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Schiellerup NS, Kobberø H, Andersen K, Poulsen CA, Poulsen MH. Evaluation of Botox treatment in patients with chronic scrotal pain: Protocol for a randomized double-blinded control trial. BJUI COMPASS 2024; 5:541-547. [PMID: 38873349 PMCID: PMC11168772 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic scrotal pain is a common condition with a prevalence of 2.5-4.8% in male outpatients. Up to 40% of these patients report depressive symptoms and many feel isolated. Minimal invasive treatment is lacking, while spermatic cord injections of Botox® (BTX) have been proposed to offer long-term pain relief. Study Design This research protocol comprises a prospective multicentre, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial drawing patients from other urological departments in the region of Southern Denmark. End Points The primary end point will be reduction in pain evaluated by visual analogue score for pain at 3 months. Secondary end point will be length of effect of BTX injections along with changes in quality of life. Patients and Methods The study will include 50 patients for randomization to either spermatic cord block with 100 IE BTX or sterile saline. All patients will prior to randomization undergo physical examination and will be asked to fulfil multiple questionnaires regarding pain and impact in daily life, that is, (1) visual analogue score for pain, (2) quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), (3) Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), (4) ICD-10 depression questionnaire (MDI), (5) Likert global assessment scale, and (6) International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire. Physical examination and fulfilment of the questionnaires will be repeated multiple times throughout the study period of 12 weeks. After this time point, patients will be unblinded, and the control arm will be given the opportunity of cross-over.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Kobberø
- Department of UrologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
| | - Karin Andersen
- Department of UrologyOdense University HospitalOdenseDenmark
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Cryoablation of the penile nerves for chronic penile pain. Int J Impot Res 2022:10.1038/s41443-022-00587-z. [PMID: 35668105 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-022-00587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a unique case of a 39-year-old male with a 20-year history of chronic penile pain. Unfortunately, there are currently very limited reports on how best to manage chronic penile pain, as chronic penile pain is a diagnosis of exclusion without any apparent disease. Here, we describe our patient's clinical presentation of chronic penile pain, history of previously failed medical and procedural treatments, and eventually completion of cryoablation of the penile nerves. In this case study, we demonstrated that targeted cryoablation of the penile nerves is a potential treatment option for chronic penile pain that failed medical management. We also discuss the anatomy and innervation of the penis as it relates to sensation of chronic penile pain and subsequent cryoablation of the penile nerves.
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Malaguti SA, Lund L. Gold Standard Care of Chronic Scrotal Pain. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:283-288. [PMID: 34079773 PMCID: PMC8163997 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s278803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic scrotal pain (CSP) can be a debilitating condition for patients and is often difficult to characterize. METHODS A review of literature was performed using Embase, Cochrane and Medline databases in the period 1.January 2010 to 1.January 2021. We found 132 articles, and the authors screened abstract and references. Thirty-seven articles are included after removing duplicates. RESULTS This review presents a variety of medical and surgical treatment options for CSP such as spermatic cord blocks (36-80% success rate), microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (76-100% success rates), Botox (56% success rate), targeted ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric peripheral nerve stimulation, and radical orchiectomy (55-75% success rate). CONCLUSION An overview of various treatment options, both non-surgical and surgical are provided, with the aim of establishing what may be the best treatment option for CSP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Lund
- Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Jing Z, Liying G, Zhenqing W, Hui Z, Shuai L, Dingqi S, Qiang F, Keqin Z. Efficacy and Safety of Ningmitai Capsules in Patients with Chronic Epididymitis: A Prospective, Parallel Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:9752592. [PMID: 33854561 PMCID: PMC8021469 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9752592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Ningmitai (NMT) capsules in patients with chronic epididymitis. METHODS This prospective randomized controlled trial included 112 patients diagnosed with chronic epididymitis. The patients were randomized (1 : 1 : 1) to receive levofloxacin (LVX), NMT, or NMT combined with LVX for 4 weeks. The patients were followed up at 2 and 4 weeks after initiation of treatment and were evaluated in terms of Chronic Epididymitis Symptom Index (CESI) scores, epididymal nodules, and safety parameters. The primary endpoints were the CESI scores at the end of 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. The secondary endpoints included the mean epididymal nodule diameter and the clinical efficacy rate. Safety was evaluated by hepatorenal function tests and adverse event reports during the trial. RESULTS After 2 weeks of treatment, the CESI score of the NMT group was significantly lower than that of the LVX group (P < 0.05). In addition, the clinical efficacy rate of the NMT group was significantly higher than that of the LVX group (55% vs. 8.33%, P < 0.0001), indicating that NMT has a rapid effect on chronic epididymitis. After 4 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference in CESI scores or clinical efficacy rates between the two monotherapy regimens (P > 0.05); however, the mean diameter of epididymal nodules was significantly smaller in the NMT group than in the LVX group (P < 0.0001). Moreover, after 4 weeks of treatment, the patients in the LVX + NMT group, which had a clinical efficacy rate of 97.22%, had lower CESI scores (both P < 0.01) and a smaller epididymal nodule diameter (vs. LVX, P < 0.0001; vs. NMT, P < 0.05) than those in the other two groups. No adverse events or abnormal hepatorenal function were found during the study. CONCLUSION NMT significantly improved CESI scores and epididymal nodule diameter in patients with chronic epididymitis. The combination of NMT and LVX provides a much better effect than monotherapy, and this treatment regimen was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Jing
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Guan Liying
- Physical Examination Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Wang Zhenqing
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhang Hui
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Liu Shuai
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Sun Dingqi
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Fu Qiang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhang Keqin
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
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Parekattil SJ, Ergun O, Gudeloglu A. Management of Chronic Orchialgia: Challenges and Solutions - The Current Standard of Care. Res Rep Urol 2020; 12:199-210. [PMID: 32754451 PMCID: PMC7351977 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s198785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic scrotal content pain (CSP) or chronic orchialgia can be debilitating for patients and difficult to treat. There is a paucity of structured treatment algorithms to approach this difficult condition. METHODS A review of the literature was performed. Conservative treatment options are presented and then targeted surgical interventions that the urologist may perform are then presented in a structured algorithm format. Many of these patients may obtain a significant reduction in pain with some of these treatments. RESULTS This review presents the pathophysiology, a new assessment tool, and various treatment options available for CSP patients, such as targeted spermatic cord blocks, targeted and standard microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (77-100% success rates), ultrasound-guided peri-spermatic cord and ilioinguinal cryoablation (59-75% success rates), scrotox (botox) (56-72% success rates), targeted ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric peripheral nerve stimulation (72% success rate), radical orchiectomy (20-75% success rate), targeted robotic-assisted intra-abdominal denervation (71% success rate) and vasectomy reversal (69-100% success rates). CONCLUSION A structured and evidence-based approach to help urologists manage patients with chronic orchialgia or scrotal content pain is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onuralp Ergun
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ramelli E, Brault N, Tierny C, Atlan M, Cristofari S. Intrascrotal injection of botulinum toxin A, a male genital aesthetic demand: Technique and limits. Prog Urol 2020; 30:312-317. [PMID: 32359923 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scrotal rejuvenation is a real male aesthetic demand. Scrotal injection of botulinum toxin makes the testicles smoother, less dangling and subjectively larger. METHODS Intrascrotal botulinum toxin injections were performed to a 44-year-old patient for aesthetic purposes. We used the intracremasteric injection protocol. Cremaster muscle injections and dartos muscle injections were performed. RESULTS The patient was satisfied. No adverse reaction to the intrascrotal botulinum toxin injection was observed. The patient wanted to repeat the procedure in the future. CONCLUSION At the moment, there is no recommendation about the aesthetic use of intrascrotal injections of botulinum toxin A and the risks are unknown. The purpose of this article is to show the feasibility, context and technical modalities of intrascrotal injection. The risk of infertility is real, but marginal for men who no longer have progeny's desire. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Ramelli
- Plastic surgery Department, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; Plastic surgery Department, Hautepierre Hospital, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 1, avenue Molière, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Nicolas Brault
- Plastic surgery Department, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Chloe Tierny
- Plastic Surgery and Burns Unit, University Hospital of Bordeaux, FX Michelet Center, place Amelie Raba-Leon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Atlan
- Plastic surgery Department, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; Paris VI, Sorbonne University, Pierre et Marie Curie Campus, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sarra Cristofari
- Plastic surgery Department, Tenon Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France; Paris VI, Sorbonne University, Pierre et Marie Curie Campus, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Chronic Scrotal Content Pain: an Updated Review on Diagnosis and Management. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-019-00201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jarvi KA, Wu C, Nickel JC, Domes T, Grantmyre J, Zini A. Canadian Urological Association best practice report on chronic scrotal pain. Can Urol Assoc J 2018; 12:161-172. [PMID: 29485040 PMCID: PMC5994986 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Jarvi
- Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Canada
| | - Christopher Wu
- Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON; Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic scrotal pain (CSP) is a common yet poorly understood condition, with significant impacts on overall quality of life. Many patients will have sought evaluation and management from multiple providers in an attempt to find a solution for their pain. RECENT FINDINGS Despite many emerging treatments for CSP and further understanding of the potential etiologies and pathophysiological basis of the condition, its natural history is poorly understood. It is also important to recognize the psychosocial impact of CSP and consider formal referral for psychological evaluation and treatment if the patient endorses significant psychiatric responses to pain. It is important to also recognize the neuropathic component of pain that may arise in patients with CSP. Neuropathic medications show promise as a narcotic-sparing pharmacological intervention. There are promising surgical options for CSP including microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord. This article highlights the current best practice recommendations on the evaluation and management of chronic scrotal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wu
- Mount Sinai Hospital-Toronto, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Keith Jarvi
- Mount Sinai Hospital-Toronto, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada.
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Aljumaily A, Forbes E, Al-Khazraji HAJ, Gordon A, Lau S, Jarvi KA. Frequency and severity of chronic scrotal pain in Canadian men presenting to urologists for infertility investigations. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 6:1150-1154. [PMID: 29354503 PMCID: PMC5760382 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.11.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic scrotal pain (CSP) may be debilitating in men presenting for treatment for CSP, but we have little information on the frequency and severity of CSP in the men who do not seek care for the CSP. Our objective was to identify the frequency and characteristics of CSP in a population of men presenting for reasons other than CSP to a urology clinic. Methods Men presenting to a urology clinic for investigation of male infertility (INF) completed a standardized CSP questionnaires if they self-reported having CSP. This prospectively collected database was then retrospectively analyzed. Results Forty-five of 1,203 (3.7%) of INF patients (mean age 35: range, 24–59), reported having CSP (INF/CSP). Our comparison group was 131 men presenting for investigation of CSP [mean age 43¡À12 (SD) years with a mean duration of CSP of 4.7¡À5.95 years]. On average, men with INF/CSP had less severe and frequent pain than those with CSP, with significantly less pain during “bad” pain episodes (5.2¡À2.2 vs. 7.4¡À2.1, VAS score 0–10, P<0.0001 Student’s t-test), less frequent “bad” pain episodes (23%¡À21% vs. 42%¡À30% of the time, P<0.0001 Student’s t-test) and lower proportion of men who reported having severe pain (VAS score 7–10/10) (4/45 vs. 46/131, P<0.001, chi-squared test). Both groups reported a negative impact of the pain on quality of life (QOL), with 60% and 86% of men with INF/CSP and CSP alone reporting that they would feel ‘mostly dissatisfied’, ‘unhappy’, or ‘terrible’ if they had to continue life with their present scrotal pain symptoms. Conclusions Clinicians should be aware that CSP is common among men presenting for conditions other than CSP and that even if the pain levels are not “severe”, the chronic pain often has a significant negative impact on QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aosama Aljumaily
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Murray Koffler Urologic Wellness Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ellen Forbes
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Murray Koffler Urologic Wellness Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Allan Gordon
- Wasser Pain Management Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Lau
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Allen Jarvi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Murray Koffler Urologic Wellness Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ahmad SS, Sherpa G, Ahmed AR, Ahmad S. Intragastric Botolinum Toxin-A Injection as a Treatment for Obesity in Comparison to Gastric Balloon. Obes Surg 2016; 26:2235-2236. [PMID: 27424001 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhaib S Ahmad
- School of Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK.
| | - Gina Sherpa
- School of Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK
| | - Ahmed R Ahmed
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sami Ahmad
- Medical Centre, Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan
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