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Hotz V, Brugger D, Kook PH. Evaluation of Disease Spectrum in Hospitalized Cats with Hyperlipasemia: Pancreatitis Alone Is Rare, Hyperlipasemia without Suspected Pancreatitis Is Common. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1479. [PMID: 38791696 PMCID: PMC11117254 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Histological evidence of pancreatitis is commonly found in necropsy studies in cats. A clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis is challenging due to nonspecific clinical signs, a lack of diagnostic lipase cutoffs, and frequent presence of multiple diseases. It is still unknown how often pancreatitis alone is found in sick cats and how often clinicopathological evidence of pancreatitis in sick cats does not lead to a clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis. Our aims were to evaluate the extent of comorbidities in cats with suspected pancreatitis, evaluate how often sick cats with hyperlipasemia are diagnosed only with non-pancreatic diseases, and compare their clinical findings. Medical records of 563 client-owned hospitalized cats with available lipase activity measurement (LIPC Roche) > 30 U/L (RI, 6-26) were searched and medical diagnoses recorded and grouped by organ system. Clinicopathological findings were compared between cats with pancreatitis alone (PA), pancreatitis with concurrent disease (PD), and no suspected pancreatitis (NP). We found that PA was present in 33 (6%) cats, 159 cats (28%) were in the PD group, and 371 cats (66%) had no suspected pancreatitis (NP). Clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic findings did not differ between PA and PD cats. Lipase activities did not differ between the three groups. The most common disease categories in PD and NP cats were gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, renal/urinary, and endocrine, and renal/urinary, gastrointestinal, cardiac, and musculoskeletal, respectively. We conclude that cats are rarely hospitalized because of suspected pancreatitis alone, and PA cats did not differ clinically from PD cats. Hyperlipasemia in sick cats without a diagnosis of pancreatitis may be due to a reactive pancreatopathy or preexisting chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hotz
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Brugger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Peter Hendrik Kook
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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Pacheva M, Brugger D, Riond B, Dennler M, Kook PH. Effects of prednisolone on 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acid-(60-methylresorufin) ester-lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1370-1376. [PMID: 38485220 PMCID: PMC11099763 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroids are among the most commonly used drugs in cats and are increasingly discussed as a treatment for feline pancreatitis. However, its effects on serum lipase in healthy cats remain unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of prednisolone on serum lipase activity and pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) in cats. ANIMALS Seven clinically healthy colony cats, aged 4 to 7 years, with unremarkable CBC/biochemistry panel were studied. METHODS Prospective study: Prednisolone (1.1-1.5 mg/kg, median 1.28 mg/kg PO) was given daily for 7 consecutive days. Lipase activity (LIPC Roche; RI, 8-26 U/L) and PLI (Spec fPL; RI, 0-3.5 μg/L) were determined at day 1 before first treatment and at days 2, 3, 8, 10, and 14. Cats were examined daily. An a priori power analysis indicated that 6 cats were needed to find a biological relevant effect at 1-β = 0.8. Statistical analyses comprised the Friedman test, random intercept regression, and repeated-measures linear regression. RESULTS Median (range) day 1 lipase activities and PLI were 22 U/L (14-52 U/L) and 3.2 μg/L (2.3-15.7 μg/L). One cat with abnormally high lipase activity (52 U/L) and PLI (15.7 μg/L) at day 1 continued having elevated lipase activities and PLI throughout the study. Lipase activities and PLI concentrations did not differ significantly among time points regardless of whether the cat with elevated values was included or not. All cats remained healthy throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Administration of prednisolone in anti-inflammatory doses does not significantly increase serum lipase activity and PLI concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Militsa Pacheva
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Brugger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic of Diagnostic ImagingDepartment of Clinical ServicesVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Peter Hendrik Kook
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Wu YA, Steiner JM, Huisinga E, Beall MJ, Buch J, Fosgate GT, Lidbury JA. Analytical validation of an ELISA for the measurement of feline pancreas-specific lipase and re-evaluation of the reference interval and decision threshold for diagnosing pancreatitis. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:482-492. [PMID: 37468991 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of feline pancreatitis can be challenging. The clinical presentation often includes mild, nonspecific clinical signs, such as vomiting, anorexia, and weight loss. Measurement of feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) concentration in serum has been reported to be sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats. However, analytical validation for a widely available commercial assay for the measurement of fPLI concentration has not been published. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analytically validate the Spec fPL assay (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME), a commercial ELISA for the measurement of fPLI concentration, and re-evaluate its reference interval and decision threshold for diagnosing pancreatitis in cats. METHODS Dilutional linearity, accuracy, precision, and the effect of interfering substances were assessed. The upper limit of the reference interval was calculated based on the 95th percentile of results from clinically healthy cats (n = 107), and a decision threshold for diagnosing pancreatitis was calculated with an expected specificity of 99%. RESULTS Analytical validation demonstrated good linearity, accuracy, and precision, as well as the absence of interference from lipemia, hemolysis, or icterus. The upper limit of the reference interval for Spec fPL was determined to be 4.4 μg/L, and the decision threshold (a theoretical cut-off) for diagnosing pancreatitis was determined to be 8.8 μg/L based on a desired specificity of 99%. CONCLUSIONS The Spec fPL assay is analytically valid, and results suggest that a decision threshold of 8.8 μg/L would have high diagnostic specificity for excluding clinically healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Wu
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Elke Huisinga
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine, USA
| | - Melissa J Beall
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine, USA
| | - Jesse Buch
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, Maine, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Xenoulis PG, Moraiti KT, Spanou VM, Chatzis MK, Kokkinaki KCG, Saridomichelakis MN, Steiner JM. Specificity of a pancreatic lipase point-of-care test and agreement with pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in cats without clinical evidence of pancreatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231183299. [PMID: 37498286 PMCID: PMC10812057 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of a rapid point-of-care test for the estimation of feline pancreatic lipase (SNAP fPL) in healthy and sick cats without clinical evidence of pancreatitis. A second objective was to evaluate the agreement between SNAP fPL and serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI), as measured by Spec fPL. METHODS A total of 150 cats were prospectively enrolled into this study. Of them, 82 cats were healthy while 68 cats had various diseases but no clinical signs (eg, anorexia, depression, vomiting) raising a suspicion of pancreatitis. RESULTS SNAP fPL was normal in 133/150 cats (specificity 89%) without obvious clinical pancreatitis. SNAP fPL was normal in 74/82 healthy cats (specificity 90%) and in 59/68 cats that were sick but without typical signs of pancreatitis (specificity 87%). The agreement between SNAP fPL and Spec fPL was substantial (k = 0.64) in healthy cats and almost perfect (k = 0.93) in sick cats. The overall agreement between SNAP fPL and Spec fPL was almost perfect (k = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The specificity of SNAP fPL in this group of cats was high. There was a substantial and almost perfect agreement between the SNAP fPL and Spec fPL in healthy cats and sick cats without suspected pancreatitis, respectively. In the small percentage of cats with abnormal SNAP fPL and/or Spec fPL results, the possibility of subclinical pancreatitis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katerina T Moraiti
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Victoria M Spanou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Manolis K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Kassiopi CG Kokkinaki
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Serial Measurement of Serum Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity, Feline Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity, and Cobalamin Concentrations in Kittens. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090469. [PMID: 36136684 PMCID: PMC9501717 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum concentrations of feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI), feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI), and cobalamin are commonly used for the diagnostic investigation of cats with gastrointestinal signs. No information on these parameters in healthy cats less than 1 year of age exists. We aimed to evaluate serum concentrations of fPLI, fTLI, and cobalamin in healthy cats at different time-points during their first 12 months of life. Fourteen healthy 2-month-old kittens were included. Blood was collected at 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months of age, and serum concentrations of fPLI, fTLI, and cobalamin were measured. While there was a statistically significant difference in serum fPLI concentrations over time, there was no statistically significant difference between individual time-points. There was no significant difference in serum fTLI concentrations over time. Serum cobalamin concentrations were below the reference interval in 3/13 cats at 2 months of age and were significantly lower by 3 months, when 13/14 had hypocobalaminemia. By 12 months, serum cobalamin had significantly increased, yet 4/12 cats still had hypocobalaminemia. Serum fPLI and fTLI concentrations did not show any statistically or clinically significant differences in young kittens. In contrast, serum cobalamin concentrations were commonly below the reference interval in kittens. Serum fPLI and fTLI concentrations are not practically affected by age in kittens as young as 2 months of age and could be used for the investigation of pancreatic diseases.
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Xenoulis PG, Fracassi F. Feline Comorbidities: Clinical perspective on diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:651-661. [PMID: 35775305 PMCID: PMC11107984 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common feline endocrine disorders. It has been shown by several studies that DM in cats frequently coexists with pancreatitis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES It has not been definitively established what the exact pathogenetic association between DM and pancreatitis is in the cat. However, the association between these two conditions is most likely bidirectional, with DM predisposing cats to pancreatitis and vice versa. Diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats with DM is crucial because concurrent pancreatitis commonly leads to difficulties in the management of DM. When pancreatitis is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), therapeutic management is even more challenging. AIMS This review focuses on the concurrent presence of DM or DKA and pancreatitis in cats, mainly focusing on their clinical management. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this review is based on feline-specific clinical research when available. In addition, comparative and human research, as well as clinical experience, has been used to enrich knowledge in areas where feline-specific research is not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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Krasztel MM, Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Kaba J. Accuracy of acute-phase proteins in identifying lethargic and anorectic cats with increased serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:93-100. [PMID: 35146787 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay of laboratory diagnostics of feline pancreatitis (FP) is measuring serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI). Thus far, several studies have investigated the relationship between acute-phase proteins (APPs) and the presence and severity of FP. Although changes in serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration have been linked with FP, its diagnostic accuracy remains unknown. We aimed to determine the accuracy of selected APPs in identifying cats with a high risk of FP based on increased fPLI. Serum fPLI was measured in cats (n = 52) that were presented to veterinary clinics with signs of lethargy and anorexia. The cats were divided into two groups (fPLI ≤3.5 μg/L; n = 27 and fPLI >3.5 μg/L, n = 25), corresponding to low and high risks of FP. Serum albumin, globulin, haptoglobin (Hp), and SAA concentrations, as well as the albumin-to-globulin ratio (A/G) and SAA-to-albumin (SAA/A) ratios, were determined and compared between groups. The accuracy of these measurements was examined using a multivariable logistic regression model and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. SAA concentrations and SAA/A ratios were significantly (P = .026 and P = .022) higher in cats with increased fPLI, with the area under ROC curve (AUROC) of 68.1% (CI 95%: 53.4%, 82.9%) and 68.6% (CI 95%: 54.0%, 83.2%), respectively. The logistic regression model combining SAA and A/G had AUROC of 75.2% (CI 95%: 62.0%, 88.4%) for identifying cats with increased fPLI. SAA as a sole analyte or combined with A/G had low to moderate accuracy in identifying anorexic, lethargic cats with increased fPLI. Serum albumin, globulin, and Hp concentrations had no discriminatory potential in these cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maria Krasztel
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Krasztel MM, Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Kaba J. Correlation between metabolomic profile constituents and feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:473-481. [PMID: 35023223 PMCID: PMC8965226 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) is commonly used to diagnose pancreatitis in cats (FP). Untargeted metabolomics has been extensively applied in human and veterinary medicine, but no metabolomic studies regarding FP have been conducted. Objectives To identify metabolites significantly associated with increased fPLI. Animals Forty‐nine client‐owned cats: 11 clinically healthy and 38 with various clinical conditions. Methods Analytical cross‐sectional study with convenience sampling. A panel of 630 metabolites belonging to 26 biochemical classes was quantified in plasma using a commercial metabolomic assay. The correlation between plasma metabolite concentrations and serum fPLI was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Rs) with Bonferroni correction. Multivariable analysis then was performed to control for glomerular filtration rate, liver damage, and blood glucose concentration. The accuracy of selected metabolites in discriminating between cats with normal (≤3.5 μg/L) and increased (>5.3 μg/L) fPLI was estimated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results Four hundred and seven of 630 metabolites (64.6%) were quantified in all cats. When controlled for potential confounders only 3 sphingolipids were significantly positively correlated with fPLI: 2 cerebrosides: HexCer(d18:1/24:0); (Rs = .56), and HexCer(d18:1/24:1); (Rs = .58) and 1 sphingomyelin: SM C18:0 (Rs = .55). Their AUROCs in identifying cats with increased fPLI were 82% (95% confidence interval [CI 95%], 70%‐94%), 84% (CI 95%, 72%‐96%), and 78% (CI 95%, 65%‐92%), respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Selected sphingolipids are moderately positively correlated with fPLI and appear to have fair to moderate diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between cats with normal and increased fPLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maria Krasztel
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Xenoulis PG, Moraiti KT, R Finco D, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity and trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentrations in cats with experimentally induced chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2821-2827. [PMID: 34738673 PMCID: PMC8692220 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) and trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (fTLI) concentrations are commonly used in cats for the evaluation of pancreatic disease. The effect of kidney disease on these tests in cats are unknown. Objective To investigate the effect of experimentally induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) on serum fPLI and fTLI concentrations. Animals Surplus serum samples from 20 cats with CKD experimentally induced for an unrelated project and a group of healthy control cats. Methods Serum fTLI and fPLI concentrations were compared between groups. Results Mean (±SD) serum fTLI concentrations in 20 cats with CKD (117.8 ± 63.6 μg/L) were significantly higher than those in healthy cats (n = 32; 46.9 ± 17.5 μg/L; P < .0001). Serum fTLI concentrations in cats with CKD were above the upper limit of the reference interval in 13 of 20 cats (65%). Serum fPLI concentrations were not significantly different between cats with induced CKD (n = 18; 8.6 μg/L; range, 5.4‐9.9 μg/L) and healthy cats (n = 41; 7.4 μg/L; range, 5.0‐15.2 μg/L; P = .12). All cats with experimentally induced CKD had serum fPLI concentrations within the reference interval. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Decreased renal function has a clinically relevant impact on serum fTLI concentrations and potentially could interfere with a diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Serum fPLI concentration was not affected by experimentally induced CKD and thus serum fPLI may be used for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats with kidney disease. Additional studies are needed to verify these results in cats with naturally occurring CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G Xenoulis
- Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA.,Small Animal Clinic, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Delmar R Finco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Cyclosporine Treatment in Cats with Presumed Chronic Pancreatitis-A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102993. [PMID: 34680012 PMCID: PMC8532754 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common disease in middle-aged to older cats. Cyclosporine, an immunosuppressive drug, has been suggested as an alternative treatment when other drugs that suppress inflammation are ineffective or unsuitable. However, no published studies have investigated its efficacy in cats with CP. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine as a treatment for pancreatitis in cats with presumed CP. All cats had a history and clinical signs suggestive of CP and blood samples showed abnormally high concentrations of feline pancreas-specific lipase (Spec fPL) on at least two occasions. This is common in CP. All cats were treated with cyclosporine for at least three weeks. Nineteen cats, aged 6.9–17.5 years, were included. Daily treatment with cyclosporine resulted in an improvement of serum Spec fPL concentrations which indicates that the pancreatic inflammation likely had improved. The study has several limitations, including different treatment durations and doses, lack of biopsies to confirm CP and the treatment effect was not compared with an untreated control group. Despite the limitations, our results suggest that cyclosporine treatment decreases serum Spec fPL concentrations and may be effective in the management of feline chronic pancreatitis. Abstract Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common disease in middle-aged to older cats. Cyclosporine has been suggested as an alternative treatment when other immunosuppressive treatments are insufficient or contraindicated. However, no published studies have investigated its efficacy on feline CP. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporine on supranormal serum feline pancreas-specific lipase (Spec fPL) concentrations in cats with presumed CP. Inclusion criteria were history and clinical signs suggestive of CP, serum Spec fPL concentrations above 5.3 μg/L (reference range 0–3.5 μg/L, equivocal range 3.6–5.3 μg/L) on at least two occasions and treatment with cyclosporine for at least three weeks. Serum Spec fPL was analyzed at Idexx Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany. Nineteen cats, aged 6.9–17.5 years (median 11.6), were included. No pancreatic biopsies were available. Median (range) serum Spec fPL concentration was 14.2 μg/L (6.1–43.3) at baseline and 6.7 μg/L (0.9–23.6) at follow-up. Cyclosporine treatment (5.0–7.9 mg/kg orally SID) was associated with a significant reduction in serum Spec fPL concentrations (p < 0.001) at follow-up after 23–206 days (median 35). Body weight decreased significantly between inclusion and follow-up (p = 0.013). Significant improvement of clinical signs could not be measured (p = 0.781). This study has several limitations, including unstandardized treatment length and dose, no control group and lack of pancreatic biopsies. Despite the limitations, our results suggest that cyclosporine treatment reduces supranormal serum Spec fPL concentrations in cats with presumed CP.
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Forman MA, Steiner JM, Armstrong PJ, Camus MS, Gaschen L, Hill SL, Mansfield CS, Steiger K. Response to letter regarding "ACVIM consensus statement on pancreatitis in cats". J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1646-1647. [PMID: 34021507 PMCID: PMC8295654 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marnin A Forman
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - P Jane Armstrong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melinda S Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lorrie Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Flagstaff Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Caroline S Mansfield
- Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Törner K, Aupperle-Lellbach H. Letter regarding "ACVIM consensus statement on pancreatitis in cats". J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1644-1645. [PMID: 34021622 PMCID: PMC8295669 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Forman MA, Steiner JM, Armstrong PJ, Camus MS, Gaschen L, Hill SL, Mansfield CS, Steiger K. ACVIM consensus statement on pancreatitis in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:703-723. [PMID: 33587762 PMCID: PMC7995362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatitis in cats, although commonly diagnosed, still presents many diagnostic and management challenges. Objective To summarize the current literature as it relates to etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of pancreatitis in cats and to arrive at clinically relevant suggestions for veterinary clinicians that are based on evidence, and where such evidence is lacking, based on consensus of experts in the field. Animals None. Methods A panel of 8 experts in the field (5 internists, 1 radiologist, 1 clinical pathologist, and 1 anatomic pathologist), with support from a librarian, was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer reviewed literature and complement it with consensus clinical recommendations. Results There was little literature on the etiology and pathogenesis of spontaneous pancreatitis in cats, but there was much in the literature about the disease in humans, along with some experimental evidence in cats and nonfeline species. Most evidence was in the area of diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats, which was summarized carefully. In contrast, there was little evidence on the management of pancreatitis in cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Pancreatitis is amenable to antemortem diagnosis by integrating all clinical and diagnostic information available, and recognizing that acute pancreatitis is far easier to diagnose than chronic pancreatitis. Although both forms of pancreatitis can be managed successfully in many cats, management measures are far less clearly defined for chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnin A Forman
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - P Jane Armstrong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melinda S Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lorrie Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Flagstaff Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wakeling J, Hall T, Williams TL. Correlation of thyroid hormone measurements with thyroid stimulating hormone stimulation test results in radioiodine-treated cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2265-2275. [PMID: 33044029 PMCID: PMC7694841 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iatrogenic hypothyroidism can develop after radioiodine‐I131 (RAI) treatment of hyperthyroid cats and can be diagnosed using the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation test. Objectives To assess the effect of noncritical illness on TSH stimulation test results in euthyroid and RAI‐treated cats. To assess the correlation of low total‐thyroxine (tT4), low free‐thyroxine (fT4), and high TSH concentrations with TSH stimulation test results. Animals Thirty‐three euthyroid adult cats and 118 client‐owned cats previously treated with RAI. Methods Total‐thyroxine, fT4, and TSH were measured, and a TSH stimulation test was performed in all cats. Euthyroid control cats were divided into apparently healthy and noncritical illness groups. RAI‐treated cats were divided into RAI‐hypothyroid (after‐stimulation tT4 ≤ 1.5 μg/dL), RAI‐euthyroid (after‐stimulation tT4 ≥ 2.3 μg/dL OR after‐stimulation tT4 1.5‐2.3 μg/dL and before : after tT4 ratio > 1.5), and RAI‐equivocal (after stimulation tT4 1.5‐2.3 μg/dL and tT4 ratio < 1.5) groups. Results Noncritical illness did not significantly affect the tT4 following TSH stimulation in euthyroid (P = .38) or RAI‐treated cats (P = .54). There were 21 cats in the RAI‐equivocal group. Twenty‐two (85%) RAI‐hypothyroid cats (n = 26) and 10/71 (14%) of RAI‐euthyroid cats had high TSH (≥0.3 ng/mL). Twenty‐three (88%) RAI‐hypothyroid cats had low fT4 (<0.70 ng/dL). Of the 5 (7%) RAI‐euthyroid cats with low fT4, only one also had high TSH. Only 5/26 (19%) RAI‐hypothyroid cats had tT4 below the laboratory reference interval (<0.78 μg/dL). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The veterinary‐specific chemiluminescent fT4 immunoassay and canine‐specific TSH immunoassay can be used to aid in the diagnosis of iatrogenic hypothyroidism in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa Hall
- North West Nuclear Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lee C, Kathrani A, Maddison J. Retrospective study of the diagnostic utility of Spec fPLin the assessment of 274 sick cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1406-1412. [PMID: 32452547 PMCID: PMC7379029 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPL) commonly is used in the assessment of sick cats suspected to have pancreatitis but its diagnostic utility is debated. Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the Spec fPL test and selected serum biochemistry tests in the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats. Animals Two hundred seventy‐four client‐owned cats presented to a university teaching hospital in the United Kingdom, from April 2013 to May 2017, in which Spec fPL was measured. Methods Cats were classified into 1 of 4 groups based on clinical signs (all cats), ultrasonographic findings (all cats) and histopathological or cytological assessment of the pancreas where available (9 cats) regardless of Spec fPL concentration. The groups were (a) definite pancreatitis (n = 9), (b) probable pancreatitis (n = 49), (c) possible pancreatitis (n = 139), and (d) unlikely pancreatitis (n = 77). Spec fPL and selected serum biochemistry test results were compared among groups. Results Serum fPL concentrations >5.3 μg/L were classified as positive and concentrations <3.5 μg/L were classified as negative. There was a significantly (P = .03) lower proportion of false‐positive results (cats unlikely to have pancreatitis, n = 77, with a positive fPL, n = 8, 10%) than false‐negative results (cats with definite or probable pancreatitis, n = 58, with a negative fPL result, n = 14, 24%). None of the selected biochemical tests were helpful diagnostically. Conclusion and Clinical Importance A positive Spec fPL result indicates that pancreatitis is a probable diagnosis, but the test cannot be used to rule the diagnosis out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherrie Lee
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Maddison
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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