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Velasquez-Munoz A, Castro-Vargas R, Cullens-Nobis FM, Mani R, Abuelo A. Review: Salmonella Dublin in dairy cattle. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1331767. [PMID: 38264470 PMCID: PMC10803612 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1331767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin (S. Dublin) is a bacterium host-adapted to cattle with increasing prevalence in dairy facilities. It can severely affect cattle health, producing high morbidity and mortality in young calves and reducing the performance of mature animals. Salmonella Dublin is difficult to control and eradicate from herds, as it can be shed from clinically normal animals. In addition, S. Dublin is a zoonotic bacterium that can be lethal for humans and pose a risk for human and animal health due to its multi-drug resistant characteristics. This review provides an overview of S. Dublin as a pathogen in dairy facilities, the risk factors associated with infection, and current strategies for preventing and controlling this disease. Furthermore, current gaps in knowledge are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Velasquez-Munoz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rafael Castro-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Faith M. Cullens-Nobis
- Agriculture and Agribusiness Institute, Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rinosh Mani
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Angel Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Agriculture and Agribusiness Institute, Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Gamsjäger L, Haines DM, Lévy M, Pajor EA, Campbell JR, Windeyer MC. Total and pathogen-specific serum Immunoglobulin G concentrations in neonatal beef calves, Part 2: Associations with health and growth. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:105993. [PMID: 37633772 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The association of poor transfer of passive immunity (TPI) with negative health outcomes is extensively researched in dairy calves. However, few field studies have examined the effect of total and particularly pathogen-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations on pre-weaning health and growth of beef calves. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the association of total and pathogen-specific IgG concentrations against selected pathogens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and the odds of pre-weaning treatments, mortality, and the growth of newborn beef calves. A total of 420 serum samples from 1- to 7-day old beef calves born on 6 farms in Alberta, Canada, were available for this observational study. Serum samples were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion for total IgG concentration and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for pathogen-specific IgG concentrations against Escherichia coli (E. coli), bovine Rotavirus (BRoV), Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PI-3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1). Data about the individual dam- and calf-level risk factors, calf treatments, mortality, and birth and weaning weights were collected. Multivariable multilevel logistic and linear regression models were built to evaluate the association of total and pathogen-specific IgG concentrations with the odds of mortality and average daily gain (ADG), respectively, while their association with the odds of pre-weaning treatment was established by univariable logistic regression analysis. The odds of calves with IgG concentrations < 10 g/L of getting treated (OR 7.9, 95 % CI 2.7-23.7) and dying (OR: 18.5, 95 % CI: 3.7-93.4) were higher than for their counterparts (P < 0.0001). Calves with IgG concentrations < 24 g/L also had higher odds of dying (OR: 10.1, 95 % CI: 2.6-40.2) and had lower ADG (-0.09 kg, SE: 0.03, P < 0.002) than calves with IgG concentrations ≥ 24 g/L. Higher BVDV-specific IgG concentration was protective against mortality (OR: 0.97, 95 % CI: 0.96-0.99, P < 0.001). This study highlights the negative association of inadequate TPI with health and growth of beef calves and thus, the need to refine protocols for dam vaccination and colostrum intervention in cow-calf operations to meet these higher IgG targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamsjäger
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada.
| | - Deborah M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; The Saskatoon Colostrum Co. Ltd, 30 Molaro Pl, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 6A2, Canada
| | - Michel Lévy
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - Edmond A Pajor
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
| | - John R Campbell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - M Claire Windeyer
- University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 11877 85th Street NW, Calgary, AB T3R 1J3, Canada
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Viidu DA, Mõtus K. Implementation of a pre-calving vaccination programme against rotavirus, coronavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F5) and association with dairy calf survival. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:59. [PMID: 35090439 PMCID: PMC8935617 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Diarrhea is one of the most common diseases and causes of death in calves during the first month of life. Pre-calving vaccination programme (PVP) against the most common diarrhea-causing pathogens could help to avoid this threat if hyperimmune transition milk (TM) is fed to calves throughout the whole susceptibility period. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to reveal the implementation practices of PVPs in large commercial dairy farms and to compare calf-level mortality hazards during the first year of vaccination (V+ period) and a year before implementing the vaccination programme (V- period). A questionnaire was filled out in 15 large-scale dairy farms in Estonia that used PVP. The farms were assigned into three groups based on compliance with the vaccine directions for use and TM feeding practices. Calf-level time-to-event data was analyzed with an observation period of 21 days and on-farm mortality due to diarrhea being the event of interest.
Results
During the V+ period, a significant decline in diarrhea-induced calf mortality was identified in three out of six herds that followed vaccination instructions and fed TM for at least 14 days. On average, calf mortality hazard due to diarrhea decreased among these herds (hazard rate ratio (HR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63; 0.81). In the group of correctly vaccinating herds where TM was fed for less than 14 days, diarrhea-induced calf mortality decreased in two herds and remained unchanged in two herds with average diarrhea-induced calf mortality hazard declining significantly during the vaccination period (HR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.14; 0.41). Among the three farms that deviated from the vaccination instructions, the average calf mortality hazard increased in the V+ period (HR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.21; 2.14).
Conclusions
This study revealed that implementing a PVP might aid to reduce diarrhea-induced calf mortality in large commercial dairy farms. There is a need to increase veterinarians´ and farmers´ awareness about the importance of including pregnant heifers into the vaccination programme and emphasize the importance of prolonged feeding of hyperimmune TM to calves.
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643206. [PMID: 34267745 PMCID: PMC8276037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Weiller M, Moreira D, Bragança L, Farias L, Lopes M, Bruhn F, Brauner C, Schmitt E, Corrêa M, Rabassa V, Pino FD. The occurrence of diseases and their relationship with passive immune transfer in Holstein dairy calves submitted to individual management in southern Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Calves are extremely dependent on colostrum intake for the acquisition of passive immunity. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of diarrhea and respiratory diseases and the impact of Failure of Passive Immune Transfer (FPIT) on the health and zootechnical performance of Holstein dairy calves in individual management. This study has been carried out in five commercial farms in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, from March 2017 to January 2018. In this study, 131 calves were followed from birth to 60 days of age. Total Plasmatic Protein (TPP) has been performed to determine passive immune transfer quality in 53 calves (53/131). A daily clinical follow-up has been accomplished aiming at diagnosing diseases and their incidences, and zootechnical measures such as withers height, width of the croup and weight have been evaluated. FPIT rate was 32.07%, diarrhea occurrence and respiratory diseases were 77.9% and 49.6%, respectively. FPIT increased the chances of calves presenting diarrhea and developing respiratory diseases, but no differences on zootechnical performance were found. The frequency of FPIT is still high and is a factor that corroborated the increased risk for diarrhea and respiratory disease but did not influence the performance of calves in the preweaning phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A.A. Weiller
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Foster D, Jacob M, Stowe D, Smith G. Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a Salmonella Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral Salmonella challenge. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1796-1806. [PMID: 31134697 PMCID: PMC6639490 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonellosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal calves, often occurring before preventative vaccines can be administered. Hypothesis/Objective To evaluate the protective effect on calves of colostrum from cows vaccinated with a commercially available Salmonella Newport bacterin against a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Animals Twenty Holstein bull calves from a university dairy farm. Methods Nonrandomized placebo‐controlled trial in which colostrum was harvested from 30 cows that received 2 doses of either Salmonella bacterin or saline before calving. Colostrum collected from each group was pooled and fed to 2 groups of 10 calves at birth. At approximately 2 weeks of age, calves were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Clinical, hematologic, microbiological, and postmortem findings were compared between the 2 groups. Results No differences in mortality, clinical findings, hematology results, blood and fecal cultures, or necropsy findings between the 2 groups were observed. Vaccinated cows had higher colostral titers, and calves fed this colostrum had higher serum titers (mean difference, 0.429; mean [SE], 0.852 [0.02] for vaccinated versus 0.423 [0.02] for control calves). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from Salmonella enterica serotype Newport bacterin to neonatal calves was not sufficient to decrease mortality, clinical signs, sepsis, intestinal damage, or fecal shedding when exposed to a highly pathogenic Salmonella isolate. A large‐scale randomized controlled clinical trial is needed to evaluate the efficacy of this bacterin when administered in the dry period for prevention of salmonellosis in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Foster
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Megan Jacob
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Devorah Stowe
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Geof Smith
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
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