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Rapezzano G, Marcatili M, Stephenson R, Pereira R, Hallowell G, Duz M. Evaluation of peritoneal l-lactate concentration in horses in the early post-partum period. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1352. [PMID: 38634206 PMCID: PMC11024506 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal fluid lactate concentration is an important diagnostic tool in horses with abdominal pain. Information on peritoneal lactate concentrations is lacking following parturition in the mare. OBJECTIVES To compare blood and peritoneal lactate concentrations in a population of mares within 36 h post-partum, report a normal reference range and identify any impact of retained foetal membranes (RFMs). METHODS This is a retrospective study evaluating healthy mares from which blood and peritoneal samples had been obtained within 36 h of parturition. Exclusion criteria included signs of abdominal pain within this period. Data was interrogated for normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Bland-Altman analysis were used to compare blood and peritoneal lactate concentrations. Linear regression was used to compare age and breed data with peritoneal lactate concentrations. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS Forty mares met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 12.6 ± 4.1 years, and most mares were multiparous (65%). Peritoneal lactate ((1.2 (IQR = 0.9-1.6) mmol/L) was increased compared to blood lactate concentration (0.7 (IQR = 0-1.1)mmol/L; p < 0.001). Plasma total protein (TP) concentrations were 68 (IQR = 64-74) g/L and peritoneal protein concentrations 8 (IQR = 4-9.7) g/L. Six mares developed RFM. The median fold-increase in peritoneal lactate concentration compared to blood lactate concentration was 0.9 (IQR: 0.01-1.7; range: 0-2.5). The reference range for peritoneal fluid lactate concentration was 0-2.5 mmol/L. CONCLUSION Peritoneal lactate concentrations in healthy post-partum mares remained within the normal reference range and were not influenced by RFM or parturition. Increased peritoneal lactate in this group warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Duz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Turini L, Francesca B, Matilde V, Francesca B, Valentina M, Micaela S. Immunity transfer in mule foals fed with good IgG quality colostrum. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25560. [PMID: 38327457 PMCID: PMC10847646 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
While the passive transfer of immunity in horse and donkey foals has been extensively studied, there is limited information for mule foals. Immunoglobulin type G (IgG) and serum total protein concentration (TP) were assessed at different sampling times to evaluate the correlation between serum radial immunodiffusion (SRID) with electrophoresis, refractometry, and dry chemistry analyzer (Biuret), and to estimate serum IgG concentrations using serum TP in mule foals. We analyzed a total of 30 samples collected at birth, and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of life from 6 mule foals by SRID, electrophoresis TP, biuret TP, and refractometry TP. The SRID IgG concentration significantly increased from birth until T6 (p < 0.001). Serum TP analyzed with refractometry revealed differences between T0 and T12, T24 and T48 (p < 0.05), while a significant difference was observed with the biuret method between T0 and all the other sampling times (p < 0.001). A strong correlation was found between IgG SRID and biuret TP (r = 0.69, p < 0.001), and a good correlation existed between IgG SRID, refractometry TP, and electrophoresis TP (r = 0.44, p < 0.01 and r = 0.39, p < 0.05, respectively). All methods can be used to estimate the passive transfer of immunity in mule foals. TP refractometry and biuret TP values can be used to determine serum IgG concentrations in the blood of mule foals on their first day of life through the application of a specific equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Turini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bindi Francesca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vernaccini Matilde
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Bonelli Francesca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Meucci Valentina
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sgorbini Micaela
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Breuer RM, Wiley C, Dohlman T, Smith JS, McKeen L, Kreuder AJ. Comparison of turbidometric immunoassay and brix refractometry to radial immunodiffusion for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin concentration in beef cattle. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1934-1943. [PMID: 37596893 PMCID: PMC10472984 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is critical to the attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity in cattle, however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle are limited. OBJECTIVES To report the agreement between 3 commercially available tests for evaluating IgG concentration in beef colostrum. ANIMALS Two hundred six beef-breed cows hospitalized for calving management or dystocia. METHODS Retrospective study to assess IgG of whole colostrum measured stall-side via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI) and brix refractometry (BRIX), compared to fat separated (FS) analysis via single radial-immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard), TI-FS and BRIX-FS. Test performance was assessed using Passing Bablock regression, Bland-Altman analysis, and area under the curve to determine optimal thresholds. RESULTS Correlation between RID and TI-FS, BRIX-FS, or BRIX was similar (Spearman's ρ = 0.717, 0.715, 0.716, respectively) but correlation for TI was poor (ρ = 0.586). Regression analysis identified a substantial constant (-214.75 [CI: -272.03 to -178.07]) and proportional (13.24 [CI: 11.81-15.37]) bias between the RID and TI-FS which was similar for TI. TI-FS concentrations of 28.47, 38.75, and 50.62 g/L, BRIX-FS of ≤21.9%, ≤24.0%, and ≤27.4%, and BRIX of ≤21.3%, ≤23.8%, and ≤26.4% indicated IgG concentrations <50, <100, and <150 g/L, respectively; appropriate cutoffs for TI could not be generated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Both TI and TI-FS demonstrated a large constant and proportional bias compared to RID; BRIX and BRIX-FS were well correlated with RID and remain a reliable method for estimation of colostral IgG concentration in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Breuer
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Caitlin Wiley
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Tyler Dohlman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Joseph S. Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Amanda J. Kreuder
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
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Kreuder AJ, Breuer RM, Wiley C, Dohlman T, Smith JS, McKeen L. Comparison of turbidometric immunoassay, refractometry, and gamma-glutamyl transferase to radial immunodiffusion for assessment of transfer of passive immunity in high-risk beef calves. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1923-1933. [PMID: 37549250 PMCID: PMC10473048 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attainment of adequate transfer of passive immunity (TPI) is critical to health of calves; however, studies comparing available tools for measurement of TPI in individual beef animals are limited. OBJECTIVES To report agreement between 4 tests evaluating individual TPI status in beef calves. ANIMALS One hundred ninety-six beef calves born to cows and heifers presenting for calving management or dystocia. METHODS Retrospective study to assess serum immunoglobulin (IgG) concentrations via turbidimetric immunoassay (TI), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), serum total protein (TP), and single radial immunodiffusion (RID; reference standard). Test agreement was evaluated using Passing-Bablok regression, Bland-Altman analysis, Cohen's kappa, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with and without covariate adjustment to determine optimal thresholds. RESULTS Correlation between RID and test results varied: TI, ρ = 0.757; TP, ρ = 0.715; GGT: ρ = 0.413. For the TI compared to RID, regression analysis identified a constant (intercept = -0.51 [CI: -2.63, 3.05]) and proportional (slope = 1.87 [CI: 1.69, 2.08]) bias. Based on ROC, TI concentrations of ≤9.89 and ≤13.76 g/L, and TP concentrations of ≤5.5 and ≤6.0 g/dL, indicated IgG concentrations <18.0 and <25.0 g/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Within this cohort of calves, TI demonstrated the best correlation with RID; however, significant bias was identified which led to frequent underestimation of IgG concentration. Serum total protein demonstrated less correlation with RID but had less misclassification than TI. Both TI and TP demonstrated less correlation for calves that received colostrum replacement prompting clinical awareness of colostrum type when evaluating individual TPI in beef calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Kreuder
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Ryan M. Breuer
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Caitlin Wiley
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Tyler Dohlman
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Joseph S. Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
| | - Lauren McKeen
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa 50011USA
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Sobral GGD, Gomes Neto OC, Carneiro GF. Effect of Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and β-glucans to Mares During Late Gestation on Colostrum Quality and Passive Transfer of Immunity in Foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104168. [PMID: 36464034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or β-glucan, in the maternal diet during late pregnancy affects the concentration of total IgG in the colostrum of mares and influences the concentration of IgG in its foals. A total of 21 pregnant mares were used, aged 6±2 years, 3±1 pregnancies, 450±50kg in weight, and they were distributed into three groups: the control group (n=7); the S. cerevisiae group (n=7), which received 1010CFU of S. cerevisiae orally; and the β-glucan group (n=7), which received 0.35g of β-glucan orally. All groups started from the 300th day of their pregnancies until delivery. Samples of colostrum and serum from the mares were collected immediately after delivery. Blood samples from their foals were collected 12h after birth. The IgG measurement was performed using radial immunodiffusion. The results underwent a variance analysis. Higher concentrations of IgG were observed in the colostrum of mares that were supplemented with β-glucans (74.14±15.25 g/L) when compared to the control group (53.80g±10.95g/L). Serum IgG concentrations of foals born to mares supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (11.57±5.05 g/L) showed a significant difference, with a higher concentration of IgG in the serum compared to the control group. Therefore, this study provides evidence that manipulation of the mares' diets in late gestation to add β-glucan increased the IgG concentration in their colostrum. The addition of S. cerevisiae appears to improve the concentration of IgG in their foals within 12h after birth.
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Akköse M, Karabulut E, İnal Ş, Dik GÇ, Özbeyaz C, Kaya U, Çam M, Topal B. Changes in serum total protein and immunoglobulin G concentrations and Brix percentages in neonatal Arabian foals from birth up to 21 days of age. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 255:110521. [PMID: 36470064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum total protein (STP) concentrations and serum Brix percentages of neonatal Arabian foals during first 3 weeks of life. Blood samples were collected from 12 apparently healthy foals by jugular venipuncture at birth and at 12-hours, 24-hours, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 and 21 days of age. Serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages were measured by the radial immunodiffusion assay, and digital STP and Brix refractometers, respectively. Based on the serum IgG concentrations measured at 24 h, two foals were diagnosed with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). While IgG concentrations were determined using the data of foals with adequate transfer of passive immunity, other calculations were made using the data of all foals. The mean IgG concentration of the foals increased from birth (<200 mg/dl) to 12 (2068.5 mg/dl) and 24 h (2184.7 mg/dl), and progressively decreased up to 21 days of age (1318.5 mg/dl). The serum IgG concentrations at 12 h were highly correlated with each of the IgG concentrations measured over the 21-day period. The serum IgG and STP concentrations and Brix percentages of the foals diagnosed with FTPI at 12 h did not reach the adequate strata over time. These results suggest that foals can be reliably tested for passive immunity status at 12 h after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akköse
- Department of Livestock, Dalaman Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 48770 Dalaman, Muğla, Turkey.
| | - Eren Karabulut
- Department of Horse Breeding, Anadolu Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 26800 Mahmudiye, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Şeref İnal
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, 42130 Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gürcan Çağdaş Dik
- Department of Horse Breeding, Anadolu Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 26800 Mahmudiye, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ceyhan Özbeyaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Kaya
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, 31060 Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Çam
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University, 42130 Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bayram Topal
- Department of Horse Breeding, Anadolu Agricultural Enterprise, General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises, 26800 Mahmudiye, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Rampacci E, Mazzola K, Beccati F, Passamonti F. Diagnostic characteristics of refractometry cut-off points for the estimation of immunoglobulin G concentration in mare colostrum. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:102-110. [PMID: 35213056 PMCID: PMC10078710 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding foals with poor quality colostrum predisposes them to failure of passive transfer (FPT). FPT is a major risk factor for neonatal infections. OBJECTIVES To assess the optimal cut-offs for the optical (OR) and digital (DR) refractometer and determine their accuracy for poor quality colostrum diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN A diagnostic validation study. METHODS Eighty-one colostrum samples and sera were collected from broodmares and their neonatal foals, respectively. Colostral and serum IgG concentrations were measured by radial immunodiffusion (RID), DR and OR. Correlation coefficients were calculated. ROC curves were generated to identify optimal cut-offs for the refractometers and their diagnostic characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS The optimal cut-offs for DR and OR were ≤23.75% and 23.9%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the DR were 93.3% (95% CI: 66.0-99.7) and 87.9% (95% CI: 77.0-94.3) to detect colostral IgG <60 g/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the OR were 93.3% (95% CI: 66.0-99.7) and 81.8% (95% CI: 70.0-89.9), respectively. DR and OR had negative predictive values of 98.3% (95% CI: 89.7-99.9) and 98.2% (95% CI: 89.0-99.9), respectively, whilst positive predictive values were lower. No maternal variable, including breed, significantly influenced colostral IgG concentrations. Fifteen out of 81 colostrum samples had IgG <60 g/L. FPT and PFPT were diagnosed in 4/81 and 10/81 foals, respectively. Nine out of 14 animals with FPT/PFPT suckled colostrum with IgG <60 g/L. A moderate correlation (rs 0.542; P = .01) was observed between IgG concentrations measured by RID in sera and colostrum. MAIN LIMITATIONS A smaller number of samples than the size requirement based on a priori estimate of specificity and the low prevalence of poor quality colostrum. CONCLUSIONS The method has the potential to reliably differentiate between good and poor quality colostrum. Assessing colostrum quality by refractometry may be an indicator of passive transfer of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rampacci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Karen Mazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Beccati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Evaluation of refractometry methods for estimating passive immunity status in neonatal foals. J Immunol Methods 2022; 510:113359. [PMID: 36126780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the accuracy of the digital Brix and serum total protein (TP) refractometers for estimating different passive immunity status in neonatal foals. In total, 18- to 40-h old purebred Arabian foals (n = 185) were used. Serum TP concentrations, total solid percentages and IgG concentrations were measured with a digital serum TP refractometer, digital Brix refractometer and the gold standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay, respectively. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the refractometer and RID assay results. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to select the optimal cut-offs for both refractometers. Test performance and agreement were evaluated using diagnostic test characteristics at optimal thresholds and areas under the ROC curve, and by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient. The sensitivity and specificity of the digital Brix refractometer at optimal cut-offs (≤7.8%, ≤7.9%, ≤8.2%, ≤8.3%, ≤9.0%) were 100 and 69.3%; 100% and 68.5%; 70.5% and 71.0%; 88.3% and 85.5%; 88.1% and 76% to estimate RID-IgG of <400 mg/dL, <800 mg/dL, <1500 mg/dL, <2500 mg/dL and < 3000 mg/dL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the digital serum TP refractometer at optimal cut-off (≤4.6 g/dL, ≤4.6 g/dL, ≤4.8 g/dL, ≤5.0 g/dL, ≤5.4 g/dL) were 100 and 69.3%; 100% and 72.8%; 90% and 72.8%; 72.9% and 83.9%; 84.4% and 88% to estimate RID-IgG of <400 mg/dL, <800 mg/dL, <1500 mg/dL, <2500 mg/dL and < 3000 mg/dL, respectively. In conclusion, the refractometers showed a good potential as screening tools for the estimation of different IgG concentrations in neonatal foals.
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Smith BI, Cady SV, Aceto HW. Effect of formic acid treatment on colostrum quality, and on absorption and function of immunoglobulins: a randomized controlled trial in Holstein dairy calves. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:318. [PMID: 35978339 PMCID: PMC9387083 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Good quality colostrum is characterized by high immunoglobulin concentration and low pathogen load. Some methods of pathogen reduction can decrease immunoglobulin concentration and potentially affect their function. Objectives were to determine the effect of formic acid treatment on colostral bacterial and immunoglobulin (IgG) levels before feeding, and serum immunoglobulin concentration and neutralizing capabilities after feeding. Fifteen female Holstein calf pairs born < 12 h apart from different dams were randomly assigned to receive four liters of either untreated pooled (both dams) colostrum (MC) or colostrum acidified to pH 4.0–4.5 (AC). Colostrum characteristics estimated; pH, bacterial load, IgG concentration, and neutralization of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBRV/BoHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) Types 1 and 2. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 3 and monthly for 6 months and were analyzed for IgG, and both viral plus leptospiral neutralization, and total protein (day 3 only). Results Compared to MC (mean 6.7, SD 0.4; median 6.8, range 6.0–7.3), AC pH was significantly reduced (mean 4.3, SD 0.2; median 4.3, range 4.0–4.5; P < 0.001). Total coliform count (cfu/mL) was also reduced (MC mean 149, SD 444; median 1, range 0–1,700; AC mean 8, SD 31; median 0, range 0–120; P = 0.02). Colostrum IgG concentration was not significantly different between MC (mean 93.3, SD 39.7; median 92.8, range 36.7–164.4 g/L) and AC (mean 101.9, SD 36.7; median 108.3, range 33.8–164.4 g/L; P = 0.54). In calves, serum IgG peaked on day 3 (MC mean 26.1, SD 34.9; median 169.2, range 8.3–151.0 g/L; AC mean 30.2, SD 48.7; median 188.8, range 3.1–204.4 g/L; P = 0.77), and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was not different between groups (MC mean 24.3, SD 11.4, median 25.3, range 8.6–51.3%; AC mean 22.6, SD 21.7, median 21.6, range 4.1–58.9%; P = 0.65). Thereafter, IgG levels declined but did not differ between groups. MC and AC serum neutralizing titers for IBRV, BVDV Types 1 and 2, or Leptospira interrogans serovars Canicola, and Pomona and L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo were not different. Conclusions Colostrum acidification significantly decreased bacterial load fed to newborn calves without affecting colostral IgG concentration or virus neutralization. In addition, acid treatment did not affect serum IgG concentration in calves or its activity against common pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy I Smith
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, 19348, PA, USA.
| | - Sarah V Cady
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, 19348, PA, USA
| | - Helen W Aceto
- Department of Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, 19348, PA, USA
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Sievert M, Schuler G, Büttner K, Wehrend A. Comparison of different methods to determine the absorption of colostral IgG in newborn foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 114:104008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sobral GGD, Neto OCG, da Silva AM, Carneiro GF. Evaluation of Optical Refractometer for Assessing Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity in Foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 106:103758. [PMID: 34670691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between the total protein measured by an optical refractometer and the concentration of IgG by radial immunodiffusion (RID) to determine the performance of the optical refractometer to diagnose the failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPTI) in 12-hour-old foals. Blood was collected from foals (n = 30) 12 hours after birth. A study was carried out to measure the serum IgG concentration by RID test and measure total protein (TP) by optical refractometer. The correlation coefficient was measured between the TP concentration and the IgG-RID. Correlation was made between the IgG-IDR levels of colostrum in mares and the IgG-IDR concentration of the plasma of the foals. A ROC curve was made to identify the ideal cutoff point, in addition to the tests for sensitivity and specificity. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The IgG concentration by RID was positively correlated with a refractometer. Colostrum IgG concentration by RID was moderately correlated with foal plasma IgG-RID concentration. In the ROC curve, AUC was 0.931, and the cutoff point found was ≤5,7 g/dL as the most optimal combination, with 100% sensitivity and 73.3% specificity. Thus, it can be concluded that the total protein concentration by refractometer shows effective utility in the evaluation of FPTI in foals since they are highly sensitive, associated with a low cost, easy to handle, and easily carried out in the field.
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Turini L, Bonelli F, Nocera I, Meucci V, Conte G, Sgorbini M. Evaluation of Different Methods to Estimate the Transfer of Immunity in Donkey Foals Fed with Colostrum of Good IgG Quality: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020507. [PMID: 33672086 PMCID: PMC7919688 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Little is known about the passive transfer of immunity in donkey foals and about the different types of analysis that can be performed to assess it. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between IgG Serum Radial Immunodiffusion, Electrophoresis Gamma Globulins, Electrophoresis Total Protein and the Serum Total Protein analyzed by Refractometry and by Dry Chemistry Analyzer (Biuret) and to estimate serum IgG concentrations using Serum TP. IgG Serum Radial Immunodiffusion showed a good correlation with Electrophoresis Gamma Globulins and a high correlation with Total Protein Electrophoresis, Biuret and Refractometry. All the tests performed may be a useful to estimate the serum IgG in donkey foals’ blood in the first day of life using a specific equation. Abstract The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between IgG Serum Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID), Electrophoresis Gamma Globulins (EGG), Electrophoresis Total Protein (ETP) and the serum total protein (TP) analyzed by refractometry and by a dry chemistry analyzer (Biuret) and to estimate serum IgG concentrations using serum TP. A total of 36 samples collected at four different times (birth, 6, 12, 24 h after birth) from nine Amiata donkey foals were evaluated with SRID, EGG, ETP, serum TP Biuret and refractometry. SRID IgG concentration increased significantly over time until T12. Serum TP analyzed with refractometry, electrophoresis and Biuret showed a statistically significant difference between T0 and T6 vs. T12 and T24. A good or strong correlation was found between different tests performed. Equations to quantify serum IgG were created and can be used for estimating the donkey foals’ serum IgG in the first day of life. Serum TP refractometry showed a high correlation with SRID IgG (0.91) which may be a particularly useful and economic instrument to estimate the transfer of immunity in donkey foals during the first day of life. Further studies evaluating a high number of animals are needed in order to set specific cut-off values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, 00178 Rome, Italy
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-102-2307
| | - Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Irene Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (F.B.); (I.N.); (V.M.); (M.S.)
- Centro di Ricerche Agro-ambientali “E. Avanzi”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
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Slovis NM, Browne N, Bozorgmanesh R. Point-of-Care Diagnostics in Equine Practice. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:161-171. [PMID: 32145834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to benchtop diagnostic modalities that have been translated into portable and easy-to-use formats suitable for patient-side use. Recent advances in diagnostic technology have allowed the development of a growing collection of POCT assays available to equine practitioners. Advantages include rapid results that reduce initial guesswork and promote diagnosis-targeted patient care, which may ultimately provide better clinical outcomes. Small handheld devices comprise most POCT technologies, providing qualitative or quantitative determination of an increasing range of analytes, including critical care analyzers and, more recently, hematology and immunology analyzers. This article discusses commercially available equine POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
| | - Nimet Browne
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - Rana Bozorgmanesh
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, McGee Medical Center, 4250 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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Niimi K, Morishita H, Usui M, Ito R, Kurata S, Mataga N, Takahashi E. Measurement of the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-antitrypsin) of common marmoset and intestinal protein loss in wasting syndrome. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190562. [PMID: 31243120 PMCID: PMC6614574 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS) is one of the biggest problems facing captive marmoset colonies, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. In our clinical experience, it is difficult to cure WMS-affected marmosets with severe hypoalbuminemia. Thus, the mechanisms underlying hypoalbuminemia in WMS must be understood. In the present study, we investigated whether intestinal protein loss, a known reason for hypoalbuminemia, occurs in this disease. Fecal α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, also known as α1-antitrypsin) has been used to diagnose intestinal protein loss in other species. To develop an assay system for this protein, marmoset α1-PI was purified from plasma and antibodies against it were developed using the purified protein. Using the antibodies, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure marmoset α1-PI was developed, and its detection sensitivity for fecal samples was ∼20-fold higher than that of a commercial kit for human α1-PI. From this ELISA, the reference intervals for serum and feces of healthy marmosets were 0.87-1.85 mg/ml and 0.53-395.58 μg/g, respectively. The average concentrations of α1-PI in serum and feces of seven WMS-affected marmosets were 1.17 mg/ml and 1357.58 μg/g, respectively. Although there were no significant differences in the serum concentrations between healthy and WMS-affected marmosets, the fecal concentrations were significantly higher in WMS-affected marmosets than in healthy individuals, suggesting that intestinal protein loss occurs in WMS. Intestinal protein loss of WMS-affected marmosets was significantly attenuated with treatment, suggesting that it is one of the mechanisms involved in the hypoalbuminemia observed in WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Niimi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morishita
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaya Usui
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Reiko Ito
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shino Kurata
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuko Mataga
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eiki Takahashi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Elsohaby I, Riley CB, McClure JT. Usefulness of digital and optical refractometers for the diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:451-457. [PMID: 30417417 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal foals with failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) are at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Successful treatment of FTPI is time-dependent, thus rapid and accurate measurement of serum IgG concentration is important for the management and care of neonatal foals. OBJECTIVES To validate the use of digital and optical refractometers for assessing FTPI in neonatal foals and compare the diagnostic performance and level of agreement of the two refractometers to the reference standard radial immunodiffusion (RID) assay. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective validation study. METHODS Serum samples (n = 253) were collected from 230 foals admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital and Ambulatory Equine Service between 2012 and 2017. The serum IgG concentrations were measured by the reference RID assay, digital Brix and optical refractometers. The correlation between results of two refractometers and RID assay was assessed. A receiver operating characteristic curve was created and used to identify the optimal cut-offs for evaluating sensitivity and specificity of the two refractometers to detect foals with complete and partial FTPI. RESULTS The RID-IgG concentrations were positively correlated with the Brix scores obtained from a digital refractometer (r = 0.73, P = 0.001) and serum total protein obtained from an optical refractometer (r = 0.72, P = 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the digital Brix refractometer at optimal cut-off (≤7.8% Brix) were 88.1 (95% CI: 74.4-96.0) and 67.7% (95% CI: 60.6-74.3) to detect RID-IgG<4 g/L and 79.0 (95% CI: 68.5-87.3) and 77.3% (95% CI: 69.8-83.8) to detect RID-IgG≤8 g/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the optical refractometer at optimal cut-off (≤42 g/L) were 86.1 (95% CI: 72.1-94.7) and 70.9% (95% CI: 63.9-77.3) to detect RID-IgG<4 g/L and at cut-off (≤44 g/L) were 82.9 (95% CI: 73.0-90.3) and 72.7% (95% CI: 64.8-79.6) to detect RID-IgG≤8 g/L, respectively. MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of diseased foals was small to investigate the validity of the selected cut-off values for assessing FTPI in sick foals. CONCLUSIONS The two refractometers exhibit utility as rapid, inexpensive screening tests and have a good sensitivity for assessing FTPI in neonatal foals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada.,Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province, Egypt
| | - C B Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Elsohaby I, McClure JT, Waite LA, Cameron M, Heider LC, Keefe GP. Using serum and plasma samples to assess failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:567-577. [PMID: 30415862 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the differences in IgG and total protein (TP) content of serum and plasma samples collected from the same calves; (2) to evaluate the correlation between calf serum and plasma IgG levels, Brix scores, and TP concentrations; (3) to determine whether different cut-off values should be used for plasma and serum to assess failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in dairy calves; and (4) to evaluate the level of agreement between results obtained from using serum and plasma samples of the same calves to assess FTPI using optimal cut-off values. Blood samples (n = 217) were collected from Holstein calves at 3 to 10 d of age on 30 commercial dairy farms in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, Canada. Paired serum and plasma samples were analyzed for IgG concentration by the reference radial immunodiffusion assay, transmission infrared (TIR) spectroscopy, digital and optical Brix refractometers, and optical TP refractometer. The IgG concentrations measured by RID and TIR spectroscopy in serum were similar to those in plasma. However, the Brix and TP refractometer readings were significantly higher in plasma than in serum. The prevalence of FTPI in serum and plasma samples based on a RID-IgG concentration <10 g/L was 43.3 and 46.5%, respectively. The RID-IgG concentration was correlated with TIR-IgG (r = 0.92 and 0.89), digital Brix (r = 0.80 and 0.80), optical Brix (r = 0.77 and 0.77), and optical TP (r = 0.75 and 0.77) refractometers in serum and plasma, respectively. The correlations between paired serum and plasma IgG content were 0.85 by TIR spectroscopy, 0.80 by digital Brix, 0.77 by optical Brix, and 0.79 by optical TP refractometer. The optimal cut-off values for TIR spectroscopy, digital Brix, optical Brix, and TP refractometers to assess FTPI using serum were 13.1 g/L, 8.7% Brix, 8.4% Brix and 5.1 g/dL, respectively; and the optimal cut-off values with plasma were 13.4 g/L, 9.4% Brix, 9.3% Brix and 5.8 g/dL, respectively. When using these optimal cut-off values, the level of agreement (88.1%) between results derived from testing serum and plasma by TIR spectroscopy was substantial, with a kappa (κ) value of 0.76. The results derived from testing serum and plasma by digital Brix refractometer showed substantial agreement (83.4%), with a κ value of 0.65, which is higher than the agreement and κ value (74.7% and 0.51) reported for the optical Brix refractometer. Substantial agreement (81.6%) between serum and plasma TP was also obtained when using the optical TP refractometer, with a κ value of 0.63. In conclusion, serum or plasma samples can be used interchangeably for measuring IgG concentrations and assessing FTPI in dairy calves. However, different cut-offs must be used to assess FTPI depending on the sample matrix. Furthermore, results obtained from serum samples showed higher agreement with the reference RID assay than those obtained from plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3; Department of Animal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City 44511, Sharkia Province, Egypt.
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L A Waite
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - M Cameron
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - L C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - G P Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
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