1
|
Bank AS, Farrell KS, Epstein SE. Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen 1 in a population of dogs tested in California. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:267-271. [PMID: 36427164 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have evaluated the breed-specific prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 in various geographic regions. However, few large-scale studies exist that describe breed prevalence of DEA 1 in the United States. KEY FINDINGS From January 2000 to October 2020, 6469 dogs had their RBC antigen type determined and were included in the study. The overall prevalence of DEA 1 in all dogs was 61.2%. Of 50 breeds with sample sizes ≥20, 8 breeds had a high prevalence (≥90%) of DEA 1-positive blood type: Basset Hound, Bernese Mountain Dog, Brittany, Dachshund, Miniature Pinscher, Miniature Schnauzer, Pug, and Rottweiler. Four breeds had a high prevalence (≥90%) of DEA 1-negative blood type: Boxer, English Bulldog, Flat-Coated Retriever, and French Bulldog. Numerous breeds with a sample size <20 and ≥5 were found to have 100% prevalence of a DEA 1 blood type, although these findings need to be confirmed with a larger sample size. No statistical difference in any breed based on sex was found. The results in this study are consistent with previously reported data in other countries. SIGNIFICANCE Knowledge of regional breed differences in DEA 1 prevalence can help to improve selection and recruitment of appropriate blood donor dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Bank
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kate S Farrell
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Steven E Epstein
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Véran E, Blais M. Validation of a cage-side agglutination card for Dal blood typing in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:503-509. [PMID: 36862049 PMCID: PMC10061194 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although 98% of the canine population is Dal-positive, Dal-negative dogs are more common in some breeds such as Doberman Pinschers (42.4%) and Dalmatians (11.7%), and finding compatible blood for these breeds may be challenging, given limited access to Dal blood typing. OBJECTIVES To validate a cage-side agglutination card for Dal blood typing and determine the lowest packed cell volume (PCV threshold) at which interpretation remains accurate. ANIMALS One-hundred fifty dogs, including 38 blood donors, 52 Doberman Pinschers, 23 Dalmatians and 37 anemic dogs. Three additional Dal-positive canine blood donors were included to establish the PCV threshold. METHODS Dal blood typing was performed on blood samples preserved in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) <48 hours using the cage-side agglutination card and a gel column technique (gold standard). The PCV threshold was determined using plasma-diluted blood samples. All results were read by 2 observers, blinded to each other's interpretation and to the sample's origin. RESULTS Interobserver agreement was 98% and 100% using the card and gel column assays, respectively. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the cards were 86%-87.6% and 96.6%-100%, respectively, depending on the observer. However, 18 samples were mistyped using the agglutination cards (15/18 by both observers): 1 false-positive (Doberman Pinscher), and 17 false-negative samples including 13 anemic dogs (PCV range, 5%-24%; median, 13%). The PCV threshold allowing reliable interpretation was determined to be >20%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dal agglutination cards are reliable as a cage-side test, but results should be interpreted cautiously in severely anemic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Véran
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaireUniversité de MontréalCanada
| | - Marie‐Claude Blais
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaireUniversité de MontréalCanada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wardrop KJ, Davidow EB. Laboratory Testing in Transfusion Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:265-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
4
|
Cutler SM, Richardson J, Eatwell K, Llewellyn EA. In vitro compatibility testing of canine and rabbit blood. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:742-748. [PMID: 34657377 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro compatibility of rabbit and canine blood using both a tube and slide agglutination crossmatch technique and to compare the results obtained from these 2 methods. DESIGN Prospective observational laboratory study from January to March 2020. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Six client-owned rabbits ≥3.5 kg undergoing phlebotomy for a clinical reason. "Pigtail" blood samples from 3 dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1-positive and 3 DEA 1-negative canine packed red blood cell units. INTERVENTIONS Blood from each rabbit was crossmatched with a single unit of canine blood using both a standard laboratory tube agglutination technique and a simple slide agglutination method with each rabbit/canine unit serving as its own intraassay control. Tube crossmatches were evaluated for agglutination both macro- and microscopically and assessed for hemolysis. Slide crossmatches were assessed for the presence of agglutination both macro- and microscopically. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All crossmatches were incompatible. Varying degrees of agglutination were seen for all crossmatches. Hemolysis was observed with all minor tube crossmatches. Results of both crossmatch techniques were in close agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The crossmatch results in this present study strongly demonstrate in vitro incompatibility between canine and rabbit blood. Agreement between the 2 techniques in this study indicates that the slide agglutination technique may be quicker, require less blood, and provide reliable results in exclusively assessing the compatibility of canine and rabbit blood. Based on the results of this study, emergency xenotransfusion of canine blood to rabbits cannot be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Cutler
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jenna Richardson
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kevin Eatwell
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Efa A Llewellyn
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Davidow EB, Blois SL, Goy-Thollot I, Harris L, Humm K, Musulin S, Nash KJ, Odunayo A, Sharp CR, Spada E, Thomason J, Walton J, Wardrop KJ. Association of Veterinary Hematology and Transfusion Medicine (AVHTM) Transfusion Reaction Small Animal Consensus Statement (TRACS) Part 2: Prevention and monitoring. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:167-188. [PMID: 33751789 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review available evidence to develop guidelines for the prevention of transfusion reactions and monitoring of transfusion administration in dogs and cats. DESIGN Evidence evaluation of the literature (identified through Medline searches through Pubmed and Google Scholar searches) was carried out for identified transfusion reaction types in dogs and cats. Evidence was evaluated using PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions generated for each reaction type. Evidence was categorized by level of evidence (LOE) and quality (Good, Fair, or Poor). Guidelines for prevention and monitoring were generated based on the synthesis of the evidence. Consensus on the final recommendations and a proposed transfusion administration monitoring form was achieved through Delphi-style surveys. Draft recommendations and the monitoring form were made available through veterinary specialty listservs and comments were incorporated. RESULTS Twenty-nine guidelines and a transfusion administration monitoring form were formulated from the evidence review with a high degree of consensus CONCLUSIONS: This systematic evidence evaluation process yielded recommended prevention and monitoring guidelines and a proposed transfusion administration form. However, significant knowledge gaps were identified, demonstrating the need for additional research in veterinary transfusion medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Davidow
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Shauna L Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | - Karen Humm
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Sarah Musulin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine J Nash
- VetMED Emergency and Specialty Veterinary Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Adesola Odunayo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Eva Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - John Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - K Jane Wardrop
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elias Santo-Domingo N, Lewis DH. Indications for use and complications associated with canine plasma products in 170 patients. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:263-268. [PMID: 33751801 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe a population of dogs receiving canine plasma products (PP), report the incidence of transfusion reactions (TR), and to identify whether this is higher when non-type-matched plasma is administered. DESIGN Retrospective study conducted on dogs receiving canine PP between March 2016 and January 2018. SETTING Private referral hospital with first opinion emergency clinic. ANIMALS One hundred and ninety-four privately owned dogs identified from the clinic electronic medical record system that received at least 1 unit of canine PP during the study period; 25 patients were excluded due to incomplete records. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A search of computerized records was performed, identifying any patients that received canine PP between 2016 and 2018; clinical notes were examined to identify the number and type of TR associated. One hundred and sixty-nine cases were included in the study, receiving a total of 412 PP transfusions. Reactions were noted in 4% (17/412) of transfusions administered, with the vast majority being mild in nature. Of the TR identified, a greater proportion were in type-matched PP transfusions than non-type-matched, although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.7989). The number of dogs suffering a TR was higher (13%) when multiple units of plasma were administered than if only 1 unit was transfused (5%), but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.1161). Transfusion reactions were more likely to occur when packed red blood cells were also administered, although this was also not statistically significant (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION Administration of canine plasma products appears to be a safe procedure that carries a low risk of transfusion reactions. Type-matching of canine PP appears unnecessary and does not reduce incidence of TR in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel H Lewis
- Emergency and Critical Care department, Vets-Now Hospital, Glasgow, G3 7DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Canine Blood Group Prevalence and Geographical Distribution around the World: An Updated Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020342. [PMID: 33572864 PMCID: PMC7912425 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, blood transfusions have been more commonly given to pets. The importance of determining blood groups in dogs and cats is, therefore, well-known for reducing the risk of adverse reactions in the recipient blood caused by a "non-compatible" donor. This systematic review summarizes data from previously published reports and follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified 41 eligible studies using different states and blood-typing methods to determine blood groups in dogs. The dog blood groups that were identified between 1999 and 2020 in 17 different countries were combined to yield the DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen), Kai, and Dal groups. These studies were conducted in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia but not in all the countries of these continents. The methods used to determine blood types have also changed over the years. This systematic review highlights gaps in the literature and should advance future studies synthesizing data with methodological rigor.
Collapse
|
8
|
Charpentier T, Petit T, Guidetti M, Goy-Thollot I. The dog erythrocyte antigen 1 blood group in nondomesticated canids and compatibility testing between domestic dog and nondomesticated canid blood. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2365-2373. [PMID: 33140893 PMCID: PMC7694817 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 blood group is considered as the most immunogenic and clinically important in dogs. Little is known in nondomesticated canids. Objectives To type DEA 1 in nondomesticated captive canids and to evaluate potential interspecific blood transfusions between domestic and nondomestic canids. Animals One hundred forty captive nondomesticated canids belonging to 13 species from 19 French zoos, and 63 domestic dogs. Methods Prospective study. Blood samples were typed for DEA 1 using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A neutral gel column test was used for crossmatching. Results Of 140 nondomesticated canids, 72.9% were DEA 1+ and 27.1% were DEA 1− using immunochromatographic technique and 74.3% were DEA 1+ and 25.7% were DEA 1− by flow cytometric technique. Crossmatch (XM) between 140 nondomesticated canid red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma from a previously DEA 1+ sensitized DEA 1− dog revealed 112 incompatibilities (80%). Crossmatches between 130 nondomesticated canid serum and 1 or up to 8 donor dogs' RBCs revealed 99 of 130 (76%) compatibilities. Crossmatches between 115 nondomesticated canid RBCs and donor dogs' serum revealed 59 of 115 (51%) compatibilities. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dog erythrocyte antigen 1 blood type is present in nondomesticated canids with variable prevalence depending on species. The majority of tested nondomesticated canids appear to have no naturally occurring alloantibodies against domestic dogs' RBCs. Therefore xenotransfusion of blood from domestic dogs can be considered when species specific blood is not available. Cross matching is essential before xenotransfusion.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ebelt AK, Fuchs S, Weber C, Müller E, Giger U. Survey of Blood Groups DEA 1, DEA 4, DEA 5, Dal, and Kai 1/Kai 2 in Different Canine Breeds From a Diagnostic Laboratory in Germany. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:85. [PMID: 32185185 PMCID: PMC7058700 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than twelve blood group systems have been described in dogs, but little is known about their distribution frequencies within breed populations. Here, we report on an extensive typing survey carried out using available reagents and either established or new clinical kits in purebred dogs from Germany. Leftover anticoagulated blood samples were examined using an immunochromatographic strip method for DEA 1, a gel column technique for Dal and Kai 1/2, and new card agglutination tests for DEA 4 and DEA 5 (which were partially compared with the gel column technique). Monoclonal antibodies were used for DEA 1 and Kai 1/2 typing, and polyclonal antibodies were used for all other types. Among the 206 dogs, 59.2% were DEA 1+, 100% DEA 4+, 9% (Card)/11% (Gel) DEA 5+, 89.3% Dal+, 96.6% Kai 1+, and 2.9% Kai 2+. None of the dogs were Kai 1+/2+, and only one was Kai 1-/2-. Dal- dogs were found in several breeds. Erythrocytes from most DEA 1+ dogs bound strongly on the strips. The agglutination reactions for DEA 5 on the new card tests were generally less than those on the gel column. The blood group pattern DEA 4+, DEA 5-, Dal+, Kai 1+/2- and either DEA 1+ or DEA 1- was found among 80% of the dogs. In this first extensive blood typing survey of purebred dogs from Europe, the proportions of positive and negative blood types were similar to those found in the United States and, for DEA 1, were also similar to those from other European countries, with considerable breed variation in blood types. The newer typing techniques seem to work well and will likely be useful for detecting and preventing specific blood type incompatibilities in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Urs Giger
- PennGen Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Proverbio D, Perego R, Baggiani L, Spada E. A card agglutination test for dog erythrocyte antigen 1 (DEA 1) blood typing in donor dogs: Determining an appropriate cutoff to detect positivity using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:630-635. [PMID: 31650574 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appropriate cutoff to define a positive point-of-care card agglutination (CA) test for dog erythrocyte antigen 1 (DEA 1) blood typing depends on whether the test can be used in the donor or recipient. OBJECTIVES By screening for CA test positivity, we aimed to evaluate the best cutoff value for DEA 1 blood typing in canine blood donors using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. METHODS Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood samples from 100 canine blood donors were blood-typed in parallel for DEA 1 using both immunochromatographic (IC) and CA tests. The effect of temperature, storage time, and anticoagulant solutions for both methods was evaluated. Unweighted and weighted Cohen's Kappa (K) statistic was calculated to evaluate the agreement between the two testing methods. The overall performance of the CA test was evaluated by generating a ROC curve using the IC test as the reference method. RESULTS Concordant results were obtained for 86% of the samples. Unweighted and weighted K statistics demonstrated good and moderate agreement, respectively. For the CA test, the ROC curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.910, with the highest sensitivity cutoff values at ≥1+ agglutination. CA- and IC-typed EDTA blood samples stored at room temperature for up to 1 week and refrigerated for up to 1 month were concordant as were the citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 (CPDA-1) anticoagulated blood samples stored for up to 1 week at 4 ± 2°C. CONCLUSIONS The overall reliability of the CA method seemed to be lower than that of the IC method. When CA is used as a screening test for canine blood donors, the correct cut off is ≥1+ agglutination is recommended to maximize sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Research Transfusion Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeVet), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Research Transfusion Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeVet), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Research Transfusion Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeVet), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- Veterinary Research Transfusion Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeVet), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guidetti M, Goy-Thollot I, Boisvineau C, Giger U. Alloimmunization of a dog erythrocyte antigen 1- dog transfused with weakly dog erythrocyte antigen 1+ blood. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2037-2045. [PMID: 31361062 PMCID: PMC6766507 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions because of dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 sensitization after mismatched transfusions are serious complications. Dog erythrocyte antigen 1 expression varies from negative to weakly to strongly positive. OBJECTIVES To assess alloimmunization after transfusion of weakly DEA 1+ blood to a DEA 1- dog. ANIMALS One DEA 1- recipient and 1 weakly DEA 1+ donor, and 106 control dogs. METHODS Long-term follow-up study. Matched for DEA 3, 4, 5, and 7, Dal, and Kai 1 and 2, weakly DEA 1+ donor packed red blood cells (RBCs) were transfused 3 times (0.45 mL/kg at Day 0, 16, and 37) to a DEA 1- recipient. Alloantibodies against RBCs from donor and 106 controls were determined in recipient's plasma samples using a commercial antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip and gel tube crossmatches. Alloantibody titers were determined. RESULTS The DEA 1- recipient was sensitized after 16 days to ≥1657 days after transfusion to weakly DEA 1+ and otherwise matched RBCs. Strong to moderate crossmatch incompatibilities were observed between recipient's plasma and all 61 DEA 1+ crossmatched controls. Moderate to weak incompatibilities were also observed to DEA 1- controls. Anti-DEA 1 and other alloantibodies were detected over the 4.5 year observation period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Blood from a weakly DEA 1+ donor induces a strong and durable alloimmunization in a DEA 1- recipient dog. Additional alloantibodies developed against yet to be defined RBC antigens. Those results support the recommendation of typing dogs against DEA 1, considering weakly DEA 1+ as immunogenic, and crossmatching all previously transfused dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Urs Giger
- University of Pennsylvania - Section of Medical Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nectoux A, Guidetti M, Barthélemy A, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Hoareau GL, Goy-Thollot I. Assessment of risks of feline mismatched transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis in the Lyon (France) area. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919863175. [PMID: 31384478 PMCID: PMC6651689 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919863175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to update the prevalence of different feline blood types in the Lyon (France) area, as well as to determine the risk of mismatched transfusion (MT) and neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) in kittens with parents of unknown blood type. Methods Blood samples were obtained from blood donor cats and cats admitted to an intensive care unit in Lyon. AB blood typing was performed using an immunochromatographic strip. The risk of MT was estimated by adding the risk of a major transfusion reaction and the risk of a minor transfusion reaction. The risk of NI was estimated according the equation (p²)(q²) + 2pq(q²), with q being the b allele frequency and p = 1 - q. The results were analysed by absolute and relative frequency analysis and multivariate analysis. Results The cohort study population included 320 non-pedigree cats and 37 pedigree cats. The prevalence of blood types A, B and AB was 84.3%, 14.0% and 1.7%, respectively. Considering non-pedigree cats, the prevalence of types A, B and AB was 83.7%, 14.4% and 1.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences of blood type distribution by sex (P = 0.73) or by breed (P = 0.90). Based on these percentages, the risks of MT and NI in non-pedigree cats were 24.3% and 12.3%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance The prevalence of type B cats is high in the Lyon area and associated with high risks of MT and NI. These results confirm the importance of performing blood typing prior to any blood transfusion or mating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nectoux
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Guillaume L Hoareau
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Casenave P, Leclere M, Beauchamp G, Blais MC. Modified stall-side crossmatch for transfusions in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1775-1783. [PMID: 31102487 PMCID: PMC6639470 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After‐hours or out‐of‐clinic crossmatches are often limited by the lack of access to specialized material and technical expertise. Hypothesis/Objectives The goal was to adapt a stall‐side crossmatch test for pretransfusion evaluation in horses. Animals Twelve healthy mares (plasma and blood donors, teaching mares). Methods In a prospective study, blood from 12 mares was used to compare the results of 132 crossmatches performed with a rapid gel assay to crossmatches performed with a microgel column assay, and with predicted compatibilities based on blood types and detection of antibodies at a reference laboratory (microplate assay). The rapid gel assay protocol for dogs was adapted to decrease the formation of rouleaux that initially precluded equine erythrocytes migration through the gel. Results There was a good agreement between the rapid gel assay and the microgel assay as well as with the predicted compatibilities (κ > .6 for both). Agreement was higher between the microgel assay and the predicted compatibilities (κ = .8). The rapid gel assay failed to detect 6 predicted Aa incompatibilities (agglutinins‐related), 3 of which were also not detected with the microgel assay. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based on these results, the modified rapid gel assay could be useful in settings when access to the microgel assay is not available. Discrepancies between both gel techniques and predicted compatibilities were most often low‐grade agglutination, which warrants further investigation to assess their clinical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Casenave
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclere
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Blais
- Clinical Sciences Department, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zaremba R, Brooks A, Thomovsky E. Transfusion Medicine: An Update on Antigens, Antibodies and Serologic Testing in Dogs and Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 34:36-46. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
15
|
Goy-Thollot I, Nectoux A, Guidetti M, Chaprier B, Bourgeois S, Boisvineau C, Barthélemy A, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Giger U. Detection of naturally occurring alloantibody by an in-clinic antiglobulin-enhanced and standard crossmatch gel column test in non-transfused domestic shorthair cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:588-595. [PMID: 30557453 PMCID: PMC6430866 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood typing for the A and B antigens is essential and crossmatching testing is generally recommended before transfusing blood to cats. Objective To evaluate 2 crossmatch (XM) tests. Animals Forty‐nine healthy domestic shorthair cats that had not received a blood transfusion. Methods Prospective study. Blood samples were typed for AB using immunochromatographic and flow cytometric techniques. A gel column (GC) and a feline antiglobulin‐enhanced gel column (AGC) XM tests were used for crossmatching. Results The population included 34 type A, 13 B, and 2 AB cats, with concordant results (r = 1, P < .005) by flow cytometry and immunochromatographic strip kit. The plasma from type A cats had either no or weak anti‐B alloantibodies. The plasma of 12 of 13 type B cats contained strong anti‐A alloantibodies. For crossmatching, plasma to RBC pairings were prepared using the GC (n = 446) and AGC (n = 630) tests. Both methods showed compatibilities in 329 and incompatibilities in 102 pairings including all A‐B mismatches. Additionally 15 pairings showed agglutination by the AGC but not GC method. Fourteen incompatibilities outside the expected A‐B mismatches were only revealed by AGC. Conclusions and Clinical Importance AB typing using immunochromatographic strip is as accurate as laboratory flow cytometry. The 2 XM methods had good agreement with additional incompatibilities being recognized by the AGC XM beyond A‐B incompatibilities. In clinic, feline AB typing and sensitive XM test kits are available and recommended before each transfusion, although the clinical implications of incompatible XM test results and clinical benefits of such crossmatching have not been documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Nectoux
- SIAMU (ICU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anthony Barthélemy
- SIAMU (ICU), Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Priolo V, Masucci M, Spada E, Proverbio D, Pennisi MG. Naturally occurring antibodies in cats against dog erythrocyte antigens and vice versa. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:690-695. [PMID: 28840776 PMCID: PMC11104140 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17727232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of naturally occurring antibodies against canine erythrocyte antigens in cats and vice versa. The influence of canine and feline blood type on cross-match results was also studied. Methods Blood samples from 34 cats and 42 dogs were used to perform test tube major and minor cross-match tests and blood typing. Blood from each cat was cross-matched with blood from 2-6 dogs, for a total of 111 cross-match tests. Haemolysis, macro- and microagglutination were considered markers of a positive cross-match. Results Eighty-three overall major cross-match tests were positive at 37°C, 86 at room temperature and 90 at 4°C. The minor cross-match tests were positive in all but two cross-matches performed at 37°C, all tests performed at room temperature and all but one test performed at 4°C. No cats tested totally negative at both major and minor cross-matches performed with samples from any single dog. Prevalence of warm natural antibodies against canine erythrocyte antigens was lower in type B cats than in type A cats, regardless of the blood type of donor dogs. Conclusions and relevance This study reveals a high prevalence of naturally occurring antibodies in cats against dog erythrocyte antigens and vice versa, and suggests that transfusion of cats with canine blood is not recommended as a routine procedure owing to the potential high risk of either acute severe or milder transfusion reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Priolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Marisa Masucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carli E, Carminato A, Ravagnan S, Capello K, Antognoni MT, Miglio A, Furlanello T, Proverbio D, Spada E, Stefani A, Mutinelli F, Vascellari M. Frequency of DEA 1 antigen in 1037 mongrel and PUREBREED dogs in ITALY. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:364. [PMID: 29187176 PMCID: PMC5707801 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA 1) in canine population is approximately 40–60%. Often data are limited to a small number of breeds and/or dogs. The aims of this study were to evaluate frequency of DEA 1 in a large population of purebred and mongrel dogs including Italian native breeds and to recognize a possible association between DEA 1 and breed, sex, and genetic and phenotypical/functional classifications of breeds. Frequencies of DEA 1 blood group collected from screened/enrolled blood donors and from healthy and sick dogs were retrospectively evaluated. The breed and the sex were recorded when available. DEA 1 blood typing was assessed by immunocromatographic test on K3EDTA blood samples. The prevalence of DEA 1 antigen was statistically related to breed, gender, Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and genotypic grouping. Results Sixty-two per cent dogs resulted DEA 1+ and 38% DEA 1-. DEA 1- was statistically associated with Dogo Argentino, Dobermann, German Shepherd, Boxer, Corso dogs, the molossian dogs, the FCI group 1, 2 and 3 and the genetic groups “working dogs” and “mastiff”. DEA 1+ was statistically associated with Rottweiler, Briquet Griffon Vendéen, Bernese mountain dog, Golden Retriever, the hunting breeds, the FCI group 4, 6, 7 and 8 and the genetic groups “scent hounds” and “retrievers”. No gender association was observed. Conclusions Data obtained by this work may be clinically useful to drive blood donor enrollment and selection among different breeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Carli
- Canine Blood Bank, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - A Carminato
- Veterinary Laboratory "Vetlab", via Provenza, 20 35127, Padua, Italy
| | - S Ravagnan
- Canine Blood Bank, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - K Capello
- Canine Blood Bank, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M T Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Transfusion Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Transfusion Medicine, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - T Furlanello
- Veterinary laboratory "San Marco", via Sorio 114/c, 35141, Padua, Italy
| | - D Proverbio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine,Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - E Spada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine,Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Stefani
- Canine Blood Bank, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - F Mutinelli
- Canine Blood Bank, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M Vascellari
- Canine Blood Bank, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prevalence of Dog Erythrocyte Antigen 1 in 7,414 Dogs in Italy. Vet Med Int 2017; 2017:5914629. [PMID: 29147599 PMCID: PMC5632924 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5914629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to establish the prevalence of DEA 1, the most immunogenic and clinically important blood group in canine blood transfusion, in 7,414 dogs from Italy. The potential sensitization risk following a first transfusion and the acute reaction risk following a second transfusion given without a cross-matching and blood typing test were also calculated. Dogs tested were purebred (4,798) and mongrel (2,616); 38.8% were DEA 1 negative and 61.2% were DEA 1 positive. High prevalence for DEA 1 positive blood type was found in Ariegeois and English Setter, whereas German Shepherd and Boxer had higher DEA 1 negative blood type. Breeds with blood type never reported before included French Brittany Spaniel and Pug showing a high prevalence of DEA 1 positive type, while French Bulldog and West Highland White Terrier were more often DEA 1 negative. Just 48.8% of purebred and 13.9% of mongrel dogs were considered as prospective blood donors based upon their blood type. Most of the breeds had a sensitization risk of 20.0–25.0%. Rottweiler and Ariegeois had less risk of sensitization (9.4 and 4.2%) and the minor risk of an acute transfusional reaction (0.9–0.2%). The prevalence of DEA 1 positive and negative dogs in Italy agrees with most of the data already reported in the literature.
Collapse
|
19
|
Goy-Thollot I, Giger U, Boisvineau C, Perrin R, Guidetti M, Chaprier B, Barthélemy A, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Canard B. Pre- and Post-Transfusion Alloimmunization in Dogs Characterized by 2 Antiglobulin-Enhanced Cross-match Tests. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1420-1429. [PMID: 28804957 PMCID: PMC5598901 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When dogs are transfused, blood compatibility testing varies widely but may include dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 typing and rarely cross-matching. OBJECTIVES Prospective study to examine naturally occurring alloantibodies against red blood cells (RBCs) and alloimmunization by transfusion using 2 antiglobulin-enhanced cross-match tests. ANIMALS Eighty client-owned anemic, 72 donor, and 7 control dogs. METHODS All dogs were typed for DEA 1 and some also for DEA 4 and DEA 7. Major cross-match tests with canine antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip and gel columns were performed 26-129 days post-transfusion (median, 39 days); some dogs had an additional early evaluation 11-22 days post-transfusion (median, 16 days). Plasma from alloimmunized recipients was cross-matched against RBCs from 34 donor and control dogs. RESULTS The 2 cross-match methods gave entirely concordant results. All 126 pretransfusion cross-match results for the 80 anemic recipients were compatible, but 54 dogs died or were lost to follow up. Among the 26 recipients with follow-up, 1 dog accidently received DEA 1-mismatched blood and became cross-match-incompatible post-transfusion. Eleven of the 25 DEA 1-matched recipients (44%) became incompatible against other RBC antigens. No naturally occurring anti-DEA 7 alloantibodies were detected in DEA 7- dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The antiglobulin-enhanced immunochromatographic strip cross-match and laboratory gel column techniques identified no naturally occurring alloantibodies against RBC antigens, but a high degree of post-transfusion alloimmunization in dogs. Cross-matching is warranted in any dog that has been previously transfused independent of initial DEA 1 typing and cross-matching results before the first transfusion event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Goy-Thollot
- SIAMU, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - U Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics (PennGen), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - C Boisvineau
- SIAMU, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - R Perrin
- SIAMU, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - A Barthélemy
- SIAMU, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - C Pouzot-Nevoret
- SIAMU, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, APCSe, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - B Canard
- Dianov Laboratories, Limonest, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee JH, Giger U, Kim HY. Kai 1 and Kai 2: Characterization of these dog erythrocyte antigens by monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179932. [PMID: 28662180 PMCID: PMC5491067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog Erythrocyte Antigens (DEA) have thus far been found by sensitizing dogs with canine allogeneic blood and are clinically important regarding blood transfusion incompatibilities, but remain poorly defined. The goals of this study were to discover and characterize two DEAs, named as Kai 1 and Kai 2. The monoclonal antibodies were produced by mouse hybridoma techniques and examined by ELISA isotyping, immunoblotting, and affinity chromatography. Canine blood samples were typed and the development of alloantibodies was examined in transfused dogs. The monoclonal Kai 1 and Kai 2 antibodies were isotyped as IgM kappa and IgG3 lamda, respectively, and identified two different erythrocyte membrane proteins of 200 kDa and 80 kDa in molecular weights, respectively. Either Kai 1 or Kai 2 can be expressed but not both in an individual dog. There were no naturally occurring anti-Kai 1 or Kai 2 alloantibodies. In addition, Kai 1- and/or Kai 2- dogs developed Kai 1 and Kai 2 alloantibodies, respectively, when transfused with mismatched blood. This is the first discovery of canine blood types by screening monoclonal antibodies. Kai 1 and Kai 2 are novel blood types which can induce anti-Kai 1 or anti-Kai 2 alloantibodies when Kai 1- and/or Kai 2- dogs are transfused with Kai 1+ or Kai 2+ blood. These canine blood types may explain some of the blood incompatibilities and transfusion reactions observed in dogs in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Lee
- KABB Bio Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hee Young Kim
- KABB Bio Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Goulet S, Blais MC. Characterization of Anti-Dal Alloantibodies Following Sensitization of Two Dal-Negative Dogs. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:108-115. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816688746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the immunogenicity of the Dal blood type has not been further investigated. The aim of this study was to better characterize anti- Dal alloantibodies produced following sensitization of Dal-negative dogs, notably their rate of appearance, the agglutination titer over time, and their immunoglobulin class. A secondary objective was to obtain polyclonal anti- Dal alloantibodies to increase the availability of Dal blood typing. Of 100 healthy laboratory Beagles tested, 2 Dal-negative dogs were identified as recipients. Ten healthy Dal-positive dogs were investigated as potential blood donors. All dogs were extensively blood typed for DEA 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7, as well as for Dal. Then, the recipients were transfused uneventfully with 10 ml/kg of Dal-positive but otherwise compatible packed red blood cells. Posttransfusion blood samples were collected routinely over a minimum of 1 year. Using a gel column technology, anti- Dal alloantibodies were detected as early as 4 days posttransfusion and remained detectable 2 years posttransfusion, with maximum agglutination titers reached at 1 and 2 months posttransfusion. The immunoglobulin class was IgG. The immunogenicity and clinical significance of the Dal blood type were confirmed. The results support the recommendations that previously transfused dogs be crossmatched starting 4 days posttransfusion and for the animal’s lifetime. The polyclonal anti- Dal antibodies produced will allow blood typing of a significant number of dogs, especially transfused dogs facing blood incompatibilities and canine blood donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Goulet
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - M. C. Blais
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Euler CC, Lee JH, Kim HY, Raj K, Mizukami K, Giger U. Survey of Two New (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and Other Blood Groups in Dogs of North America. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1642-1647. [PMID: 27627791 PMCID: PMC5032879 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Based upon serology, >10 canine blood group systems have been reported. Objective We surveyed dogs for dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 and 2 new blood types (Kai 1 and Kai 2), and some samples also were screened for Dal and DEA 3, 4, and 7. Methods Blood samples provided by owners, breeders, animal blood banks, and clinical laboratories were typed for DEA 1 by an immunochromatographic strip technique with a monoclonal antibody and analysis of band intensity. Both new antigens, the Dal and other DEAs (except DEA 7 by tube method), were assessed by a gel column method with either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. The same gel column method was applied for alloantibody detection. Results Of 503 dogs typed, 59.6% were DEA 1+ with 4% weakly, 10% moderately, and 45.6% strongly DEA 1+. Regarding Kai 1 and Kai 2, 94% were Kai 1+/Kai 2‐, 5% were Kai 1‐/Kai 2‐ and 1% were Kai 1‐/Kai 2+, but none were Kai 1+/Kai 2+. There was no relationship between Kai 1/Kai 2 and other blood types tested. Plasma from DEA 1‐, Kai 1‐, Kai 2‐ dogs, or some combination of these contained no detectable alloantibodies against DEA 1 and Kai 1 or Kai, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The new blood types, called Kai 1 and Kai 2, are unrelated to DEA 1, 3, 4, and 7 and Dal. Kai 1+/Kai 2‐ dogs were most commonly found in North America. The clinical relevance of Kai 1 and Kai 2 in canine transfusion medicine still needs to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Euler
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - J H Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - H Y Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - K Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Mizukami
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - U Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Euler CC, Raj K, Mizukami K, Murray L, Chen CY, Mackin A, Giger U. Xenotransfusion of anemic cats with blood compatibility issues: pre- and posttransfusion laboratory diagnostic and crossmatching studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:244-53. [PMID: 27243621 PMCID: PMC4907801 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Finding compatible feline blood donors can be challenging. Canine blood has been occasionally used when compatible feline blood was not available in emergency situations. OBJECTIVES The study goals were to describe the effects of xenotransfusion in 2 anemic cats receiving canine blood because of discordant blood types and acute transfusion reaction, respectively, and to report in vitro heterotyping and crossmatching results between canine and feline blood samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples from patients and other cats and dogs were typed, crossmatched, and assessed for alloantibodies using gel, card, and immunochromatographic strip techniques. RESULTS Cat 1 was found to have type AB blood. Cat 2, which experienced an acute transfusion reaction, had type A blood. Neither had detectable alloantibodies against feline RBC. Both cats transiently improved after transfusion with canine blood; however, acute intravascular hemolysis occurred and the PCV rapidly declined. Blood typing post xenotransfusion with DEA 1 strips revealed a positive control band that was absent in feline blood, thus allowing for the identification of transfused canine RBC. Longitudinal assessment revealed that canine RBC could no longer be detected 4 days after xenotransfusion. Major crossmatching (feline plasma with canine RBC) resulted in both positive and negative reactions, depending on the cat. Minor crossmatching results showed mostly incompatibility. CONCLUSION While both cats survived xenotransfusion, the positive control band on the DEA 1 strip revealed that transfused canine RBC were short-lived and intravascular hemolysis occurred. Crossmatch results between cats and dogs showed varied incompatibilities and may not predict transfusion reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C. Euler
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keijiro Mizukami
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Chi-Ya Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Andrew Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Prevalence of Dog Erythrocyte Antigens 1, 4, and 7 in Podenco Ibicenco (Ibizan Hounds) from Ibiza Island. Vet Med Int 2016; 2016:1048257. [PMID: 27034890 PMCID: PMC4789519 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1048257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of Dog Erythrocyte Antigens (DEA) 1, 4, and 7 in Ibizan hounds, to compare the results with the prevalence of DEA in Spanish greyhounds, and to determine the risk of sensitization following the first transfusion of blood not typed for DEA 1 and the probability of an acute hemolytic reaction following a second incompatible transfusion using untyped DEA 1 blood. DEA 1, 4, and 7 status was determined in 92 Ibizan hounds. Results were compared with the previously reported prevalence in Spanish greyhounds. The risks of sensitization and of a hemolytic transfusion reaction were determined amongst Ibizan hounds and between Ibizan hounds and Spanish greyhounds. The prevalence of DEA 1, 4, and 7 was 75%, 98.9%, and 25%, respectively. There was a significantly higher expression of DEA 1 and 7 in Ibizan hounds than in Spanish greyhounds. The probability of sensitization of a recipient dog to DEA 1 with transfusions amongst Ibizan hounds was 18.5% and between Ibizan hounds and Spanish greyhounds was 13.7%. The probability of an acute hemolytic reaction in each group was 3.5% and 1.9%, respectively. There is a higher prevalence of DEA 1 and 7 in Ibizan hounds than in other sighthounds.
Collapse
|
25
|
Polak K, Acierno MM, Raj K, Mizukami K, Siegel DL, Giger U. Dog erythrocyte antigen 1: mode of inheritance and initial characterization. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:369-79. [PMID: 26291052 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 blood group system remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to determine the DEA 1 mode of inheritance and to characterize the DEA 1 antigen and alloantibodies. ANIMALS Canine research colony families, clinic canine patients, and DEA 1.2+ blood bank dogs were studied. METHODS Canine blood was typed by flow cytometry and immunochromatographic strips using anti-DEA 1 monoclonal antibodies. Gel column experiments with polyclonal and immunoblotting with monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibodies were performed to analyze select samples. Cross-reactivity of human typing reagents against canine RBC and one monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibody against human RBC panels was assessed. RESULTS Typing of 12 families comprising 144 dogs indicated an autosomal dominant inheritance with ≥ 4 alleles: DEA 1- (0) and DEA 1+ weak (1+), intermediate (2+), and strong (3+ and 4+). Samples from 6 dogs previously typed as DEA 1.2+ were typed as DEA 1+ or DEA 1- using monoclonal antibodies. Human typing reagents produced varied reactions in tube agglutination experiments against DEA 1+ and DEA 1- RBC. Polypeptide bands were not detected on immunoblots using a monoclonal anti-DEA 1 antibody, therefore the anti-DEA 1 antibody may be specific for conformational epitopes lost during processing. CONCLUSIONS The autosomal dominant inheritance of DEA 1 with ≥ 4 alleles indicates a complex blood group system; the antigenicity of each DEA 1+ type will need to be determined. The biochemical nature of the DEA 1 antigen(s) appears different from human blood group systems tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Polak
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle M Acierno
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keijiro Mizukami
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Don L Siegel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Spada E, Proverbio D, Viñals Flórez LM, Del Rosario Perlado Chamizo M, Perego R, Bagnagatti De Giorgi G, Baggiani L. Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigens 1, 4, and 7 in galgos (Spanish Greyhounds). J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:558-61. [PMID: 26179093 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715592025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galgos (Spanish Greyhounds), in common with other sighthounds, have higher hematocrits, hemoglobin concentrations, and red blood cell counts than other breeds. In addition to these hematological characteristics, the physical characteristics of these dogs (medium to large dogs with an easily accessible jugular vein and a good temperament) make galgos ideal blood donors. However, to date, there are only published reports concerning dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 in this breed. Information on DEAs 4 and 7 would be useful when recruiting blood donors to donation programs, as DEA 1 and 7-negative and DEA 4-positive dogs can be considered universal donors. Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid-anticoagulated jugular blood samples were collected from 205 galgos. Dogs were aged between 1 and 10 years, 102 were female (49.8%) and 103 male (50.2%), and all were living in South Madrid, Spain. All 205 blood samples were tested for DEA 1 by card agglutination, and 150 of these samples were tested for DEA 4 and DEA 7 by gel column agglutination using polyclonal anti-DEA antibodies. Of the 205 galgos blood samples typed, 112 out of 205 (54.6%) were positive for DEA 1. Of the 150 blood samples tested, all (150/150, 100%) were positive for DEA 4, and 12 out of 150 (8%) samples tested positive for DEA 7. Of these samples, 70 out of 150 (46.7%) were positive only for DEA 4. There was no relationship between blood types and sex. In addition to the hematological characteristics previously reported and the physical characteristics of these dogs, the relative prevalence of blood types DEA 1, 4, and 7 make galgos good candidates for blood donation in blood donor programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Unit (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Spada, Proverbio, Perego, De Giorgi, Baggiani)Centro de Transfusión Veterinario (CTV), Madrid, Spain (Viñals Flórez)Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain (del Rosario Perlado Chamizo)
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Unit (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Spada, Proverbio, Perego, De Giorgi, Baggiani)Centro de Transfusión Veterinario (CTV), Madrid, Spain (Viñals Flórez)Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain (del Rosario Perlado Chamizo)
| | - Luis Miguel Viñals Flórez
- Veterinary Transfusion Unit (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Spada, Proverbio, Perego, De Giorgi, Baggiani)Centro de Transfusión Veterinario (CTV), Madrid, Spain (Viñals Flórez)Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain (del Rosario Perlado Chamizo)
| | - Maria Del Rosario Perlado Chamizo
- Veterinary Transfusion Unit (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Spada, Proverbio, Perego, De Giorgi, Baggiani)Centro de Transfusión Veterinario (CTV), Madrid, Spain (Viñals Flórez)Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain (del Rosario Perlado Chamizo)
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Unit (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Spada, Proverbio, Perego, De Giorgi, Baggiani)Centro de Transfusión Veterinario (CTV), Madrid, Spain (Viñals Flórez)Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain (del Rosario Perlado Chamizo)
| | - Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi
- Veterinary Transfusion Unit (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Spada, Proverbio, Perego, De Giorgi, Baggiani)Centro de Transfusión Veterinario (CTV), Madrid, Spain (Viñals Flórez)Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain (del Rosario Perlado Chamizo)
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Unit (REV), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Spada, Proverbio, Perego, De Giorgi, Baggiani)Centro de Transfusión Veterinario (CTV), Madrid, Spain (Viñals Flórez)Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain (del Rosario Perlado Chamizo)
| |
Collapse
|