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Gerber-Tichet E, Blanchet FP, Majzoub K, Kremer EJ. Toll-like receptor 4 - a multifunctional virus recognition receptor. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00171-9. [PMID: 39179422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Since the initial description of Toll receptors in Drosophila and their mammalian counterparts Toll-like receptors (TLRs), numerous fundamental and applied studies have explored their crucial role as sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Among the ten human TLRs, TLR4 is particularly well known for its ability to detect lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. In addition to its archetypal functions, TLR4 is also a versatile virus sensor. This review provides a background on the discovery of TLR4 and how this knowledge laid a foundation for characterization of its diverse roles in antiviral responses, examined through genetic, biochemical, structural, and immunological approaches. These advances have led to a deeper understanding of the molecular functions that enable TLR4 to orchestrate multi-nodal control by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to initiate appropriate and regulated antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Gerber-Tichet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 9004, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5535, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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Brüggemann Y, Klöhn M, Wedemeyer H, Steinmann E. Hepatitis E virus: from innate sensing to adaptive immune responses. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z. [PMID: 39039260 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in humans worldwide. In immunocompetent individuals, the majority of HEV infections remain asymptomatic and lead to spontaneous clearance of the virus, and only a minority of individuals with infection (5-16%) experience symptoms of acute viral hepatitis. However, HEV infections can cause up to 30% mortality in pregnant women, become chronic in immunocompromised patients and cause extrahepatic manifestations. A growing body of evidence suggests that the host immune response to infection with different HEV genotypes is a critical determinant of distinct HEV infection outcomes. In this Review, we summarize key components of the innate and adaptive immune responses to HEV, including the underlying immunological mechanisms of HEV associated with acute and chronic liver failure and interactions between T cell and B cell responses. In addition, we discuss the current status of vaccines against HEV and raise outstanding questions regarding the immune responses induced by HEV and treatment of the disease, highlighting areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Brüggemann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mara Klöhn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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Passos-Silva AM, Silva EDCE, Borzacov LMP, Araújo A, Porto AS, Salcedo JMV, Vieira D. Molecular genetic association of rs8099917 and rs1800795 polymorphisms in the progression of hepatitis Delta virus liver disease. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230025. [PMID: 38221914 PMCID: PMC10786575 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between viral infections and host factors holds high hopes for identifying the role of Interferon Lambda 3 (IFNL3) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) polymorphisms in the development of Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) in patients infected with hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with a cohort of 40 chronic HDV patients, 27 with CLD and 13 without evident liver damage. Biological samples from the participants were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, followed by sequencing by the automated Sanger method. Results The rs8099917 T allele, from the IFNL3 gene, showed a higher frequency in both groups; however, it was not possible to establish an association with HDV infection [OR = 1.42 (0.42 - 4.75; p = 0.556 (95% CI). For IL-6, the rs1800795 G allele was superior to rs1800795 C. Analyzing both distributions in the studied groups, any association with HDV was absent (p > 0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that the rs8099917 T/G (IFNL3) and rs1800795 G/C (IL-6) polymorphisms are not associated with the evolution of HDV in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maísa Passos-Silva
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondonia -
FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology, Federal University of
Rondonia, UNIR/FIOCRUZ-RO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Research Center - CEPEM, Porto Velho, RO,
Brazil
- National Institute of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, INCT
EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adrhyan Araújo
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondonia -
FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Research Center - CEPEM, Porto Velho, RO,
Brazil
- National Institute of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, INCT
EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Anita Sperandio Porto
- Federal University of Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO,
Brazil
- Unir Pathology Laboratory, UNIR/RO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juan Miguel Villalobos Salcedo
- Federal University of Rondonia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO,
Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Research Center - CEPEM, Porto Velho, RO,
Brazil
- National Institute of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, INCT
EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Deusilene Vieira
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rondonia -
FIOCRUZ/RO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology, Federal University of
Rondonia, UNIR/FIOCRUZ-RO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Research Center - CEPEM, Porto Velho, RO,
Brazil
- National Institute of Epidemiology of the Western Amazon, INCT
EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Smatti MK, Al-Sarraj YA, Albagha O, Yassine HM. Genome-wide association study identifies several loci for HEV seropositivity. iScience 2023; 26:107586. [PMID: 37664632 PMCID: PMC10470371 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E viral (HEV) infection imposes a heavy global health burden. The variability in the prevalence of serological markers of HEV infection between different ethnic groups proposes a host genetic influence. Here, we report genetic polymorphisms associated with anti-HEV antibody positivity and level using binary- and quantitative-trait genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on a population from Qatar (n = 5829). We identified a region in 12p11.1 (lead SNP: rs559856097, allele: A, p = 2.3 × 10-10) significantly associated with anti-HEV antibodies level. This intergenic variant is located near SNORD112, a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). Additional gene-set and pathway enrichment analyses highlighted a strong correlation with anti-viral response-related pathways, including IFNs (alpha/beta) and interleukin-21 (IL-21) signaling. This is the first GWAS on the response to HEV infection. Further replication and functional experimentation are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Smatti
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasser A. Al-Sarraj
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Albagha
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Interplay between Hepatitis E Virus and Host Cell Pattern Recognition Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179259. [PMID: 34502167 PMCID: PMC8431321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) usually causes self-limiting acute hepatitis, but the disease can become chronic in immunocompromised individuals. HEV infection in pregnant women is reported to cause up to 30% mortality, especially in the third trimester. Additionally, extrahepatic manifestations like neuronal and renal diseases and pancreatitis are also reported during the course of HEV infection. The mechanism of HEV pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Innate immunity is the first line of defense triggered within minutes to hours after the first pathogenic insult. Growing evidence based on reverse genetics systems, in vitro cell culture models, and representative studies in animal models including non-human primates, has implicated the role of the host’s innate immune response during HEV infection. HEV persists in presence of interferons (IFNs) plausibly by evading cellular antiviral defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of recognizing HEV-associated molecular patterns by host cell Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in eliciting innate immune response during HEV infection as well as mechanisms of virus-mediated immune evasion.
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The associations between Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182470. [PMID: 30765614 PMCID: PMC6390129 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is able to cause a life-threatening disease relating to lethal hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous, Toll-like receptor polymorphisms were proposed as promising biomarker for HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and disease progression. This study aimed to summarize the association of TLR4 polymorphisms and HCV infection through meta-analysis. Methods: We applied a systematic review and meta-analysis performed by using PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science searches. The Modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for quality assessment. The odd-ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the association. In silico analysis was applied for proposing the function as microRNA (miRNA) of non-coding polymorphism. Finally, the miRNA target was predicted and annotated to suggest the possible relationship between polymorphism and HCV infection. Results: Our meta-analysis incorporated seven studies involving rs4986791, rs4986790 and rs2149356. No association exists between rs4986791 and HCV infection. However, the heterozygous model (AG vs GG) of rs4986790 significantly associates with HCV infection (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.21–0.49, P<0.0001). Moreover, the rs2149356 TG genotype also associates with HCV infection in the over-dominant model (TG vs TT+TG: OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.40–0.75). In silico analysis of rs2149356G allele showed that this mutation is siRNA, which targets the set of genes, especially in the autophagy pathway. Conclusion: We demonstrated that rs4986790 and rs2149356 are associated with HCV infection.
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