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Takeuchi R, Ishigaki K, Yoshida O, Heishima T, Iida K, Asano K. Single Posthepatic Portosystemic Shunt Communicated With Internal Thoracic Vein and Azygos Continuation of the Caudal Vena Cava in a Dog. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e70057. [PMID: 39315722 PMCID: PMC11420940 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed under general anaesthesia on a 7-month-old toy poodle that was referred with the chief complaints of salivation and neurological symptoms. The CTA revealed a rare form of posthepatic portosystemic shunt (PSS) via the suspected persistent left umbilical vein communicating with the internal thoracic vein in addition to an azygos continuation of the caudal vena cava (CVC). The patient underwent surgery for partial ligation of PSS on Day 4 after the initial examination. On Day 71, after the initial examination, a second surgery was performed for complete ligation. Approximately 10 years have passed since the patient's second surgery, and he is still healthy, and generally in good condition. Although the morphology of the shunt in this case was unusual and was accompanied by an azygos continuation of the CVC, a favourable course of treatment was obtained by ligating the shunt vessel. This case report suggests that CTA can reveal the complex morphological characteristics like our case. Surgical treatment in this case resulted in favourable progress, similar to that in dogs with commonly observed extrahepatic PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishigaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Orie Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Heishima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaito Iida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazushi Asano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Weisse C, Fox-Alvarez WA, Grosso FRV, Asano K, Ishigaki K, Zwingenberger AL, Carroll KA, Scharf VF, Lipscomb V, Wallace ML, Aly A, Biscoe B, Davidson JR, Arai S, Amato NS, Ryan SD, Woods S, An A. Anatomical classification of canine congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts based on CT angiography: A SVSTS and VIRIES multi-institutional study in 1082 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024. [PMID: 39102361 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS) morphologies have not been fully elucidated. The goal of this retrospective, multi-institutional study was to use CT angiography to create an anatomical-based nomenclature system for canine congenital EHPSS. These shunt morphologies were then evaluated to identify any significant association with patient age, sex, breed, weight, or subjective portal perfusion score. Data collected respectively from the SVSTS and VIRIES list-serves included patient DOB, sex, breed, weight, CT date, and reported diagnosis. A single author (C.W.) viewed all CT scans and classified shunts based on the shunt portal vessel(s) of origin, the shunt systemic vessel(s) of insertion, and any substantial portal vessels contributing to the shunt. Additionally, hepatic portal perfusion was subjectively scored between one (poor/none) and five (good/normal) based on the caliber of the intrahepatic portal veins. A total of 1182 CT scans were submitted from 13 different institutions. Due to exclusion criteria, 100 (8.5%) were removed, leaving 1082 CT scans to be included. Forty-five different EHPSS anatomies were identified with five classifications accounting for 85% of all shunts (left gastric-phrenic [27%], left gastric-azygos [19%], left gastric-caval [15%], aberrant left gastric-caval with right gastric vein [12%], and aberrant left gastric-caval with right gastric vein and short gastric vein [11%]). Shunt origin involved the left gastric vein in 95% of the described classifications. Significant differences were identified among the five most common shunt types with respect to age at the time of the CT scan (P < .001), sex (P = .009), breed (P < .001), weight (P < .001), and subjective portal perfusion score (P < .001). An anatomical classification system for canine EHPSS may enable improved understanding, treatment comparisons, and outcome prediction for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth A Carroll
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valery F Scharf
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Mandy L Wallace
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ali Aly
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline R Davidson
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Shiori Arai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicole S Amato
- Ethos Veterinary Health, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stewart D Ryan
- UVet Veterinary Hospital, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Woods
- Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anjile An
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian, New York, New York, USA
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Weisse C, Asano K, Ishigaki K, Lipscomb V, Llanos C, Zwingenberger AL, Carroll KA, Grosso FRV, Stock E, Buote N, Aly A, Murgia D, Arai S, Linden AZ, Gordon J, Manassero M, Schwarz T, Wallace ML, Graham J, Hardie R, Chang Y, Robbins M, Bismuth C, Karnia J, Sterman A, Saunders A, Montinaro V, Guarnera I, McLauchlan G, Černá P, Maurin MP, Aisa J, An A. Anatomical classification of feline congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts based on CT angiography: A SVSTS and VIRIES multi-institutional study in 231 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:359-368. [PMID: 38597362 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of anatomical-based subtypes of feline congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) has not been completely elucidated. The goal of this study was to use CT angiography to create an anatomical-based nomenclature system for feline congenital EHPSS. Additionally, subjective portal perfusion scores were generated to determine if intrinsic portal vein development was associated with different shunt conformations or patient age at the time of CT. The SVSTS and VIRIES list services were used to recruit cases. Data collected included patient DOB, gender, breed, weight, CT date, and reported diagnosis. Shunts were classified based upon (1) the shunt portal vessel(s) of origin, (2) the shunt systemic vessel(s) of insertion, and (3) any substantial portal vessels contributing to the shunt. Additionally, hepatic portal perfusion was subjectively scored between 1 (poor/none) and 5 (good/normal) based on the caliber of the intrahepatic PVs. A total of 264 CT scans were submitted from 29 institutions. Due to exclusion criteria, 33 (13%) were removed, leaving 231 CT scans to be included. Twenty-five different EHPSS anatomies were identified with five classifications accounting for 78% of all shunts (LGP [53%], LGC-post [11%], LCG [7%], LGC-pre [4%], and PC [4%]). Shunt origin involved the left gastric vein in 75% of the described classifications. Significant differences were identified among the five most common shunt types with respect to age at the time of CT scan (P = .002), breed (P < .001), and subjective portal perfusion score (P < .001). This refined anatomical classification system for feline EHPSS may enable improved understanding, treatment comparisons, and outcome prediction for cats with these anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cesar Llanos
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield Herts, England
| | | | - Kenneth A Carroll
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Buote
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ali Aly
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Shiori Arai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jana Gordon
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Tobias Schwarz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Mandy L Wallace
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Julia Graham
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Hardie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yifu Chang
- Mercy Animal Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mitch Robbins
- Veterinary Specialty Center, Bannockburn, Illinois, USA
| | | | - James Karnia
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Allyson Sterman
- Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ashley Saunders
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Petra Černá
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Josep Aisa
- University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anjile An
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian, New York, New York, USA
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Konstantinidis AO, Patsikas MN, Papazoglou LG, Adamama-Moraitou KK. Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: Classification, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020160. [PMID: 36851464 PMCID: PMC9961057 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) are abnormal vascular communications between the portal and the systemic circulation, bypassing the hepatic parenchyma and resulting in liver hypoplasia and hepatic insufficiency. Such connections develop in utero and persist postnatally. CPSS are among the two most common congenital vascular anomalies of the liver in small animals, along with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein without portal hypertension (PHPV without PH). CPSS can be extrahepatic (ECPSS), most commonly diagnosed in small and toy breed dogs and cats, or intrahepatic (ICPSS), most commonly seen in large breed dogs. Single ECPSS is the most common type encountered in both dogs and cats. Clinical signs of CPSS are non-specific and may wax and wane, while laboratory findings can raise clinical suspicion for CPSS, but they are also not specific. Definitive diagnosis will be established by evaluation of liver function tests, such as determination of fasting plasma ammonia (FA) levels, and pre- and postprandial serum bile acids concentrations, and diagnostic imaging. The purpose of this article is to review the definition, classification, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of CPSS in dogs and cats, highlighted by the authors' clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros O. Konstantinidis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Michail N. Patsikas
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lysimachos G. Papazoglou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Surgery and Obstetrics Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine Unit), School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Terpstra M, Gough SL, Parry AT, Loomes K, Harkness A, Rendle DI, Dixon JJ. Presentation, stabilisation and contrast‐enhanced computed tomographic (CT) diagnosis of a left gastrocaval portosystemic shunt in a pony foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Terpstra
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Old Malton, North Yorkshire UK
| | - S. L. Gough
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Old Malton, North Yorkshire UK
| | - A. T. Parry
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service Shirley, Solihull UK
| | - K. Loomes
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Old Malton, North Yorkshire UK
| | - A. Harkness
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Old Malton, North Yorkshire UK
| | - D. I. Rendle
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Old Malton, North Yorkshire UK
| | - J. J. Dixon
- Rainbow Equine Hospital Old Malton, North Yorkshire UK
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White RN, Warren-Smith C, Shales C, Parry AT. Classification of portosystemic shunts entering the caudal vena cava at the omental foramen in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:659-668. [PMID: 33035379 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To re-evaluate the anatomy and classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts entering the caudal vena cava at the level of the omental foramen. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective review of a consecutive series of dogs undergoing CT angiography as part of the diagnostic work-up for a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt. RESULTS In total, 53 dogs met the inclusion criteria revealing four anatomically distinct omental foramen shunt types; one of which (32 of 53 dogs) showed no shunting blood flow through the right gastric vein and three of which (21 of 53 dogs) involved shunting flow through this vessel. The anatomy of these four distinct shunt types, as defined by CT angiography, was found to be highly consistent. In all cases, regardless of the tributary vessels, the left gastric vein was the final vessel that communicated with the caudal vena cava. Using these findings, a more accurate naming classification for congenital portosystemic shunts entering the caudal vena cava at the level of the omental foramen was proposed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A precise pre-treatment anatomical classification of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts entering the caudal vena cava at the level of the omental foramen is important for a more complete understanding of the severity of clinical signs and prognosis, and for the better communication between clinicians and researchers in this clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - C Warren-Smith
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - C Shales
- Willows Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
| | - A T Parry
- Willows Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands, B90 4NH, UK
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Computed tomography angiography of a congenital extrahepatic splenocaval shunt in a foal. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:39. [PMID: 31412901 PMCID: PMC6694538 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital portosystemic shunts in foals are rare and only a small number of cases have been described. Detailed description of the course of the shunt is lacking in earlier reports. This is the first detailed description of a computed tomography angiography (CTA) displaying an extra-hepatic splenocaval shunt. A 1-month old colt showing increasing signs of dullness, ataxia, circling, lip-smacking and coordination problems was presented. Hyperammonemia was detected and abdominal CTA revealed an extra-hepatic portocaval shunt. During surgery, ligation of the abnormal vessel could not be achieved, and the foal was euthanized because of complications during surgery. CTA provided a detailed overview of portal vasculature. If a portosystemic shunt is suspected in a foal, CTA can be used to confirm the diagnosis and for surgical planning.
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Specchi S, d'Anjou MA. Diagnostic imaging for the assessment of acquired abdominal vascular diseases in small animals: A pictorial review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:613-632. [PMID: 31243852 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in interventional radiology and surgical techniques now allow complex abdominal diseases to be more successfully treated in small animals. Abdominal vascular alterations, acquired as individual process or as complication of other lesions such as neoplasia, can be life-threatening or at least greatly limit curative interventions of underlying diseases. Computed tomography (CT) and high-definition ultrasonography are now readily available in veterinary referral centers. Yet, there is little information currently available on the use of these modalities for the diagnosis and characterization of these vascular alterations. The purpose of this article is to review the CT and ultrasonographic findings of acquired vascular diseases in the abdomen of dogs and cats, using both the veterinary and human medicine literature as references, and highlighting essential concepts through figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swan Specchi
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
| | - Marc-André d'Anjou
- Ospedale Veterinario i Portoni Rossi, Bologna, 40069, Italy.,Animages, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2L2, Canada
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9
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Plested MJ, Drees R. Survey of surgical specialists' content preferences in radiology reports for extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:316-322. [PMID: 30851002 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective, survey study was to assess the opinions of specialist surgeons as to the preferred content, nomenclature, and classification of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts for inclusion in radiology reports. A link to an online survey was sent by email to members of the European College of Veterinary Surgeons and the Association of Veterinary Soft Tissue Surgeons, and was made available on the American College of Veterinary Surgeons web forum and Facebook page. There were 93 respondents (survey sent to over 2500 email addresses and made available in two online locations). Most respondents agreed that they both review the images themselves (87/92, 95%) and read the radiology report (82/92, 89%) prior to surgery. Most respondents believed that the radiology report should contain a detailed anatomic description of the insertion (83/92, 90%), origin (54/91, 59%), and course (70/92, 76%) of the shunt, as well as a measure of the diameter of the shunting vessel at its insertion (54/92, 59%). Most respondents (70/90, 78%) disagreed that a brief description of shunt type, such as portocaval or portophrenic, was sufficient. Respondents were undecided regarding the use of an alphanumeric classification system (36/92, 39% agree; 32/92, 35% disagree). There was agreement that details of the presence or absence of urolithiasis (91/93, 98%), renomegaly (54/93, 58%), and peritoneal fluid (72/92, 78%) should be included in the report. The results of this study will help to guide reporting radiologists in providing descriptions of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts that include information most preferred by the recipient surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Plested
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, UK
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, UK
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10
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Bertolini G. Anomalies of the Portal Venous System in Dogs and Cats as Seen on Multidetector-Row Computed Tomography: An Overview and Systematization Proposal. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010010. [PMID: 30678218 PMCID: PMC6466037 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article offers an overview of congenital and acquired vascular anomalies involving the portal venous system in dogs and cats, as determined by multidetector-row computed tomography angiography. Congenital absence of the portal vein, portal vein hypoplasia, portal vein thrombosis and portal collaterals are described. Portal collaterals are further discussed as high- and low-flow connections and categorized in hepatic arterioportal malformation, arteriovenous fistula, end-to-side and side-to-side congenital portosystemic shunts, acquired portosystemic shunts, cavoportal and porto-portal collaterals. Knowledge of different portal system anomalies helps understand the underlying physiopathological mechanism and is essential for surgical and interventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Bertolini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano, Padova, Italy.
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Rossanese M, Ferreira A, Maddox TW. Morphometric evaluation of the portal vein by means of abdominal computed tomographic angiography in dogs free of vascular anomalies. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:69-73. [PMID: 30605037 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mean diameter of the main portal vein (PV) in healthy dogs by use of CT angiography, identify any associations between PV diameter and certain dog characteristics, and validate a clinically valuable ratio for quantifying the size of the PV. ANIMALS 100 dogs with no hepatic, cardiac, or vascular anomalies that underwent abdominal CT angiography. PROCEDURES Diameters of the main PV, abdominal aorta (Ao), and caudal vena cava (CVC) were measured by 2 observers at a defined location on postcontrast CT angiographic images in axial, sagittal, and transverse planes. Dog characteristics were evaluated for associations with PV diameter, and a PV:Ao diameter ratio was calculated. Intraclass correlations were calculated to assess intra- and interobserver agreement in vessel diameter measurements. RESULTS Mean diameter values were 7.9 mm (range, 4.1 to 14.8 mm) for the PV, 8.9 mm (range, 3.7 to 13.7 mm) for the Ao, and 11.4 mm (range, 4.4 to 22.5 mm) for the CVC. The PV:Ao diameter ratio was 0.91 mm. The PV diameter was significantly associated with dog body weight but not with dog age, sex, or neuter status. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities for measurements of all 3 vessels were considered excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.85). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings indicated that the PV:Ao diameter ratio was a repeatable measurement that may be useful for evaluating the size of the portal vasculature in dogs and possibly for distinguishing healthy PVs from abnormal PVs in dogs with hepatic vascular anomalies.
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12
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White RN, Parry AT, Shales C. Implications of shunt morphology for the surgical management of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:433-441. [PMID: 30370593 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- RN White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus; Leicestershire LE 12 5RD UK
| | - AT Parry
- Willows Referral Service; Solihull West Midlands UK
| | - C Shales
- Willows Referral Service; Solihull West Midlands UK
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13
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Parry AT, White RN. Post-temporary ligation intraoperative mesenteric portovenography: comparison with CT angiography for investigation of portosystemic shunts. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 59:106-111. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Parry
- Willows Referral Service; Solihull West Midlands B90 4NH UK
| | - R. N. White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus; Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
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14
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White RN, Shales C, Parry AT. New perspectives on the development of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:669-677. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. N. White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - C. Shales
- Willows Referral Service; Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands B90 4NH UK
| | - A. T. Parry
- Willows Referral Service; Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands B90 4NH UK
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15
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Parry AT, White RN. Comparison of computed tomographic angiography and intraoperative mesenteric portovenography for extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 58:49-55. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Parry
- Willows Referral Service; Solihull West Midlands B90 4NH
| | - R. N. White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus; Leicestershire LE12 5RD
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White RN, Parry AT. Morphology of congenital portosystemic shunts involving the left colic vein in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:247-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. N. White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - A. T. Parry
- Willows Referral Service; Highlands Road, Shirley Solihull West Midlands B90 4NH
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White RN, Parry AT. Morphology of splenocaval congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:28-32. [PMID: 26563977 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. N. White
- Willows Referral Service, Shirley; Solihull West Midlands B90 4NH
| | - A. T. Parry
- Willows Referral Service, Shirley; Solihull West Midlands B90 4NH
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Parry AT, White RN. Portal vein anatomy in the dog: comparison between computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and intraoperative mesenteric portovenography (IOMP). J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:657-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Parry
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; North Mymms Herts AL9 7TA
| | - R. N. White
- Willows Referral Service; Highlands Road, Shirley Solihull West Midlands B90 4NH
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