXCL6 detected using immunohistochemical verified the findings. In conclusion, we found that CXCL5 and CXCL6 are closely associated with the occurrence of periodontitis. Our present pilot study suggests that CXCL5 and CXCL6 have the potential to be used as a diagnostic biomarker of periodontitis.