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Mortier F, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Biscop A, Paepe D. Biological variation of urinary protein: Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2261-2268. [PMID: 37828720 PMCID: PMC10658522 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory results are influenced by presence and severity of disease, as well as preanalytical factors, analytical variation, and biological variation. Biological variation data for urinary protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine specific gravity (USG) in cats are lacking. OBJECTIVES Determine the biological variation of UPC and USG in cats. ANIMALS Eighty healthy client-owned cats. METHODS Prospective study. Urine was collected on days 0, 14, and 56 from all 80 cats to investigate the persistence of borderline or overt proteinuria or suboptimal urine concentration. In 15 of these cats, urine was collected weekly from day 0 to 42 to calculate the index of individuality (II) and reference change value (RCV), and on days 56 and 57 to evaluate day-to-day variability of UPC and USG. RESULTS Borderline or overt proteinuria (UPC ≥0.2) was present in 18/80 (23%) cats at baseline and persisted on 3 occasions in 2 months in 8/18 (44%) cats. Urine concentration was suboptimal at inclusion (USG <1.035) in 8/80 (10%) cats and at all 3 time points during 2 months in 3/8 (38%) cats. The II of UPC and USG indicated intermediate individuality. The 1-sided RCV was 82% for UPC and 36% for USG. Proteinuria substage was identical on 2 consecutive days in 13/15 (87%) cats, and urine concentrating ability remained the same in all 15 cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A >82% increase in UPC in a healthy cat is not solely attributable to physiological and analytical variation. For USG, a decrease of >36% is considered clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mortier
- Small Animal DepartmentGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research CenterGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Ann Biscop
- Small Animal DepartmentGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Vetter CAM, Meindl AG, Lourenço BN, Coyne M, Drake C, Murphy R, Roth IG, Moorhead AR. Evaluation of renal values during treatment for heartworm disease in 27 client-owned dogs. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:191. [PMID: 37291617 PMCID: PMC10251593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine heartworm disease (CHD) caused by Dirofilaria immitis remains a common preventable disease with increasing incidence in some parts of the USA. The treatment guidelines of the American Heartworm Society (AHS) currently recommend monthly macrocyclic lactone administration, 28 days of doxycycline given orally every 12 h and three injections of melarsomine dihydrochloride (1 injection on day 2 of treatment followed 30 days later by 2 injections 24 h apart). Minocycline has also been utilized when doxycycline is unavailable. The systemic effects of CHD, which particularly impact cardiac and renal function, have been described, with infected dogs often experiencing renal damage characterized by an increase in serum concentrations of renal biomarkers. Although the AHS treatment protocol for CHD has been shown to be safe and effective in most cases, the potential for complications remains. No study as of yet has evaluated changes in symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), a sensitive marker of renal function, during treatment for CHD. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate renal function in dogs by measuring serum creatinine and SDMA concentrations during the adulticide treatment period. METHODS Serum creatinine and SDMA concentrations were measured in 27 client-owned dogs affected by CHD at the following time points: prior to starting doxycycline or minocycline therapy (baseline), during doxycycline or minocycline therapy (interim), at the time of the first dose of melarsomine (first dose), at the time of the second dose of melarsomine (second dose) and at the dog's follow-up visit after treatment, occurring between 1 and 6 months after completion of therapy (post-treatment). Concentrations of creatinine and SDMA were compared between time points using a mixed effects linear model. RESULTS Mean SDMA concentrations following the second dose of melarsomine were significantly lower (-1.80 ug/dL, t-test, df = 99.067, t = -2.694, P-Value = 0.00829) than baseline concentrations. There were no other statistically significant differences in the concentration of either biomarker between the baseline and the other time points in CHD dogs undergoing treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the current AHS protocol may not have a substantial impact on renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Autumn M Vetter
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Alison G Meindl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ira G Roth
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Andrew R Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Vetter CAM, Lourenço BN, Meindl AG, Mees A, Stone A, Farnsworth R, Everett SE, Gonzalez SE, Roth IG, Schmiedt C. Cross-sectional characterization of renal function in cats with caudal stomatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231179883. [PMID: 37350300 PMCID: PMC10811980 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231179883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to compare renal functional biomarkers in cats and in caudal stomatitis (CS) and in age-matched control cats. METHODS A cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted on 44 client-owned cats with CS that were prospectively enrolled and evaluated for a Comprehensive Oral Health Assessment and Treatment at one of four institutions. Renal function was assessed with measurement of serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, serum symmetric dimethylarginine, urinalysis, urine protein:creatinine ratio and urine protein electrophoresis. Affected gingiva was biopsied to confirm the diagnosis of stomatitis. Renal biochemical analyses from the experimental group were compared with those of 44 age-matched controls without CS enrolled prospectively or retrospectively after presenting to the primary institution for routine healthcare. Control cats were included if they were clinically stable, their chronic illnesses were well managed and minimal dental disease was present on examination. Renal biomarkers were compared between groups using a t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test. Frequency of azotemia, proteinuria and the clinical diagnosis of renal disease were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Relative to the control group, cats in the CS group had significantly lower serum creatinine (P <0.001) and albumin concentrations (P <0.001), urine specific gravity (P = 0.024) and hematocrit (P = 0.003), and higher serum phosphorus (P <0.001), potassium (P <0.001) and globulin concentrations (P <0.001), white blood cell count (P <0.001) and urine protein:creatinine ratio (P = 0.009). There were no significant differences in serum symmetric dimethylarginine or urea nitrogen concentrations. No clinically significant findings were noted on urine protein electrophoresis. There were no significant differences in the frequency of azotemia, proteinuria or renal disease categories between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The present study does not demonstrate a significant difference in the frequency of kidney disease between cats with and without CS. Longitudinal evaluation is warranted to investigate the relationship between renal disease and CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Autumn M Vetter
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Bianca N Lourenço
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alison G Meindl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Angela Mees
- Atlanta Veterinary Dental Services, Roswell, GA, USA
| | - Amy Stone
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raelynn Farnsworth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - S Ellen Everett
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sara E Gonzalez
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ira G Roth
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chad Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Mortier F, Daminet S, Duchateau L, Demeyere K, Meyer E, Paepe D. Effect of laboratory and sample storage factors on urinary protein:creatinine ratios and clinical decision making in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1038-1046. [PMID: 37015881 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) results affect the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of chronic kidney disease in cats. OBJECTIVES To investigate the interlaboratory and intralaboratory variability and the effect of storage on UPC and International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) proteinuria substaging in cats. ANIMALS Healthy and diseased client-owned cats. METHODS Prospective study. Urine of 60 cats was randomly sent to 4 (of 9) participating laboratories (to assess interlaboratory variability) and per cat, 2 laboratories each received 2 aliquots (to determine intralaboratory variability). Samples of 23 cats were analyzed in the same laboratory the day of collection, after preservation at 22°C for 1 day and at 4°C during 1-7 days (short-term storage) and at -24°C and -80°C for 6-12 months (long-term storage). Storage conditions were compared by equivalence testing. RESULTS UPCs showed good interclass correlation (ICC-inter, 0.90) and excellent intraclass correlation (ICC-intra, 0.99). However, in 30/60 (50%) cats at least 1 of 4 laboratories assigned a different IRIS proteinuria substage. Urinary protein:creatinine ratio remained stable with short-term storage, but not after 6 months storage at -24°C and after 12 months storage at -24°C or -80°C. Long-term storage caused a change in IRIS proteinuria substage in 27% of cats, whereas a shift occurred only in 4% of cats during short-term storage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Laboratory choice for UPC measurement can result in different IRIS substaging for the same cat, whereas urine storage at room temperature for 1 day or in the refrigerator for up to 7 days does not clinically affect UPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mortier
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Research Group Biochemistry Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Research Group Biochemistry Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kongtasai T, Paepe D, Mortier F, Marynissen S, Meyer E, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in clinically healthy elderly cats: Evaluation of its potential to detect IRIS stage 1 chronic kidney disease and borderline proteinuria. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:3-12. [PMID: 36418182 PMCID: PMC9856989 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (uL-FABP) is a promising biomarker to detect early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. Few healthy cats show increased uL-FABP for unknown reasons. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate uL-FABP in a large healthy elderly cat population comparing cats with and without International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1 CKD and with and without borderline proteinuria. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. One hundred ninety-six clinically healthy client-owned cats of ≥7 years old were subdivided based on two criteria: (1) having either IRIS stage 1 CKD or no evidence of CKD and (2) having borderline proteinuria or no proteinuria. Urinary L-FABP was measured using a validated commercially available feline L-FABP ELISA. RESULTS Overall, uL-FABP was detectable in 6/196 (3%) healthy elderly cats. For the first subdivision, nine (5%) cats had IRIS stage 1 CKD, 184 cats had no evidence CKD and three cats were excluded. All cats with IRIS stage 1 CKD had uL-FABP concentrations below the detection limit, whereas 6/184 (3%) cats without IRIS stage 1 CKD had detectable uL-FABP concentrations (median 1.79 ng/ml, range 0.79-3.66 ng/ml). For the second subdivision, 47 (24%) cats had borderline proteinuria, 147 cats had no proteinuria and two cats were excluded. One of the borderline proteinuric cats had a detectable uL-FABP concentration, whereas the other five cats with detectable uL-FABP concentrations were non-proteinuric. CONCLUSION With the current assay, the screening potential of uL-FABP as an early biomarker for feline CKD is limited as uL-FABP was rarely detected in clinically healthy elderly cats independently of the presence of either IRIS stage 1 CKD or borderline proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirawut Kongtasai
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Femke Mortier
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sofie Marynissen
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of PharmacologyToxicology and BiochemistryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of NutritionGenetics and EthologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal DepartmentFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratio in Feline Medicine: Reasons to Perform It and Its Role in Clinical Practice-A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121575. [PMID: 35739913 PMCID: PMC9219505 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at understanding the reasons veterinarians conduct a urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) in cats, correlating it with signalment, dipstick proteinuria tests, and urine specific gravity (USG) and assessing its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis and monitoring. A retrospective study was conducted, including medical data from cats consulted between 2016 and 2018 in a veterinary teaching hospital and submitted to at least one UPCR measurement. A total of 140 cats were included: 35% non-proteinuric (UPCR < 0.2), 25% borderline proteinuric (0.2 < UPCR < 0.4), and 40% overtly proteinuric (UPCR > 0.4). In contrast to other studies, there was no association between UPCR and male reproductive status. UPCR was mainly requested for CKD diagnosis and monitoring. Correlation between UPCR and combined results from dipstick tests and USG was low and inconsistent. Proteinuric CKD cats had a worse outcome at both 6 (odds ratio (OR 4.04) and 12 months (OR 4.36)), and this finding was more pronounced for severely proteinuric cases in which the OR for death was 4.36 and 6.00 at 6 and at 12 months, respectively. In addition to reinforcing the negative prognostic value of proteinuria, this study stresses the low and the inconsistent agreement between UPCR and the combined results of dipstick tests and USG in cats.
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7
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Kongtasai T, Paepe D, Meyer E, Mortier F, Marynissen S, Stammeleer L, Defauw P, Daminet S. Renal biomarkers in cats: A review of the current status in chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:379-396. [PMID: 35218249 PMCID: PMC8965260 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum creatinine concentration, the classical biomarker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats, has important limitations that decrease its value as a biomarker of early CKD. Recently, serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration was introduced as a novel glomerular filtration rate biomarker for the early detection of CKD in cats. However, data on its specificity are still limited. The limitations of conventional biomarkers and the desire for early therapeutic intervention in cats with CKD to improve outcomes have prompted the discovery and validation of novel renal biomarkers to detect glomerular or tubular dysfunction. Changes in the serum or urinary concentrations of these biomarkers may indicate early kidney damage or predict the progression of kidney before changes in conventional biomarkers are detectable. This review summarizes current knowledge on renal biomarkers in CKD in cats, a field that has progressed substantially over the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirawut Kongtasai
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Femke Mortier
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Marynissen
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lisa Stammeleer
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pieter Defauw
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Urinary proteome and metabolome in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris): The effect of chronic kidney disease. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103795. [PMID: 32335294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible disease. Although urine is an ideal biological sample for proteomics and metabolomics studies, sensitive and specific biomarkers are currently lacking in dogs. This study characterised dog urine proteome and metabolome aiming to identify and possibly quantify putative biomarkers of CKD in dogs. Twenty-two healthy dogs and 28 dogs with spontaneous CKD were selected and urine samples were collected. Urinary proteome was separated by SDS-PAGE and analysed by mass spectrometry, while urinary metabolome was analysed in protein-depleted samples by 1D 1H NMR spectra. The most abundant proteins in urine samples from healthy dogs were uromodulin, albumin and, in entire male dogs, arginine esterase. In urine samples from CKD dogs, the concentrations of uromodulin and albumin were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than in healthy dogs. In addition, these samples were characterised by a more complex protein pattern indicating mixed glomerular (protein bands ≥65 kDa) and tubular (protein bands <65 kDa) proteinuria. Urine spectra acquired by NMR allowed the identification of 86 metabolites in healthy dogs, belonging to 49 different pathways mainly involved in amino acid metabolism, purine and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Seventeen metabolites showed significantly different concentrations when comparing healthy and CKD dogs. In particular, carnosine, trigonelline, and cis-aconitate, might be suggested as putative biomarkers of CKD in dogs. SIGNIFICANCE: Urine is an ideal biological sample, however few proteomics and metabolomics studies investigated this fluid in dogs and in the context of CKD (chronic kidney disease). In this research, applying a multi-omics approach, new insights were gained regarding the molecular changes triggered by this disease in canine urinary proteome and metabolome. In particular, the involvement of the tubular component was highlighted, suggesting uromodulin, trigonelline and carnosine as possible biomarkers of CKD in dogs.
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Pérez-López L, Boronat M, Melián C, Brito-Casillas Y, Wägner AM. Animal Models and Renal Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1307:521-551. [PMID: 32329028 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the first cause of end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal models of the disease can shed light on the pathogenesis of the diabetic nephropathy (DN) and novel and earlier biomarkers of the condition may help to improve diagnosis and prognosis. This review summarizes the most important features of animal models used in the study of DN and updates the most recent progress in biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pérez-López
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mauro Boronat
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Carlos Melián
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Yeray Brito-Casillas
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ana M Wägner
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Research (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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10
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Giraldi M, Rossi G, Bertazzolo W, Negri S, Paltrinieri S, Scarpa P. Evaluation of the analytical variability of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:448-457. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giraldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Milan; Lodi Italy
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- College of Veterinary Medicine School of Veterinary and Life Science; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Walter Bertazzolo
- Veterinary Animal Hospital “Città di Pavia”; Pavia Italy
- Veterinary Laboratory “La Vallonea”; Alessano (LE) Italy
| | - Stefano Negri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Milan; Lodi Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Milan; Lodi Italy
| | - Paola Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Milan; Milan Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; University of Milan; Lodi Italy
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11
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Ferlizza E, Dondi F, Andreani G, Bucci D, Archer J, Isani G. Validation of an electrophoretic method to detect albuminuria in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:860-868. [PMID: 27555488 PMCID: PMC11104127 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16664112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to validate a semi-automated high-resolution electrophoretic technique to quantify urinary albumin in healthy and diseased cats, and to evaluate its diagnostic performance in cases of proteinuria and renal diseases. Methods Urine samples were collected from 88 cats (healthy; chronic kidney disease [CKD]; lower urinary tract disease [LUTD]; non-urinary tract diseases [OTHER]). Urine samples were routinely analysed and high-resolution electrophoresis (HRE) was performed. Within-assay and between-assay variability, linearity, accuracy, recovery and the lowest detectable and quantifiable bands were calculated. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was also performed. Results All coefficients of variation were <10%, percentage recovery was between 97% and 109% with a high linearity (r = 0.99). HRE allowed the visualisation of a faint band of albumin and a diffused band between alpha and beta zones in healthy cats, while profiles from diseased cats were variable. Albumin (mg/dl) and urine albumin:creatinine ratio (UAC) were significantly ( P <0.05) different between healthy and diseased cats. After ROC analysis, UAC values of 0.035 and 0.074 had a high sensitivity and high specificity, respectively, to classify proteinuria and identify borderline proteinuric cats. Moreover, a UAC of 0.017 had a high sensitivity in distinguishing between healthy and diseased cats. However, UAC was not able to distinguish between renal (CKD) and non-renal diseases (LUTD/OTHER), probably owing to the pathophysiology of CKD in cats, which is characterised by low-grade proteinuria and less glomerular involvement than in dogs. Conclusions and relevance HRE is an accurate and precise method that could be used to measure albuminuria in cats. UAC was useful to correctly classify proteinuria and to discriminate between healthy and diseased cats. HRE might also provide additional information on urine proteins with a profile of all proteins (albumin and globulins) to aid clinicians in the diagnosis of diseases characterised by proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Diego Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
| | - Joy Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano, Italy
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12
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Williams TL, Dillon H, Elliott J, Syme HM, Archer J. Serum Cystatin C Concentrations in Cats with Hyperthyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1083-9. [PMID: 27155206 PMCID: PMC5084826 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, no test can accurately predict the development of azotemia after treatment of hyperthyroidism. Serum cystatin C concentrations (sCysC) might be less influenced by changes in body muscle mass and so better indicate the presence of concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD) in hyperthyroidism. Hypotheses sCysC will be higher in hyperthyroid cats that develop azotemia compared with hyperthyroid cats that remain nonazotemic after treatment; sCysC will be higher in nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD than healthy older cats and, sCysC will decrease after treatment of hyperthyroidism. Animals Ninety‐one cats treated in first opinion practice. Methods Case–control study. sCysC were compared between hyperthyroid cats which developed azotemia within 4 months of successful treatment of hyperthyroidism (pre‐azotemic group) and hyperthyroid cats which remained nonazotemic after treatment (nonazotemic group), and between nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD and healthy older cats. sCysC were also compared between hyperthyroid cats before treatment and at time of establishment of euthyroidism. Data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile]. Results Baseline sCysC were not different between the pre‐azotemic and nonazotemic groups (1.9 [1.4, 2.3] mg/L versus 1.5 [1.1, 2.2] mg/L, respectively; P = .22). sCysC in nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD and healthy older cats were not significantly different (1.5 [1.0, 1.9] mg/L versus 1.2 [0.8, 1.4] mg/L, respectively; P = .16). sCysC did not change significantly after treatment of hyperthyroidism (pretreatment 1.8 [1.2, 2.3] mg/L, after treatment 1.6 [1.1, 2.4] mg/L; P = .82). Conclusions and Clinical Importance sCysC do not appear to be a reliable marker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H Dillon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - H M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - J Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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