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Paiva F, Santos J, Carra G, Sueiro F, Jark P, Nardi A. Immunohistochemical Expression of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 and Ki67 in Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6451. [PMID: 38928157 PMCID: PMC11203896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm, and surgery remains the treatment of choice, although it is controversial in advanced cases. The prognostic factors are not well established. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) is a membrane protein related to tumorigenesis, whereas Ki67 is a nuclear protein related to cell proliferation. Both are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of HER2 and Ki67 markers in canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. The tumor samples were divided into four groups: largest tumor diameter less than 2.5 cm, largest tumor diameter greater than 2.5 cm, metastatic lymph nodes, and control group of non-neoplastic anal sacs. Each contained 10 samples. Immunohistochemistry was performed to verify the expression of HER2 and Ki67 markers. Positive HER2 staining was observed in 45% of the neoplastic cases and negative HER2 staining in 100% of the control group. The Ki67 expression had a median of 25% in all groups, except for the control group, which had a median of 8%. The HER2 and Ki67 expression was present in apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, making them potential therapeutic targets. However, it was not possible to determine the clinical value of either marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Paiva
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Júlio Santos
- School of Agrarian Studies, Goyazes University Center (UNIGOYAZES), Trindade 75393-365, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Carra
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Sueiro
- Histopathological Diagnosis Department, VETPAT—Animal Pathology & Molecular Biology, Campinas 13073-022, Brazil
| | - Paulo Jark
- Clinical Oncology, Onccarevet e Onconnectionvet, Ribeirão Preto 14026-587, Brazil
| | - Andrigo Nardi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil
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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239565. [PMID: 38533804 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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Jones AE, Wustefeld-Janssens BG. A relatively high proportion of dogs with small apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) primary tumours present with locoregional lymph node metastasis. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:327-331. [PMID: 36861227 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a highly relevant disease in dogs, with a high rate of lymph node (LN) metastasis during the course of disease. A recent study showed that risk for death and disease progression was significantly associated with primary tumour size less than 2 and 1.3 cm, respectively. The objective of this study was to report the proportion of dogs that have primary tumours less than 2 cm in diameter, that are diagnosed with LN metastasis at presentation. This was a single site retrospective study of dogs that underwent treatment for AGASACA. Dogs were included if physical examination primary tumour measurements were available, abdominal staging was performed, and confirmation of abnormal lymph nodes by cytology or histology was done. Over a 5-year period, 116 dogs were included for review with 53 (46%) having metastatic LN at presentation. The metastatic rate for dogs with primary tumours <2 cm was 20% (9 of 46 dogs) compared to 63% (44 of 70 dogs) in dogs with primary tumours ≥2 cm. The association between tumour size group (<2 vs. ≥2 cm) and the presence of metastasis at presentation was significant (P < .0001) with an OR of 7.0 (95% CI: 2.9-15.7). Primary tumour size was significantly associated with LN metastasis at presentation but the proportion of dogs that presented with LN metastasis in the <2 cm group was relatively high. This data suggests that dogs with small tumours may still have aggressive tumour biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brandan G Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Quantification of Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) Tumor Specimen Shrinkage after Formalin Fixation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151869. [PMID: 35892519 PMCID: PMC9330584 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As the evidence in apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma tumors grows, it is becoming more evident that stage-specific treatment strategies will become the mainstay. Thus, having confidence in the measurements of primary tumors is paramount. We aimed to quantify the degree of tumor tissue shrinkage after 24 and 48 h of formalin fixation to guide clinicians in their use of post-fixation measurements. We prospectively enrolled 23 client-owned dogs with naturally occurring apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma that underwent surgical resection of at least the primary tumor. Measurements were recorded immediately before being placed in 10% buffered formalin and then again after 24 and 48 h of fixation, respectively. Overall, we found that tumors shrank by a mean of 4.8% and 7.2% after 24 and 48 h, respectively. This in real terms was a median of 1 mm. Other factors associated with the tumor, like the predominant microscopic pattern, the amount of necrosis, or the amount of fibrovascular stroma, did not have an impact on the degree of shrinkage. This study shows that the degree of shrinkage following formalin fixation should not impact the use of post-fixation measurements and can be used in clinical staging schema. Abstract The aim was to prospectively measure the shrinkage of primary apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) tumors after 24 and 48 h of formalin fixation. Dogs that were diagnosed with AGASACA pre-operatively by aspiration cytology were prospectively enrolled in the study. Tumor extirpation was performed in a closed technique. The tumor and associated tissues were examined on the back table away from the patient and the widest dimension of the tumor was measured using a sterile ruler (Medline®; Northfield, IL, USA). This measurement was recorded in mm (t0). The tissue was placed in 10% buffered formalin and stored at room temperature. Two further measurements were taken after 24 (t24) and 48 (t48) hours of formalin fixation. Once the 48 h measurement was taken, the tissue was submitted for histopathology. The percentage of shrinkage between time points was calculated by using the following equation: (1 − [time b/time a]) × 100. Overall, 23 dogs with 23 tumors were enrolled. The mean percentage of shrinkage after 24 and 48 h of formalin fixation was 4.8% and 7.2%, respectively. The median diameter of the tumors reduced by 1 mm over 48 h and was not significantly different at any time point. These data will aid clinicians in interpreting measurements of AGASACA tumors following formalin fixation and shows that minimal change in tumor size is expected following 48 h.
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Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma: A Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 50:100682. [PMID: 35792243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a relatively uncommon tumor in the dog and comprises approximately 17% of perianal malignancies; however, it is one of the most common causes of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Clinical signs in affected dogs most commonly are associated with mechanical obstruction caused by the primary tumor or enlarged regional metastatic lymph nodes and the effects of paraneoplastic hypercalcemia when present. Surgical excision of the primary tumor and metastasectomy of affected locoregional lymph nodes is the preferred initial treatment option for most dogs, although radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy are commonly incorporated into multi-modality treatment plans. A significant role for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy has not been clearly demonstrated. Prolonged survival times are possible, especially for dogs with smaller primary tumors and for dogs that undergo further treatments for recurrent disease. In this article, we review the clinical signs, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of AGASAC in the dog.
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Mickelson MA. Updated Concepts in Oncologic Surgery: Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma and Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:549-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wong H, Byrne S, Rasotto R, Drees R, Taylor A, Priestnall SL, Leo C. A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Histopathological Features of 81 Cases of Canine Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Sac: Independent Clinical and Histopathological Risk Factors Associated with Outcome. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113327. [PMID: 34828058 PMCID: PMC8614406 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASAC) is a malignant tumour with variable clinical progression. The objective of this study was to use robust multivariate models, based on models employed in human medical oncology, to establish clinical and histopathological risk factors of poor survival. Clinical data and imaging of 81 cases with AGASAC were reviewed. Tissue was available for histological review and immunohistochemistry in 49 cases. Tumour and lymph node size were determined using the response evaluation criteria in the solid tumours system (RECIST). Modelling revealed tumour size over 2 cm, lymph node size grouped in three tiers by the two thresholds 1.6 cm and 5 cm, surgical management, and radiotherapy were independent clinical variables associated with survival, irrespective of tumour stage. Tumour size over 1.3 cm and presence of distant metastasis were independent clinical variables associated with the first progression-free interval. The presence of the histopathological variables of tumour necrosis, a solid histological pattern, and vascular invasion in the primary tumour were independent risk factors of poor survival. Based upon these independent risk factors, scoring algorithms to predict survival in AGASAC patients are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wong
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+44-(0)-1223-337701
| | - Stephanie Byrne
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (S.B.); (R.D.); (A.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Roberta Rasotto
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire CB8 OUH, UK;
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (S.B.); (R.D.); (A.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (S.B.); (R.D.); (A.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Simon L. Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Chiara Leo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; (S.B.); (R.D.); (A.T.); (C.L.)
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Sutton DR, Hernon T, Hezzell MJ, Meakin LB, Gould SM, Bradley KJ, Major AC. Computed tomographic staging of dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:27-33. [PMID: 34608641 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the CT appearance of anal sac adenocarcinoma lesions in a population of dogs including the relations between primary tumour, and locoregional and distant metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of dogs with confirmed anal sac adenocarcinoma and available CT images of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. RESULTS A population of 70 dogs were included in the study. No association was found between anal sac mass size and presence or absence of iliosacral lymph node enlargement. The prevalence of local metastatic disease characterised by iliosacral lymphadenomegaly in this study was 71%, with pulmonary metastases identified in 11% of cases. There were no cases of distant pulmonary metastasis without concurrent locoregional lymphadenomegaly. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In our population of dogs local metastatic spread of anal sac adenocarcinoma was common, with a relatively low prevalence of pulmonary metastasis. The study demonstrates the importance of thorough rectal examination and/or imaging to assess the iliosacral lymph centre in this disease irrespective of the size of the anal sac mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Sutton
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - T Hernon
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - M J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - L B Meakin
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - S M Gould
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - K J Bradley
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - A C Major
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
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Sterman A, Butler JR, Chambers A, Dickson R, Dornbusch J, Mickelson M, Selmic L, Scharf V, Schlag A, Skinner O, Vinayak A, Janssens BW. Post-operative complications following apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma resection in dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:743-749. [PMID: 34173318 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Describe the complications associated with surgical resection of primary apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) tumours study design multi-institutional retrospective cross-sectional cohort study Animals Client owned dogs with spontaneous disease using the Clavien-Dindo classification system, post-operative events were assigned and described. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse for risk factors for a significant association with complications. One hundred sixty-one dogs were included in the analysis. The post-operative sequelae, complication, and failure to cure rates specific to the anal sac site was 14%, 17% and 1%, respectively. The majority (68%) of complications were grade II or higher, therefore requiring some form of intervention. Intra-operative complications were identified in 11 cases (7%) with anorectal wall perforation being most common. An intra-operative complication was significantly associated with post-operative complications (p < 0.001; OR 7.4) while anorectal wall perforation was the only significant risk factor on regression analysis (p < 0.001; OR 19). Surgical site infection was identified in 20 of 161 (12%) of cases. Local recurrence (LR) occurred in 18% of cases at a median of 374 days (95% CI: 318-430). The only risk factor significantly associated with LR was the presence of vascular or lymphatic invasion (p = 0.008; OR 3). Post-operative complications were relatively infrequent but the risk was significantly increased when there was an intraoperative complication during resection of a primary AGASACA tumour. This study provides information for the clinician regarding risk factors for post-operative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Sterman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - J Ryan Butler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Aidan Chambers
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Dickson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Josephine Dornbusch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan Mickelson
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Laura Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Valerie Scharf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ariel Schlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Owen Skinner
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Arathi Vinayak
- Department of Surgery, VCA West Coast Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Brandan Wustefeld Janssens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Flint Animal Cancer Center and Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Morello EM, Cino M, Giacobino D, Nicoletti A, Iussich S, Buracco P, Martano M. Prognostic Value of Ki67 and Other Clinical and Histopathological Factors in Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061649. [PMID: 34199347 PMCID: PMC8228493 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a locally aggressive tumor with a high metastatic rate to the regional ileo-sacral lymph nodes and later to distant sites. Clinical signs depend on the tumor and regional lymph nodes size or on the paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. Therefore, dogs are often referred for perineal swelling, tenesmus, constipation and/or polyuria, polydipsia. Surgical excision of both the neoplastic anal sac and the metastatic regional lymph nodes represents the standard of care. Adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are also indicated. Prognostic factors include tumor size, hypercalcemia, regional lymph nodes metastasis and tumor histologic features. The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate the prognostic significance of tumor Ki67 expression. The authors’ hypothesis was that higher Ki67 index correlated with decreased disease-free interval and overall survival time. Clinical data such as tumor size, regional lymph nodes metastasis and hypercalcemia at presentation and histological features such as tumor pattern, mitotic count, necrosis, inflammatory infiltration, vascular invasion, anisokaryosis, and anisocytosis were also investigated and correlated to the oncologic outcome in the dogs included in the study. Abstract Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is locally aggressive and highly metastatic to regional lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of Ki67 in surgically excised AGASACA. Prognostic impact of size, regional lymph nodes metastasis, hypercalcemia, histologic pattern, mitotic count, necrosis, inflammatory and lympho-vascular invasion, anisokaryosis and anisocytosis was also evaluated. Thirty-five dogs were included, twenty-four of which also had metastatic lymph nodes. When the entire population was evaluated, only metastatic disease spread to regional lymph nodes, and necrosis and inflammatory infiltration were correlated to prognosis. When only dogs with metastatic disease were evaluated, size, solid histologic pattern, presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion showed influence on prognosis. Ki67 index was not associated with survival time and disease free interval in any case. The results of this study showed that lymph nodes metastasis at diagnosis reduced disease free interval. Moreover, tumor size greater than 5.25 cm, presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion and a solid histologic pattern were associated with a shorter survival time in dogs with metastasis to regional lymph nodes. Ki67 expression was not significantly associated with prognosis, therefore it could not be considered as a prognostic factor in this tumor type, while the role of hypercalcemia remained unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Maria Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Marzia Cino
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, Univesrity of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521034786
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Arturo Nicoletti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (E.M.M.); (D.G.); (A.N.); (S.I.); (P.B.)
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, Univesrity of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy;
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Heng HG, Lim CK, Fulkerson CV, Fulkerson CM, Weng HY. Anal sacculiths may be an incidental finding in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:175-180. [PMID: 33236812 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral-attenuating material is occasionally seen in the anal sacs of dogs during abdominal CT studies. This retrospective, descriptive study was performed to estimate the prevalence and CT appearance of this mineral-attenuating material. A total of 357 abdominal CTs were reviewed retrospectively. The mineral-attenuating material was most easily identifiable using the brain window setting (window width: 120 HU; window level: 40 HU). In the current study, the prevalence of mineral-attenuating material in the anal sacs was 7.6% (95% confidence interval, 5.0-10.8%) with 48.1% bilateral involvement and equal distribution in the right and left in dogs with unilateral involvement. Successful collection and material analysis were performed in three dogs. The material was determined to be 100% dried blood, 100% waxy matter, and a "small amount of fat enmeshed in unidentified noncrystallined material." Given the CT appearance and the Hounsfield unit of these mineral-attenuating material within the anal sacs, the term "anal sacculiths" is proposed. All dogs with anal sacculiths within this study population did not have any reported disease of the anal sacs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Chee Kin Lim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Caroline V Fulkerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Christopher M Fulkerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana
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