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Response to the Letter to the Editor on "A Worldwide Internet Study Based on Implicit Association Test Revealed a Higher Prevalence of Adult Males' Androphilia Than Ever Reported Before". J Sex Med 2021; 18:840-841. [PMID: 33714699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.01.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ciocca G, Lingiardi V, Jannini EA. Letter to the Editor on "A Worldwide Internet Study Based on Implicit Association Test Revealed a Higher Prevalence of Adult Males' Androphilia than Ever Reported before". J Sex Med 2021; 18:837. [PMID: 33563549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Ciocca
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuele A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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Han L, Sun R, Sun Y, Gao F, Xie D, Jou M. Reactions and gender differences to online pictures of covered sexual organs among heterosexual young adults—Studies based on behavior, eye movement and ERP. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Snowden RJ, Fitton E, McKinnon A, Gray NS. Sexual Attraction to Both Genders in Ambiphilic Men: Evidence from Implicit Cognitions. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:503-515. [PMID: 31691075 PMCID: PMC7031175 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ambiphilic (or bisexual) men describe feelings of sexual attraction to both men and women. However, physiological measures of arousal have failed to show a consistent pattern of arousal to both genders. We measured men's automatic associations between the concept of sex (represented by words) and the concepts of men versus women (represented by images) via the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and a priming task. On the IAT, gynephilic men (N = 32) were faster for women-sex pairings, androphilic men (N = 18) were faster for men-sex pairings, while ambiphilic men (N = 20) showed no bias toward either gender. We then isolated the concepts of "men" and "women" by comparing them separately against neutral images. In contrast to both the gynephilic or androphilic men, ambiphilic men showed sexual associations to both men and women. On the priming task, ambiphilic men showed faster responses to sex words, but slower responses to not-sex words, when primed with pictures of either men or women compared to when primed by neutral images. The results from all the experimental tasks suggest that ambiphilic men have a pattern of sexual association that is different from both gynephilic and androphilic men and represents a sexual attraction to both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Snowden
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Ellen Fitton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Aimee McKinnon
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nicola S Gray
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Abertawe Bro-Morgannwg University Health Board, Bridgend, UK
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Camperio Ciani A, Battaglia U, Cesare L, Camperio Ciani G, Capiluppi C. Possible Balancing Selection in Human Female Homosexuality. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2017; 29:14-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12110-017-9309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Snowden RJ, Curl C, Jobbins K, Lavington C, Gray NS. Automatic Direction of Spatial Attention to Male Versus Female Stimuli: A Comparison of Heterosexual Men and Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:843-53. [PMID: 26857378 PMCID: PMC4820492 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abundant research has shown that men's sexual attractions are more category-specific in relation to gender than women's are. We tested whether the early automatic allocation of spatial attention reflects these sexual attractions. The dot-probe task was used to assess whether spatial attention was attracted to images of either male or female models that were naked or partially clothed. In Experiment 1, men were faster if the target appeared after the female stimulus, whereas women were equally quick to respond to targets after male or female stimuli. In Experiment 2, neutral cues were introduced. Men were again faster to female images in comparison to male or neutral images, but showed no bias on the male versus neutral test. Women were faster to both male and female pictures in comparison to neutral pictures. However, in this experiment they were also faster to female pictures than to male pictures. The results suggest that early attentional processes reveal category-specific interest to the preferred sexual category for heterosexual men, and suggest that heterosexual women do not have category-specific guidance of attentional mechanisms. The technique may have promise in measuring sexual interest in other situations where participants may not be able, or may not be willing, to report upon their sexual interests (e.g., assessment of paedophilic interest).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Snowden
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Catriona Curl
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Chloe Lavington
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nicola S Gray
- Department of Psychology, Pastoral Healthcare, Cardiff, UK
- School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Camperio Ciani A, Battaglia U, Liotta M. Societal Norms Rather Than Sexual Orientation Influence Kin Altruism and Avuncularity in Tribal Urak-Lawoi, Italian, and Spanish Adult Males. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2015; 53:137-148. [PMID: 26132515 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2014.993748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Homosexual males could balance their low fitness by increasing benefits to relatives either through kin-directed altruism or by avuncularity (altruistic behavior toward the children of siblings). Evidence in support of kin selection and avuncularity includes the fact that homosexuals seem to be more empathic and altruistic than heterosexuals. Other studies have not confirmed behaviors that increase kin altruism in homosexuals. We explored altruistic behavior and avuncularity in a sample of 278 subjects, either homosexual or heterosexual, from three populations: Italian, Spanish, and Urak-Lawoi, a Southeast Asian tribal population. Among the Urak-Lawoi, the kathoeys, androphilic men who dress and behave as women, were compared with heterosexuals. All populations were rated for societal norms on the expression of affiliative behavior. No greater kin altruism or avuncularity among the kathoeys or in homosexuals in either Mediterranean population was found. Greater avuncularity and kin-directed altruism, independent of sexual orientation, were found among the Urak-Lawoi, and these traits were the least prevalent among the Italians, corresponding to different societal norms. The increase in kin altruism and avuncularity was associated in all males with societal differences and norms on general altruism toward nonkin children, suggesting it is not an adaptive design to maintain homosexuality in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camperio Ciani
- a Laboratory of Evolutionary Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy, and Applied Psychology , University of Padova
| | - Umberto Battaglia
- a Laboratory of Evolutionary Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy, and Applied Psychology , University of Padova
| | - Marina Liotta
- a Laboratory of Evolutionary Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy, and Applied Psychology , University of Padova
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Camperio Ciani A, Battaglia U, Zanzotto G. Human homosexuality: a paradigmatic arena for sexually antagonistic selection? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a017657. [PMID: 25635045 PMCID: PMC4382746 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sexual conflict likely plays a crucial role in the origin and maintenance of homosexuality in our species. Although environmental factors are known to affect human homosexual (HS) preference, sibling concordances and population patterns related to HS indicate that genetic components are also influencing this trait in humans. We argue that multilocus, partially X-linked genetic factors undergoing sexually antagonistic selection that promote maternal female fecundity at the cost of occasional male offspring homosexuality are the best candidates capable of explaining the frequency, familial clustering, and pedigree asymmetries observed in HS male proband families. This establishes male HS as a paradigmatic example of sexual conflict in human biology. HS in females, on the other hand, is currently a more elusive phenomenon from both the empirical and theoretical standpoints because of its fluidity and marked environmental influence. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, the latter involving sexually antagonistic components, have been hypothesized for the propagation and maintenance of female HS in the population. However, further data are needed to truly clarify the evolutionary dynamics of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camperio Ciani
- Dipartimento di Filosofia, Sociologia, Pedagogia e Psicologia Applicata, Università di Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Battaglia
- Dipartimento di Filosofia, Sociologia, Pedagogia e Psicologia Applicata, Università di Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zanzotto
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
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