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Panizzi L, Dittmer KE, Vignes M, Doucet JS, Gedye K, Waterland MR, Rogers CW, Sano H, McIlwraith CW, Riley CB. Plasma and Synovial Fluid Cell-Free DNA Concentrations Following Induction of Osteoarthritis in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061053. [PMID: 36978592 PMCID: PMC10044647 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for osteoarthritis (OA) in horses have been extensively investigated, but translation into clinical use has been limited due to cost, limited sensitivity, and practicality. Identifying novel biomarkers that overcome these limitations could facilitate early diagnosis and therapy. This study aimed to compare the concentrations of synovial fluid (SF) and plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) over time in control horses with those with induced carpal OA. Following an established model, unilateral carpal OA was induced in 9 of 17 healthy Thoroughbred fillies, while the remainder were sham-operated controls. Synovial fluid and plasma samples were obtained before induction of OA (Day 0) and weekly thereafter until Day 63, and cfDNA concentrations were determined using fluorometry. The SF cfDNA concentrations were significantly higher for OA joints than for sham-operated joints on Days 28 (median 1430 μg/L and 631 μg/L, respectively, p = 0.017) and 63 (median 1537 μg/L and 606 μg/L, respectively, p = 0.021). There were no significant differences in plasma cfDNA between the OA and the sham groups after induction of carpal OA. Plasma cfDNA measurement is not sufficiently sensitive for diagnostic purposes in this induced model of OA. Synovial fluid cfDNA measurement may be used as a biomarker to monitor early disease progression in horses with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Panizzi
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (K.E.D.); (K.G.); (C.W.R.); (H.S.); (C.B.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Keren E. Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (K.E.D.); (K.G.); (C.W.R.); (H.S.); (C.B.R.)
| | - Matthieu Vignes
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Jennie S. Doucet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Kristene Gedye
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (K.E.D.); (K.G.); (C.W.R.); (H.S.); (C.B.R.)
| | - Mark R. Waterland
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Chris W. Rogers
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (K.E.D.); (K.G.); (C.W.R.); (H.S.); (C.B.R.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Hiroki Sano
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (K.E.D.); (K.G.); (C.W.R.); (H.S.); (C.B.R.)
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1601, USA;
| | - Christopher B. Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (K.E.D.); (K.G.); (C.W.R.); (H.S.); (C.B.R.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Ivasovic F, Matos JN, Wyler M, Glaus TM. Effects of Breed, Exercise, and a Two-Month Training Period on NT-proBNP-Levels in Athletic Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010016. [PMID: 36611627 PMCID: PMC9817725 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) is a cardiac biomarker used to detect myocardial wall stress. Physical activity and cardiac disease can affect serum NTproBNP concentrations. In people, different types of physical activity have different effects on NTproBNP. Our hypothesis was that physical activity and training have an effect on NTproBNP concentrations depending on the type of exercise and the intensity. Seven German Shepherd dogs (GSD) under military training performing short bursts of fast-paced interval exercise and seven Eurohounds (EHs) training for racing competition with endurance exercise were included in the study. Blood samples were taken at enrollment (T0) and after a two-month (T2mth) training period; on both occasions, the samples were acquired before and after physical exercise. An echocardiographic evaluation was performed at T0. Echocardiographic heart size was larger in the EHs compared to the GSDs. The NTproBNP concentration was higher in the EHs than in the GSDs before and after exercise at T0 and T2mth. Echocardiographic parameters of heart size and wall thickness correlated with NTproBNP at T0 before and after exercise. Exercise induced an elevation of NTproBNP in the EHs at T0 and T2mth, while in the GSDs this was observed only at T0. In the EHs, post exercise was associated with higher NTproBNP at T2mth compared to T0, while in the GSDs the opposite pattern was noticed. From our study, the serum NTproBNP concentration differs between breeds. Intense physical activity causes an increase in NTproBNP. A two-month training period does not affect the NTproBNP concentration at rest. Intense physical activity may increase NTproBNP above the reference range in individual dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Ivasovic
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - J. Novo Matos
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tony M. Glaus
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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New Perspectives on the Importance of Cell-Free DNA Biology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092147. [PMID: 36140548 PMCID: PMC9497998 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fluids are constantly replenished with a population of genetically diverse cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments, representing a vast reservoir of information reflecting real-time changes in the host and metagenome. As many body fluids can be collected non-invasively in a one-off and serial fashion, this reservoir can be tapped to develop assays for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of wide-ranging pathologies, such as solid tumors, fetal genetic abnormalities, rejected organ transplants, infections, and potentially many others. The translation of cfDNA research into useful clinical tests is gaining momentum, with recent progress being driven by rapidly evolving preanalytical and analytical procedures, integrated bioinformatics, and machine learning algorithms. Yet, despite these spectacular advances, cfDNA remains a very challenging analyte due to its immense heterogeneity and fluctuation in vivo. It is increasingly recognized that high-fidelity reconstruction of the information stored in cfDNA, and in turn the development of tests that are fit for clinical roll-out, requires a much deeper understanding of both the physico-chemical features of cfDNA and the biological, physiological, lifestyle, and environmental factors that modulate it. This is a daunting task, but with significant upsides. In this review we showed how expanded knowledge on cfDNA biology and faithful reverse-engineering of cfDNA samples promises to (i) augment the sensitivity and specificity of existing cfDNA assays; (ii) expand the repertoire of disease-specific cfDNA markers, thereby leading to the development of increasingly powerful assays; (iii) reshape personal molecular medicine; and (iv) have an unprecedented impact on genetics research.
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Gomart S, Allaway D, Harrison M, Dickson D, Seo J, Ferasin L, Payne JR, Hezzell MJ, Borgeat K. Long-term biological variability and the generation of a new reference interval for plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in Labrador retrievers. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:368-373. [PMID: 32297329 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES First, to investigate the biological variability of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in healthy Labrador retrievers and compare this with current laboratory recommendations for dilated cardiomyopathy screening. Second, to calculate a breed-specific reference interval and validate it in a retrospective cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma NT-proBNP was measured in 51 clinically healthy Labrador retrievers at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Coefficient of variation for individual dogs over time, the coefficient of variation for the group at each time point and the index of individuality were calculated. A reference interval was derived and tested on a clinical dataset available from four UK cardiology referral centres. RESULTS Median NT-proBNP was 865 pmol/L (315 to 2064 pmol/L). Mean individual coefficient of variation was 19% (95% CI: 16 to 21%) and group coefficient of variation was 43% (95% CI: 41 to 46%), with index of individuality at 0.44. The breed-specific reference interval was 275 to 2100 pmol/L. In the validation group, 93% of NT-proBNP measurements from healthy dogs were within the reference interval. NT-proBNP measurements exceeded the reference interval in 82% of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. The upper bound of the reference interval (2100 pmol/L) had a positive predictive value of 90% and a negative predictive value of 87% for identification of dilated cardiomyopathy in this population. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Breed-specific reference intervals might improve the diagnostic accuracy of NT-proBNP measurement. Applying the currently recommended general cut-off value to Labradors is likely to result in frequent false positives and diagnosis would be improved by application of the new breed-specific reference interval calculated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gomart
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - D Allaway
- MARS PetCare Ltd, Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham, UK
| | - M Harrison
- MARS PetCare Ltd, Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham, UK
| | | | - J Seo
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - L Ferasin
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, UK
| | - J R Payne
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Borgeat
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Mejia S, Duerr FM, Salman M. Comparison of activity levels derived from two accelerometers in dogs with osteoarthritis: Implications for clinical trials. Vet J 2019; 252:105355. [PMID: 31554587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometer measurements are frequently reported as total weekly activity counts (AC). Methods of utilizing activity parameters to allow differentiation of activity intensities (i.e., manually derived cut-points) have been described. While this information may provide valuable data for researchers, only few investigators have utilized these methods. This may, in part, be due to the challenge associated with data processing. Some devices, however, generate activity intensity data automatically. This study was conducted to evaluate a novel accelerometer that allows for remote download of data via Wi-Fi (Heyrex), to compare automatically generated parameters quantifying activity levels to previously established cut-points (Actical) and to describe the variability of accelerometer data in dogs with osteoarthritis. Twelve client-owned dogs with osteoarthritis were fitted with a collar with two accelerometers (Heyrex and Actical). Accelerometer data were recorded for 28 days. Pearson bivariate correlations and coefficient of variation (CV%) were calculated for accelerometer data. There was a strong correlation between the AC reported by Heyrex and Actical devices. Several automatically generated parameters showed strong correlations to previously validated cut-points and displayed lower CV% than weekly AC. The activity intensity derived from the Heyrex was associated with the lowest CV% of all parameters from both accelerometers. Automatically generated activity intensity parameters should be considered as potential outcome measures in clinical trials for dogs with osteoarthritis. This novel technology may allow for convenient acquisition of activity intensity data in companion animals. However, technical difficulties (e.g., lack of Wi-Fi connectivity) may pose challenges when using this novel device.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mejia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
| | - F M Duerr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA.
| | - M Salman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
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Goggs R, Jeffery U, LeVine DN, Li RHL. Neutrophil-Extracellular Traps, Cell-Free DNA, and Immunothrombosis in Companion Animals: A Review. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:6-23. [PMID: 31342866 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819861721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunothrombosis is a potentially beneficial physiological process that aids innate immunity and host defense against pathogen invasion. However, this process can also be damaging when it occurs to excess or in critical blood vessels. Formation of extracellular traps by leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, is central to our understanding of immunothrombosis. In addition to degranulation and phagocytosis, extracellular traps are the third mechanism by which neutrophils combat potential pathogens. These traps consist of extracellular DNA decorated with bactericidal cellular proteins, including elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathepsins. Neutrophils can release these structures as part of a controlled cell-death process or via a process termed vital NETosis that enables the cells to extrude DNA but remain viable. There is accumulating evidence that NETosis occurs in companion animals, including dogs, horses, and cats, and that it actively contributes to pathogenesis. Numerous studies have been published detailing various methods for identification and quantification of extracellular trap formation, including cell-free DNA, measurements of histones and proteins such as high-mobility group box-1, and techniques involving microscopy and flow cytometry. Here, we outline the present understanding of these phenomena and the mechanisms of extracellular trap formation. We critically review the data regarding measurement of NETosis in companion animals, summarize the existing literature on NETosis in veterinary species, and speculate on what therapeutic options these insights might present to clinicians in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ronald H L Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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