1
|
Calvo-Sánchez N, Gómez Á, Pérez E, Borobia M, Luján L, Fernández A, Villanueva-Saz S, Verde M, Marteles D. A case report of acute claudication due to vena cava thromboembolism in a dog naturally infected with Leishmania Infantum. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2663-2669. [PMID: 38630425 PMCID: PMC11315790 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania infantum, and clinical manifestations of infection range from absent or severe to fatal and result from immune-mediated mechanisms. In dogs, the most common clinical signs of leishmaniosis include skin lesions and lymphadenomegaly. However, the presence of other nontypical signs has been described, and diagnosing these cases can be challenging. The aim of the present short communication was to describe the impact of the formation of circulating immunocomplexes due to L. infantum in a dog with leishmaniosis affected by a massive venous thrombus of the caudal vena cava and external iliac veins. On admission, the dog presented bilateral cutaneous vasculopathy of the thigh and renal disease due to L. infantum infection. Two weeks after starting anti-Leishmania treatment based on meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol administration, the animal developed acute claudication of the hind limbs with the presence of a thrombus in the caudal vena cava and the external iliac veins and a high level of circulating immunocomplexes detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Exacerbation of the humoral immune response, along with deposition of circulating immune complexes in the tissues and the concurrent presence of kidney and liver damage, might have contributed to an imbalance in haemostasis in this patient. Future studies should evaluate and analyse the pathological mechanisms contributing to thrombosis in dogs with leishmaniosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Calvo-Sánchez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Álex Gómez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Estela Pérez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - María Borobia
- Veterinary Faculty, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.
| | - Maite Verde
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Diana Marteles
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopes R, Garcês A, Silva A, Brilhante-Simões P, Martins Â, Duarte EL, Coelho AC, Cardoso L. Distribution of and Relationships between Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Parameters in Canine Leishmaniosis: A Retrospective Study of 15 Years (2009-2023). Pathogens 2024; 13:635. [PMID: 39204236 PMCID: PMC11357036 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are zoonotic and have an important impact on animal and public health globally. Between 2009 and 2023, blood samples from domestic dogs with clinical suspicion of leishmaniosis were received from 286 veterinary medical centres throughout mainland Portugal. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilised to detect antibodies against Leishmania infantum antigens. Additionally, a complete blood count and tests for total proteins, urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase, as well as protein electrophoresis, were also performed. No significant relationship between sex and breed was observed. The age distribution was bimodal, with the highest prevalence of disease occurring at 2-5 years of age and a secondary peak occurring at 6 years or over (p < 0.001). No statistical correlation was observed between creatinine and urea across the ELISA serological groups. In contrast, both the gamma globulin levels (r = 0.45; p < 0.001) and the albumin/globulin ratio (r = -0.36; p < 0.001) exhibited moderate correlations with the ELISA. These findings support recent seroprevalence studies in dogs, with some geographical areas in Northern Portugal exhibiting the highest values, which may be the result of geographical shifts in parasite circulation due to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.L.); (A.C.C.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
| | - Andreia Garcês
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre (CRAS), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Augusto Silva
- INNO Veterinary Laboratories, R. Cândido de Sousa 15, 4710-300 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Paula Brilhante-Simões
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- INNO Veterinary Laboratories, R. Cândido de Sousa 15, 4710-300 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Ângela Martins
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Elsa Leclerc Duarte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED) & Global Change and Sustainability Institute (CHANGE), University of Évora, Polo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.L.); (A.C.C.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.L.); (A.C.C.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaempfle M, Bergmann M, Koelle P, Hartmann K. High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Description of Purine Content of Diets Suitable for Dogs with Leishmania Infection during Allopurinol Treatment-A Pilot Trial. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3060. [PMID: 37835666 PMCID: PMC10571740 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the alimentary purine intake contributes to the prevention of purine (especially xanthine) urolith formation, a common adverse effect of allopurinol treatment in dogs with Leishmania infections. Analyses of the purine content are not required in order to advertise a diet as low in purine. Due to different analytical methods, data provided on purine content are barely comparable. The aim of this study was to investigate the total purine content of 12 different dog diets. For this, the purine bases adenine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine were determined by standardised high performance liquid chromatography in commercially available urinary diets (n = 4), kidney diets (n = 2), low protein diets (n = 3), 1 vegan diet, 1 regular diet for healthy adult dogs, and 1 homemade low purine diet. Total purine amounts ranged between 10.2 and 90.9 mg/100 g of dry matter. The daily purine intake calculated for a 20 kg standard dog with the analysed diets ranged between 21.9 and 174.7 mg. The lowest daily purine intakes were achieved by 2 urinary urate diets, followed by the homemade diet. Differences in the purine content of commercially available diets need to be considered. Awareness has to be raised when selecting diets for dogs with Leishmania infections during allopurinol treatment in order to minimise the risk of urolith formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kaempfle
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (P.K.); (K.H.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
González MA, Barrera-Chacón R, Peña FJ, Belinchón-Lorenzo S, Robles NR, Pérez-Merino EM, Martín-Cano FE, Duque FJ. Proteomic research on new urinary biomarkers of renal disease in canine leishmaniosis: Survival and monitoring response to treatment. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:180-190. [PMID: 37419051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to search for survival biomarkers (SB) and treatment response monitoring biomarkers (TRMB) in the urinary proteome of dogs with renal disease secondary to canine leishmaniosis (CanL), using UHPLC-MS/MS. The proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD042578. Initially, a group of 12 dogs was evaluated and divided into survivors (SG; n = 6) and nonsurvivors (NSG; n = 6). A total of 972 proteins were obtained from the evaluated samples. Then, bioinformatic analysis reduced them to 6 proteins like potential SB increased in the NSG, specifically, Haemoglobin subunit Alpha 1, Complement Factor I, Complement C5, Fibrinogen beta chain (fragment), Peptidase S1 domain-containing protein, and Fibrinogen gamma chain. Afterwards, SG was used to search for TRMB, studying their urine at 0, 30, and 90 days, and 9 proteins that decreased after treatment were obtained: Apolipoprotein E, Cathepsin B, Cystatin B, Cystatin-C-like, Lysozyme, Monocyte differentiation CD14, Pancreatitis-associated precursor protein, Profilin, and Protein FAM3C. Finally, enrichment analysis provided information about the biological mechanisms in which these proteins are involved. In conclusion, this study provides 15 new candidate urinary biomarkers and an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney disease in CanL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A González
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Fernando J Peña
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Silvia Belinchón-Lorenzo
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nicolás R Robles
- Nephrology Service, Badajoz University Hospital, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eva M Pérez-Merino
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco E Martín-Cano
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco J Duque
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baxarias M, Jornet-Rius O, Donato G, Mateu C, Alcover MM, Pennisi MG, Solano-Gallego L. Signalment, Immunological and Parasitological Status and Clinicopathological Findings of Leishmania-Seropositive Apparently Healthy Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101649. [PMID: 37238079 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Epidemiological serosurveys performed in Europe often lack a thorough assessment of clinical health status of studied dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate signalment, immunological and parasitological status and clinicopathological findings of L. infantum-seropositive apparently healthy dogs (n = 212) living in endemic areas. Routine laboratory tests, endpoint in-house ELISA to quantify the anti-Leishmania antibodies, blood Leishmania qPCR and IFN-γ ELISA were performed. All dogs enrolled were L. infantum-seropositive and were classified as healthy (n = 105) or sick (n = 107) according to LeishVet guidelines. The sick group presented a higher proportion of medium to high antibody levels and positive qPCR and lower IFN-γ concentration compared to the healthy group. Sick dogs were mostly classified in LeishVet stage IIa. Biochemical alterations (98%) were the most common clinicopathological findings, with fewer urinary tract (46%) and hematological (40%) alterations. Apparently healthy L. infantum-seropositive dogs can be classified between truly healthy dogs and sick dogs with clinicopathological findings. Sick dogs presented medium to high seropositivity and parasitemia and low IFN-γ concentrations, and their most common clinicopathological abnormalities were serum protein alterations followed by proteinuria and lymphopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baxarias
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Oriol Jornet-Rius
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Giulia Donato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina-Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Mª Magdalena Alcover
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina-Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruiz P, Durán Á, Duque FJ, González MA, Cristóbal JI, Nicolás P, Pérez-Merino EM, Macías-García B, Barrera R. Urinary cystatin C and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as early biomarkers for renal disease in dogs with leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109930. [PMID: 37030024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum that can vary from a subclinical infection to a severe disease. Dogs affected with CanL present varying degrees of renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, traditional biomarkers such as urea and creatinine detect renal damage in advanced stages of the disease, so more accurate biomarkers are needed. Hence, we aimed to study how urinary cystatin C (CysC) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), behave in dogs with CanL at different stages of the disease. Eighty-six CanL infected dogs were classified according to LeishVet stages: LI (16 dogs), LIIa (12 dogs), LIIb (12 dogs), LIII (16 dogs) and LIV (30 dogs); as a control, 17 healthy dogs were studied. Blood samples were collected for complete haematological and biochemistry analysis including plasma cystatin C. Urine analysis included urine specific gravity (USG), urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPC), CysC and NAG expressed as a ratio with creatinine uCysCc (μg/g) and uNAGc (IU/g). The haematological, biochemical and urinary analysis coincided with the LeishVet guidelines. The statistical study of the uCysCc ratio and the uNAGc, showed significant increase when compared against control starting from group LI (p < 0.05). Interestingly, when the cut-off values were calculated using the ROC curve, uCysCc (258.85 µg/g) and uNAGc (2.25 IU/g) 75 % of the dogs included in LI groups surpassed the threshold. Hence our study indicates that uCysCc and uNAGc, could help to detect early renal damage in CanL affected dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruiz
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ángela Durán
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Duque
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mario Alberto González
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Cristóbal
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paloma Nicolás
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Eva María Pérez-Merino
- Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Beatriz Macías-García
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Rafael Barrera
- MINVET Research Group. Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gultekin G, Pasa S, Ural K, Erdogan H, Gonulveren G, Gultekin M. Arginine, symmetric and asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in canine leishmaniasis. Microb Pathog 2023; 178:106085. [PMID: 36963705 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the levels of arginine, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in dogs with canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and their relationship with some renal and cardiovascular parameters. A total of 60 dogs were enrolled, including 40 with CanL and 20 healthy controls. The CanL group was divided into four stages based on clinical and laboratory findings. The levels of plasma arginine, SDMA, and ADMA were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data from the healthy group were compared with those from the CanL group, and according to the stages. In dogs with CanL, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma creatinine, cystatin-C, phosphorus, potassium, and low-density lipoprotein concentrations, the urine protein/creatinine ratio, the amount of nitric oxide, and creatine kinase-MB activity were higher, while the high-density lipoprotein concentration was lower compared to healthy controls. The concentration of arginine was low (p < 0.05) and the levels of ADMA (p < 0.001) and SDMA (p < 0.05) were high in dogs with CanL. There were no statistically significant differences in arginine concentration among the different stages of CanL. However, the concentration of plasma ADMA was higher in all stages of CanL compared to the healthy group, and the concentration of plasma SDMA was higher in Stage IV compared to the healthy group and Stage III. The present study demonstrates for the first time a decrease in arginine concentration and an increase in ADMA concentration in dogs with CanL. The increase in SDMA concentration in dogs with CanL was consistent with previous studies. However, compared to other renal parameters, SDMA exhibited limited performance distinguishing between clinical stages of CanL. These findings could be a source for future diagnostic and therapeutic studies to explain the renal and cardiovascular pathophysiology of CanL. Additional clinical studies that include treatment and patient follow-up with an assessment of the acute phase response are needed to provide a more detailed understanding of the changes observed in dogs with CanL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Gultekin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Serdar Pasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Kerem Ural
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hasan Erdogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Gizem Gonulveren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gultekin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Osuna C, Parody N, Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Renshaw-Calderón A, Carnés J. Laboratory validation of an ELISA method to measure circulating immune complexes levels in canine visceral leishmaniasis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 254:110518. [PMID: 36403495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Susceptible dogs suffering from canine leishmaniasis (CanL) develop an ineffective humoral immune response that leads to the formation of circulating immune complexes (CIC). These CIC are aggregates of Leishmania proteins and anti-Leishmania immunoglobulins. Their deposition in different tissues is considered the main cause of mortality. For this reason, CIC have been suggested as an excellent CanL biomarker for measuring the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of specific treatments. The present study aims to perform a laboratory validation of a Leishmania-specific method to isolate and quantify CIC in dog serum samples. CIC isolated from serum samples of infected dogs, grouped according to the LeishVet classification, were quantified following a PEG-ELISA procedure. The validation established a cut-off of 0.274 OD. All the parameters analyzed (including linearity, specificity, precision, and robustness) fulfilled the defined criteria, confirmed by statistical analyses. The results also proved the reproducibility and reliability of the method when samples were tested under the same conditions, and the consistency and usefulness of the method for an optimal staging of infected dogs. In conclusion, the laboratory validated method offers a potent tool to clinicians for a proper CanL management and to measure the progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Osuna
- R&D Unit. LETI Pharma S.L.U., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Parody
- R&D Unit. LETI Pharma S.L.U., Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Renshaw-Calderón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cavalera MA, Gernone F, Uva A, Donghia R, Zizzadoro C, Zatelli A. Efficacy of domperidone plus renal diet in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease in dogs with leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:397. [PMID: 36316751 PMCID: PMC9620618 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents the main cause of mortality in dogs with leishmaniosis. Domperidone has recently been reported to improve kidney function in leishmaniotic dogs affected by CKD. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA) has also been shown to be a useful biomarker for earlier detection of decreased kidney function when compared to serum creatinine (sCr). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of domperidone plus renal diet in slowing the progression of nephropathy in leishmaniotic dogs with CKD, evaluating sSDMA and sCr as markers of kidney function. METHODS This study was a therapeutic, prospective, randomized, controlled, 11-month-long field trial. Dogs were recruited if classified as "exposed" to or "infected" with Leishmania infantum and affected by CKD at early stages. After enrolment (T0), dogs were randomized into groups T (treatment) and C (control). All dogs were fed a renal diet and then followed up at 90 (T1), 210 (T2), and 330 (T3) days after inclusion in the study. At T1 and T2, dogs in group T received an oral suspension of domperidone (1 ml/10 kg once a day for up to 28 days). RESULTS Twenty-two dogs (i.e., n = 12 in group T and n = 10 in group C) completed the study. At T0, the entire population of enrolled dogs presented a mean sSDMA value of 16.5 ± 3.4 μg/dl. At T1 (i.e., after 3 months of renal diet), sSDMA was significantly decreased in both groups, with an sSDMA of 13.1 ± 4.4 μg/dl for the entire population involved. From T1 to T3, sSDMA gradually increased in group C, while remaining stable in group T, which continued to show a significantly lower value of sSDMA at T3 than at T0. Regarding sCr, at T0 and T1, the mean values of the entire population of dogs were 1.1 ± 0.3 and 1.0 ± 0.4 mg/dl, respectively, with no statistical differences between groups T and C. In group T, sCr decreased significantly from T0 to T1, while returning at T3 to values similar to T0. CONCLUSIONS In this study, domperidone plus renal diet reduced the progression of kidney disease in leishmaniotic dogs affected by CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Uva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Rossella Donghia
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, “Salus in Apulia Study” National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Zizzadoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Zatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garcia-Torres M, López MC, Tasker S, Lappin MR, Blasi-Brugué C, Roura X. Review and statistical analysis of clinical management of feline leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:253. [PMID: 35818075 PMCID: PMC9272864 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information about feline leishmaniosis (FeL) management in clinical practice. Leishmania infantum is the species of Leishmania most frequently reported in both dogs and cats in countries of the Mediterranean region (henceforth ‘Mediterranean countries’), Central and South America, and Iran. This study was conducted to provide veterinary clinicians with an updated overview of evidence-based information on leishmaniosis in cats. Methods A review was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Web of Science. Case reports of FeL caused by L. infantum were sought for the period 1912 to 1 June 2021. Results Sixty-three case reports are included in this review. Fifty-nine out of the 63 cats were from Europe, mostly from Mediterranean countries (88.9%). Most of them were domestic short-haired cats (90%) with a mean age of 7.9 years, and had access to the outdoors (77.3%). Sixty-six percent of the cats had comorbidities, of which feline immunodeficiency virus infection was the most frequent (37.7%). Dermatological lesions (69.8%) was the most frequent clinical sign, and hyperproteinemia (46.3%) the most frequent clinicopathological abnormality. Serology was the most performed diagnostic method (76.2%) and was positive for 93.7% of cats. Medical treatment was applied in 71.4% of cats, and allopurinol was the most used drug (74.4%). Survival time was greater for treated cats (520 days; 71.4% of cats) than non-treated cats (210 days; 25.4%). Conclusions The majority of the cats had comorbidities, of which feline immunodeficiency virus was the most frequent. Dermatological lesions were frequently reported, and systemic clinical signs and clinicopathological abnormalities were also common. Serology may be useful for the diagnosis of FeL in clinical practice, and a positive titer of ≥ 1/40 may be a useful cut-off for sick cats. The reported treatments and dosages varied, but there was a good clinical response and longer survival in most of the cats treated with allopurinol monotherapy. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia-Torres
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK.,Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull, UK
| | - Michael Rex Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Carles Blasi-Brugué
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
González MA, Barrera-Chacón R, Peña FJ, Fernández-Cotrina J, Robles NR, Pérez-Merino EM, Martín-Cano FE, Duque FJ. Urinary proteome of dogs with renal disease secondary to leishmaniosis. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:108-118. [PMID: 35777279 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis is frequently associated with the development of renal disease. Its pathogenesis is complex and not fully understood. For this reason, this study aimed to describe the urinary proteome, and identify possible new biomarkers in dogs with kidney disease secondary to leishmaniosis. Urine samples were collected from 20 dogs, 5 from healthy dogs, and 15 from stages Leishvet III and IV. Urine samples were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029165. A total of 951 proteins were obtained. After bioinformatic analysis, 93 urinary proteins were altered in the study group. Enrichment analysis performed on these proteins showed an overrepresentation of the complement activation pathway, among others. Finally, 12 discriminant variables were found in dogs with renal disease secondary to leishmaniosis, highlighting C4a anaphylatoxin, apolipoprotein A-I, haptoglobin, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, and beta-2-microglobulin. This study is the first to describe the urinary proteomics of dogs with renal disease caused by leishmaniosis, and it provides new possible biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A González
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Fernando J Peña
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Cotrina
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nicolás R Robles
- Nephrology Service, Badajoz University Hospital, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eva M Pérez-Merino
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco E Martín-Cano
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco J Duque
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jesus L, Arenas C, Domínguez-Ruiz M, Silvestrini P, Englar RE, Roura X, Leal RO. Xanthinuria secondary to allopurinol treatment in dogs with leishmaniosis: Current perspectives of the Iberian veterinary community. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 83:101783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
Pereira MA, Santos R, Nóbrega C, Mega C, Cruz R, Esteves F, Santos C, Coelho C, Mesquita JR, Vala H, Santos-Gomes G. A Questionnaire-Based Survey on the Long-Term Management of Canine Leishmaniosis by Veterinary Practitioners. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060731. [PMID: 35327128 PMCID: PMC8944528 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine Leishmaniosis is a chronic and potentially fatal disease, caused by Leishmania infantum, a zoonotic microorganism. In economically disadvantaged regions, costs associated with long-term patient monitoring may determine that some owners decline veterinary follow-up of their dogs, with potentially severe implications for animal welfare and public health. This online, questionnaire-based survey aimed to assess how Portuguese veterinary practitioners perform long-term patient management and recognize relapses. More than half of the respondents stated that most dog owners declare having financial restraints, which condition the use of diagnostic tests during long-term follow-up. Allopurinol ad aeternum or until disease remission and domperidone were the most prescribed treatment, and relapses were detected by the reappearance or worsening of clinical signs by most veterinary practitioners. The rate of relapse detection was higher in the most economically favored regions, probably because of a lesser constraint on the use of the appropriate diagnostic tests. This study confirms that owner financial restraints negatively influence veterinary follow-up and relapse recognition, potentially compromising clinical decision making and favoring the maintenance of Leishmania infantum infection endemic status in Portugal. Abstract Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) is a chronic and potentially fatal disease. In economically disadvantaged regions, costs associated with long-term patient monitoring may determine that some owners decline veterinary follow-up of their dogs. This online, questionnaire-based survey aimed to assess how Portuguese veterinary practitioners perform long-term patient monitoring and recognize relapses. More than 50% of respondents reported that 50–100% of dog owners declared financial restraints. Hence, in these circumstances, most veterinary practitioners only performed clinical examination and serology. However, when owners did not declare financial restriction, other tests were additionally performed, such as renal and hepatic profiles, hemogram, serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein creatinine ratio. The mean number of exams performed when owners presented financial restraints was significantly lower than the number of exams performed without economic limitations. Most veterinary practitioners prescribed allopurinol ad aeternum or until disease remission and domperidone. CanL relapses were recognized by more than half of respondents “Always”, through the reappearance or worsening of clinical signs, whereas about a quarter detected an increase in anti-Leishmania antibody levels and identified abnormalities in the serum protein electrophoresis profile. The relapse rate was higher in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and north, the most economically favored regions of Portugal. This study confirms that owner financial restraints negatively influence veterinary follow-up and relapse recognition, ultimately compromising clinical decision making and favoring the maintenance of Leishmania infantum infection endemicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Pereira
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal;
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-232-446-600
| | - Rute Santos
- Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal;
- Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization (VALORIZA), 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Carmen Nóbrega
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristina Mega
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Rita Cruz
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Esteves
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Carla Santos
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
| | - Catarina Coelho
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal
| | - João R. Mesquita
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-091 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior Agrária de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal; (C.N.); (C.M.); (R.C.); (F.E.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (H.V.)
- CERNAS—Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, ESAV, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3500-606 Viseu, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Drug-Dosing Adjustment in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030262. [PMID: 35158584 PMCID: PMC8833495 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a common kidney disorder in adult and aged dogs and cats; the management of associated complications and comorbidities generally requires a life-long medical treatment to ensure a good quality of life of affected patients. However, indications and the literature on drug dosing in dogs and cats with chronic kidney disease are often lacking. The aim of this review is to revise the current literature on drug dosing in canine and feline patients with renal impairment, with a special focus on the most commonly used medications to manage chronic kidney disease and possible comorbidities.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cavalera MA, Gernone F, Uva A, D'Ippolito P, Roura X, Paltrinieri S, Zatelli A. Effect of domperidone (leisguard®) on antibody titers, inflammatory markers and creatinine in dogs with leishmaniosis and chronic kidney disease. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:525. [PMID: 34629081 PMCID: PMC8504065 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapeutic drugs, such as domperidone, have been shown to be promising treatments against canine leishmaniosis (CanL), but limited data are available. The aim of this pilot study (therapeutic, prospective and non-controlled) was to evaluate the effect of domperidone on serum antibody titers of Leishmania infantum, globulins, gamma globulins, acute-phase proteins (e.g. C-reactive protein [CRP]), big endothelin-1 (big ET-1), serum creatinine (SC) and proteinuria in dogs with leishmaniosis affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods Dogs were recruited if “exposed” to or “infected” with L. infantum and affected by CKD (IRIS stage 1 [proteinuric] or IRIS stage 2–3a [SC < 3.5 mg/dl; proteinuric or non-proteinuric]). After inclusion, an oral suspension of domperidone was administered, and the dogs were followed up for 180 days, with checks at 30, 60, 90 and 180 days after initial treatment. Results Of the 14 recruited dogs, nine showed a statistically significant reduction in SC (χ2 = 9.1, df = 3, P = 0.028), but not in the urine protein/creatinine ratio (χ2 = 6.43, df = 3, P = 0.092). All dogs showed a significant reduction in antibody titers for L. infantum (χ2 = 9.56, df = 2, P = 0.008), globulins (χ2 = 11.08, df = 3, P = 0.011) and gamma globulins (χ2 = 12.38, df = 3, P = 0.006) during the study period. There was also a statistically significant reduction in CRP (χ2 = 16.7,
df = 3, P = 0.001), but not in big ET-1 (χ2 = 2.04, df = 3, P = 0.563). Conclusions This study provides preliminary results on the ability of domperidone to improve SC and reduce anti-L. infantum antibody titers, globulins, gamma globulins and CRP in dogs with leishmaniosis and CKD. Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Uva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Zatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Parody N, Escutia MR, Carnés J. Role of Circulating Immune Complexes in the Pathogenesis of Canine Leishmaniasis: New Players in Vaccine Development. Microorganisms 2021; 9:712. [PMID: 33808383 PMCID: PMC8066116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), due to Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), uncontrolled infection leads to a strong humoral immune response. As a consequence of the production of high antibody levels and the prolonged presence of parasite antigens, circulating immune complexes (CIC) are formed, which can be deposited in certain organs and tissues, inducing vasculitis, uveitis, dermatitis and especially glomerulonephritis and renal failure. A method to detect CIC and quantify their levels in serum samples from dogs infected with L. infantum has been recently described. It allowed demonstration of a correlation between CIC levels and disease severity. Thus, CIC measurement may be useful for diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and monitoring response to treatment. This is an interesting finding, considering that there remains an urgent need for identification of novel biomarkers to achieve a correct diagnosis and for optimal disease staging of dogs suffering from Leishmania infection. The objective of the present review is to shed light on the role of CIC in CanL, as well as to highlight their potential use not only as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers but also as a valuable tool in vaccine development and new immunotherapy strategies to prevent or control disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Unit Allergy & Immunology, LETI Pharma, S.L.U., Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.C.-L.); (N.P.); (M.R.E.)
| |
Collapse
|