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Usov AI, Bilan MI, Ustyuzhanina NE, Nifantiev NE. Fucoidans of Brown Algae: Comparison of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:638. [PMID: 36286461 PMCID: PMC9604890 DOI: 10.3390/md20100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparations of sulfated polysaccharides obtained from brown algae are known as fucoidans. These biopolymers have attracted considerable attention due to many biological activities which may find practical applications. Two Atlantic representatives of Phaeophyceae, namely, Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum, belonging to the same order Fucales, are popular sources of commercial fucoidans, which often regarded as very similar in chemical composition and biological actions. Nevertheless, these two fucoidan preparations are polysaccharide mixtures which differ considerably in amount and chemical nature of components, and hence, this circumstance should be taken into account in the investigation of their biological properties and structure-activity relationships. In spite of these differences, fractions with carefully characterized structures prepared from both fucoidans may have valuable applications in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii I. Usov
- The Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- The Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Bal Dit Sollier C, Dillinger JG, Drouet L. Anticoagulant activity and pleiotropic effects of heparin. JOURNAL DE MEDECINE VASCULAIRE 2020; 45:147-157. [PMID: 32402428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdmv.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recognized therapeutic effect of heparins is an anticoagulant activity (anti-Xa and anti-IIa) acting in an indirect manner (cofactor of antithrombin) but which is carried by only 20% at best of the glycan chains composing any commercial preparation of heparin, whether unfractionated or low molecular weight. However, the effects of glycan chains that participate in the therapeutic but also potentially adverse effects of heparin preparations must also be considered. These specific effects of glycans are potentially different for each commercial preparation of heparins and, in particular, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH) and LMWH between them. The glycanic nature of heparin is responsible for its very particular pharmacology: exchange with the glycocalyx of cells in particular endothelial. Exchanges which depend on the length and structure of the glycan chains therefore different between UFH and LMWH between the different heparin preparations between them but also according to the state of glycocalyx differently altered according to the underlying diseases and their degree of evolution. If the anticoagulant effects of heparins can potentially be replaced with those of new oral anticoagulants, the glycan effects of heparins cannot be replaced by synthetic non-glycan molecules. This replacement will undoubtedly limit certain risks such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) but other beneficial effects participating to the overall efficacy of heparin (whose relative importance remains to be ascertained), will also disappear: effects on surfaces, anti-inflammatory effects, antineoplastic and anti-metastatic effects, ancillary anticoagulant effects (not dependent on antithrombin), effect on endothelial dysfunction. This review will be focused on all of these related/pleiotropic effects of heparins that are in fact the effects of the glycan nature of heparin. Among the antithrombotic effects not dependent on antithrombin one has been more recently highlighted: the passivation/neutralization of the positively charged fibrils of Netosis, by the negatively charged glycan chains of heparin. This also has clinical implications: in the era of generics and biosimilars where biosimilar heparins begin to appear, it is important to know that accordingly to FDA and EMEA rules: their biosimilarity is judged only on the "classical" anticoagulation effect cofactor of antithrombin (anti-IIa/anti-Xa) but that all glycan effects that are potentially beneficial or potentially deleterious are not taken into consideration in their assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bal Dit Sollier
- CREATIF (Centre de Référence et d'Éducation aux AntiThrombotiques d'Île de France), Lariboisière Hospital, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - J-G Dillinger
- CREATIF (Centre de Référence et d'Éducation aux AntiThrombotiques d'Île de France), Lariboisière Hospital, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
| | - L Drouet
- CREATIF (Centre de Référence et d'Éducation aux AntiThrombotiques d'Île de France), Lariboisière Hospital, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France; Department of Cardiology, Lariboisière Hospital, 2, rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France.
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Brouwers JRBJ, Roeters van Lennep JE, Beinema MJ. Biosimilars of low molecular weight heparins: Relevant background information for your drug formulary. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:2479-2486. [PMID: 31378961 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosimilars of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are more alike the originator than different branded LMWHs. The latter differ largely in molecular weight, anti-FXa/anti-FIIa ratio and antithrombin binding. The Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidelines are sufficient for the clinical use of high quality LMWHs. However, the Food and Drug Administration guideline lacks the results of a phase I clinical trial in the approval process. Most information about biosimilars is available for enoxaparin given that many biosimilars of enoxaparin have received market access. The guidelines of many International Thrombosis Societies for LMWH biosimilars are too stringent, not updated and impractical for formulary uptake discussions. This review gives background information on critical factors for the formulary uptake process of LMWHs with special attention for the use of the System of Objectified Judgment Analysis/Infomatrix model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus R B J Brouwers
- Unit Pharmacotherapy -Epidemiology and -Economy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Expertise Centre Pharmacotherapy in Old Persons, Oranjewoud, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine E Roeters van Lennep
- Department of Internal Medicine-subdivision Vascular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Beinema
- Anticoagualation Center, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
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4
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Oliveira SNMCG, Santos GRC, Glauser BF, Capillé NVM, Queiroz INL, Pereira MS, Pomin VH, Mourão PAS. Structural and functional analyses of biosimilar enoxaparins available in Brazil. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:53-65. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryBiosimilar enoxaparins have been available for clinical use in Brazil since 2009. Although their use has reduced costs of treatment expenses, their implementation still raises some concerns about efficiency, safety, regularity and reproducibility of batches. We undertook structural and functional analyses on over 90 batches of pharmaceutical- active ingredient, and 330 ones of the final products of biosimilar enoxaparins available in the Brazilian market between 2009 and 2014. Besides a nationwide-scale analysis, we have also employed methods that go beyond those recommended by the standard pharmacopeias. We have used high-resolution 2D NMR, detailed assessment of the anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties, check of side effects in experimental animals after continuous administration, and analyses of individual composing oligosaccharides. The 1D 1H NMR spectra of all batches of biosimilar enoxaparins are fairly coincident, and the resultant average spectrum is quite identical to that from the original drug. This structural equality was also assured by highly resolved 2D NMR spectra. The anticoagulant activity, determined by diverse assays and the in vivoantithrombotic and bleeding effects of the biosimilar version were confirmed as equal as of the parental enoxaparins. Structure and function of the composing oligosaccharides were identical in both enoxaparin types. No side effect was observed after continuous subcutaneous administration to rats for 30 days at the dose of 2 mg kg-1 body weight. Biosimilar enoxaparins available in Brazil fulfilled the requirement of the five items defined by FDA-USA for approval of this type of drug.
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Imberti D, Marietta M, Polo Friz H, Cimminiello C. The introduction of biosimilars of low molecular weight heparins in Europe: a critical review and reappraisal endorsed by the Italian Society for Haemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET) and the Italian Society for Angiology and Vascular Medicine (SIAPAV). Thromb J 2017; 15:13. [PMID: 28490974 PMCID: PMC5424282 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-017-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) authorized the introduction and marketing of Thorinane® and Inhixa®, biosimilars of the Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin. The authorization path is considerably different from the guidelines published by the EMA in 2009, as well as from the recommendations from the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis published in 2013. Indeed, both of them recommended that LMWHs biosimilars therapeutic equivalence should be demonstrated in at least one adequately designed clinical trial. Shortly after enoxaparin biosimilars approval, EMA published a revised version of its guideline, no longer requiring the execution of a clinical study in patients at risk of venous thromboembolism. Also the assessment of safety shows some relevant flaws, as it relies only on a 20 healthy volunteers study, clearly underpowered to draw any conclusions about the safety profile of the drug. In our opinion, the approach taken by EMA for approval of enoxaparin biosimilars raises serious concerns about their actual, clinical “similarity”. On these grounds, with the endorsement of the Italian Society for Haemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET) and the Italian Society for Angiology and Vascular Medicine (SIAPAV), we elaborated the present document aimed at reviewing and reappraising some critical points regarding the introduction of biosimilars of LMWH in Europe. Moreover, we would strongly advise the Italian National Health Authorities not to entrust safety assessment to the post-marketing surveillance only, but to promote well designed and powered studies aimed at establish the actual efficacy and safety of LMWH biosimilars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Imberti
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Center, Internal Medicine Department, Piacenza Hospital, Via Taverna 49, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marco Marietta
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hernan Polo Friz
- Internal Medicine, Medical Department, Vimercate Hospital, via Santi Cosma e Damiano 10, 20871 Vimercate, Italy.,Studies and Research Center of the Italian Society of Angiology and Vascular Pathology (Società Italiana di Angiologia e Patologia Vascolare, SIAPAV), via Gorizia 22, 20144 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Cimminiello
- Studies and Research Center of the Italian Society of Angiology and Vascular Pathology (Società Italiana di Angiologia e Patologia Vascolare, SIAPAV), via Gorizia 22, 20144 Milan, Italy
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6
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Vilanova E, Glauser BF, Oliveira SNMCG, Tovar AMF, Mourão PAS. Update on Brazilian biosimilar enoxaparins. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:1015-1021. [PMID: 27680213 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2016.1243052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brazil is among the first countries approving the commercialization and clinical use of biosimilar enoxaparins. Our research group has performed quality control assessments of these drugs over the last decade. Areas covered: We have not found noticeable differences between Brazilian biosimilar enoxaparins and the original product regarding their physicochemical properties, disaccharide composition, anticoagulant activity, bioavailability and safety. Expert commentary: In spite of clinical and pharmacological advantages of enoxaparin, subcutaneous formulations of unfractionated heparin are employed by the Brazilian public health system for prevention and treatment of thromboembolism. The underuse of both original and biosimilar enoxaparins in Brazil directly correlates with their high cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vilanova
- a Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Bianca F Glauser
- a Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Stephan-Nicollas M C G Oliveira
- a Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Ana M F Tovar
- a Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Paulo A S Mourão
- a Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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7
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Harenberg J, Cimminiello C, Agnelli G, Di Minno G, Polo Friz H, Prandoni P, Scaglione F. Biosimilars of low-molecular-weight heparin products: fostering competition or reducing 'biodiversity'? J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:421-6. [PMID: 26711899 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The term 'biosimilars' is used to qualify products developed to be similar to an original biological drug. Biosimilars are much more complicated to develop than a generic version of small-molecule drugs and this is especially true for low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs). Evidence on the antithrombotic management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) showed that the introduction into the market of biosimilars approved on the basis of simple biological criteria, without robust data from comparative clinical trials, may be hazardous. Moreover, the mixtures of LMWH polysaccharide chains, some immunoallergic properties and potential contamination during the extraction process raise safety concerns. As was the case for the biosimilar erythropoietin, there is the risk that only copies of the most commercially successful LMWHs will be marketed, thus jeopardizing the 'biodiversity' now ensured by the presence of several LMWHs, each with unique features that support the use of an individual LMWH as first-choice therapy in certain categories of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harenberg
- Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - C Cimminiello
- Department of Medicine, Vimercate Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - G Agnelli
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine-Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Di Minno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - H Polo Friz
- Department of Medicine, Vimercate Hospital Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, Vimercate, Italy
| | - P Prandoni
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences, Clinica Medica 2, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - F Scaglione
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Guerrini M, Rudd TR, Mauri L, Macchi E, Fareed J, Yates EA, Naggi A, Torri G. Differentiation of Generic Enoxaparins Marketed in the United States by Employing NMR and Multivariate Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8275-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni”, Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia
| | - Timothy R. Rudd
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Lucio Mauri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni”, Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia
| | - Eleonora Macchi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni”, Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Department
of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni”, Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche “G. Ronzoni”, Via Giuseppe Colombo, 81, Milano 20133, Italia
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Mourier PAJ, Agut C, Souaifi-Amara H, Herman F, Viskov C. Analytical and statistical comparability of generic enoxaparins from the US market with the originator product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:431-42. [PMID: 26280926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are complex anticoagulant drugs, made from heparin porcine mucosa starting material. Enoxaparin sodium manufactured by Sanofi is one of the most widely prescribed LMWHs and has been used since 1993 in the USA. In 2010, US Food and Drug Administration approval for supplying generic enoxaparin was granted to Sandoz and subsequently to Amphastar. Little is known, however, of the differences in composition of these preparations. In this study, samples from several batches of generic enoxaparins were purchased on the US market and analyzed with state of the art methodologies, including disaccharide building blocks quantification, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and a combination of orthogonal separation techniques. Direct high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the different enoxaparin batches revealed distinct process fingerprints associated with each manufacturer. Disaccharide building block analysis showed differences in the degree of sulfation, the presence of glycoserine derivatives, as well as in proportions of disaccharides. Results were compared by statistical approaches using multivariate analysis with a partial least squares discriminant analysis methodology. The variations were statistically significant and allowed a clear distinction to be made between the enoxaparin batches according to their manufacturer. These results were further confirmed by orthogonal analytical techniques, including NMR, which revealed compositional differences of oligosaccharides both in low- and high-affinity antithrombin fractions of enoxaparin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Agut
- Sanofi R&D, 371, rue du Professeur Joseph, 34184 Montpellier, France.
| | - Hajer Souaifi-Amara
- External consultant from Experis™ IT, Life Sciences, 92723 Nanterre, France for CMC Biostatistics & Programming, Sanofi, Centre de recherche Vitry-sur-Seine, 13, quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
| | - Fréderic Herman
- Sanofi, 13, Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France.
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Abstract
Heparin-antithrombin interaction is one of the most documented examples of heparin/protein complexes. The specific heparin sequence responsible for the binding corresponds to a pentasaccharide sequence with an internal 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residue. Moreover, the position of the pentasaccharide along the chain as well as the structure of the neighbor units affects the affinity to antithrombin. The development of separation and purification techniques, in conjunction with physico-chemical approaches (mostly NMR), allowed to characterize several structural variants of antithrombin-binding oligosaccharides, both in the free state and in complex with antithrombin. The article provides an overview of the studies that lead to the elucidation of the mechanism of interaction as well as acquiring new knowledge in heparin biosynthesis.
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Casu B, Naggi A, Torri G. Re-visiting the structure of heparin. Carbohydr Res 2014; 403:60-8. [PMID: 25088334 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The sulfated polysaccharide heparin has been used as a life-saving anticoagulant in clinics well before its detailed structure was known. This mini-review is a survey of the evolution in the discovery of the primary and secondary structure of heparin. Highlights in this history include elucidation and synthesis of the specific sequence that binds to antithrombin, the development of low-molecular-weight heparins currently used as antithrombotic drugs, and the most promising start of chemo-enzymatic synthesis. Special emphasis is given to peculiar conformational properties contributing to interaction with proteins that modulate different biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Casu
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy
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