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McCauley SR, Clark SD, Leach SB, Quest BW, Streeter RM. Evaluation of taurine and carnitine concentrations in whole blood, plasma, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:999-1015. [PMID: 38432690 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about how plasma and whole blood taurine and plasma carnitine correlate to concentrations in skeletal and cardiac muscle and the effects of diet in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation among plasma, skeletal and cardiac muscle carnitine and taurine and whole blood taurine and determine the effect of diet. The study protocol was approved by the Pet Food Solutions Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty-three mixed-breed hounds and 32 beagles were evaluated at Day 0 then removed from their baseline diet and randomized to a test diet: high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), or high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Blood was drawn every 30 days and endomyocardial (mixed breeds only) and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected at Days 0 and 180. The correlations between plasma and whole blood taurine, or plasma carnitine and skeletal and cardiac muscle concentrations were weak (p < 0.01-0.05). Mixed-breed hounds had increased (p = 0.029) whole blood taurine compared to beagles. Plasma taurine was lower with diet HA-GF, (p = 0.009) however, all diets had increased taurine from Day 0 and were, on average within the laboratory reference range. Dogs fed the HA-GI diet had increased cardiac muscle carnitine esters (p = 0.014). Increased carnitine esters were also appreciated in cardiac muscle in all diets from Day 0 to 180 (p = 0.0001). On Day 180 mixed-breed hounds had increased skeletal total carnitine (p < 0.001) compared to all time points and breeds. This study observed no correlation between plasma, whole blood, skeletal and cardiac muscle taurine concentrations but noted some effects between time, breed and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stacey B Leach
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Penazzi L, Freire TGB, Theodoro SDS, Frias JL, Ala U, Carciofi AC, Prola L. Lentils pasta by-product in a complete extruded diet for dogs and its effect on extrusion, digestibility, and carbohydrate metabolism. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1429218. [PMID: 38993281 PMCID: PMC11238134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1429218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, increasing effort has been directed toward environmental sustainability in pet food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extrusion parameters, nutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, palatability and insulinemic and glycaemic curves of a complete diet for dogs in which the main carbohydrate source was a red lentil pasta by-product (LP). Methods Five experimental diets were formulated: a basal diet (CO) based on rice and a poultry by-product meal; three experimental diets where LP substituted rice at 33, 66, or 100% (LP33, LP66, and LP100, respectively); and a diet formulated on 70% of the basal diet (CO) plus 30% LP (LPS) to evaluate the digestibility of LP ingredient. Results and discussion The extruder pressure, hardness and bulk density of the kibble increased in a linear manner with increasing LP percentage (P < 0.05), without affecting starch gelatinization. According to polynomial contrast analysis, rice replacement with LP at 33 and 66% caused no reduction in apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC), with similar or higher values compared with the CO diet. Nitrogen balance did not change (P > 0.05), but we observed a linear increase in feces production and moisture content as the LP inclusion rate rose and a linear decrease in feces pH (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the fecal score was unaffected. Fecal acetate, propionate, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acids, and lactate all increased linearly as the LP inclusion rate increased (P < 0.05), without altering ammonia concentration in feces. Feces concentrations of cadaverine, tyramine, histamine, and spermidine also increased in a linear manner with increasing LP inclusion (P < 0.05). The fermentation of LP dietary fiber by the gut microbiota increased the concentration of desirable fermentation by-products, including SCFA and spermidine. The post-prandial glucose and insulin responses were lower in the dogs fed the LP100 diet compared with CO, suggesting the possible use of this ingredient in diets designed to generate a low glycaemic response. Finally, the palatability study results showed a preference for the LP100 ration in both the "first choice" and the "consumption rate" evaluation (P < 0.05). This trial reveals how a by-product discarded from the human-grade food chain retains both its nutritional and organoleptic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Penazzi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Stephanie de Souza Theodoro
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Frias
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liviana Prola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Coppinger LM, Freeman LM, Tyrrell WD, Rosenthal SL, Dentino ME, Abrams FL, Rush JE. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings in Irish Wolfhounds eating high-pulse or low-pulse diets. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1300-1304. [PMID: 38609078 PMCID: PMC11099749 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apparently healthy dogs of various breeds eating nontraditional, high-pulse diets can have larger left ventricular diameter, lower systolic function, and more ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) compared with dogs eating traditional, low-pulse diets. It is unknown whether Irish Wolfhounds eating high-pulse diets have similar cardiac abnormalities. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings between Irish Wolfhounds eating high- or low-pulse diets. ANIMALS Ninety-seven Irish Wolfhounds. METHODS Retrospective study of Irish Wolfhounds that had echocardiography performed at dog shows between October 2018 and May 2021. Demographic information, echocardiographic measurements, cardiac rhythm (1-minute lead II rhythm strip), and main diet were recorded retrospectively. Diets were classified as high-pulse or low-pulse based on the presence and location of pulses (peas, lentils, chickpeas, or dry beans) on the ingredient list. RESULTS Thirty-five of 97 Irish Wolfhounds (36%) were eating high-pulse diets and 62 of 97 (64%) were eating low-pulse diets. There were no significant differences between diet groups in echocardiographic measurements. A significantly higher percentage of dogs in the high-pulse diet group (6/35 [17%]) had VPCs compared with those in the low-pulse diet group (1/62 [2%]; effect size = 0.15 [95% confidence interval: 0.004-0.31]; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In this retrospective study of apparently healthy Irish Wolfhounds, high-pulse diets were associated with a higher prevalence of VPCs which could represent early cardiac abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M. Coppinger
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Cumberland Animal ClinicCumberlandMaineUSA
| | - Lisa M. Freeman
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - John E. Rush
- Department of Clinical SciencesCummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
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Di Loria A, Ferravante C, D'Agostino Y, Giurato G, Tursi M, Grego E, Perego M, Weisz A, Ciaramella P, Santilli R. Gene-expression profiling of endomyocardial biopsies from dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype. J Vet Cardiol 2024; 52:78-89. [PMID: 38508121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The employment of advanced molecular biology technologies has expanded the diagnostic investigation of cardiomyopathies in dogs; these technologies have predominantly been performed on postmortem samples, although the recent use of endomyocardial biopsy in living dogs has enabled a better premortem diagnostic approach to study the myocardial injury. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Endomyocardial biopsies were collected in nine dogs with a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype (DCM-p) and congestive heart failure and submitted to histologic examination, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Data from three healthy dogs (Fastq files) were retrieved from a previously approved study and used as a control group for ribonucleic acid sequencing. RESULTS Histologic examination revealed endocardial fibrosis in 6 of 9 dogs, whereas lymphocytic interstitial infiltrates were detected in 2 of 9 dogs, and lymphoplasmacytic and macrophage infiltrates were detected in 1 of 9 dogs. On polymerase chain reaction analysis, two dogs tested positive for canine parvovirus 2 and one dog for canine distemper virus. Gene-expression pathways involved in cellular energy metabolism (especially carbohydrates-insulin) and cardiac structural proteins were different in all DCM-p dogs compared to those in the control group. When dogs with lymphocytic interstitial infiltrates were compared to those in the control group, NGS analysis revealed the predominant role of genes related to inflammation and pathogen infection. CONCLUSIONS NGS technology performed on in vivo endomyocardial biopsies has identified different molecular and genetic factors that could play a role in the development and/or progression of DCM-p in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Napoli, 80130, Italy
| | - C Ferravante
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Napoli, 80130, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - Y D'Agostino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | - G Giurato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Genome Research Center for Health, Campus of Medicine, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - M Tursi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - E Grego
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - M Perego
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, 21017 Varese, Italy
| | - A Weisz
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081, Baronissi, SA, Italy; Medical Genomics Program, AOU 'SS. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona', University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; Genome Research Center for Health, Campus of Medicine, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - P Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II, Napoli, 80130, Italy.
| | - R Santilli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, 21017 Varese, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, 930, Campus Road, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
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DuPerry B, Lopez KE, Rush JE, Berridge BR, Mitchell RN, Breitschwerdt EB, Freeman LM. Dilated cardiomyopathy of possible dietary origin in a cat. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:172-178. [PMID: 38141434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
An 11-year-old spayed female domestic shorthaired cat was diagnosed with severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and congestive heart failure. The cat had been eating cat foods that were high in pulses (e.g. peas, lentils, chickpeas). Neither plasma nor whole blood taurine concentrations were deficient. Primary treatment included furosemide, pimobendan, and clopidogrel, and changing to diets that did not contain pulses (a taurine supplements was not administered). The cat's clinical signs improved, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentrations decreased, and echocardiographic measurements stayed relatively stable for over one year after initiating cardiac medications and changing the diet. Ultimately, the cat was euthanized for worsening congestive heart failure 374 days after the diagnosis of DCM. Infectious disease testing during the time of clinical surveillance was negative. Routine histopathology of the heart was unremarkable, but electron microscopy of the left ventricle showed large numbers of mitochondria of variable size and structure. A moderate number of lamellar bodies and autophagic vacuoles also were noted. This case report illustrates an unusual case of a cat with DCM unrelated to taurine deficiency. The relative roles of diet change, cardiac medications, and a dedicated owner are unclear, but this cat's relatively long survival time is similar to that seen after diet change in dogs and cats with DCM eating high-pulse diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B DuPerry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - K E Lopez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - J E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | | | - R N Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - E B Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, and the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - L M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
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Bannasch DL, Oertle DT, Vo J, Batcher KL, Stern JA, Kaplan JL, Li RHL, Madden IE, Christen M, Leeb T, Joshi N. Naturally occurring canine laminopathy leading to a dilated and fibrosing cardiomyopathy in the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19077. [PMID: 37925523 PMCID: PMC10625583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by decreased systolic function and dilation of one or both ventricles, often leading to heart failure or sudden death. Two 10-month-old sibling Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTR) died acutely with evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy with myocardial fibrosis. Association analysis using two cases and 35 controls identified three candidate regions homozygous in the two cases. Whole genome sequencing identified a frameshift deletion in the LMNA gene (NC_049228.1:g.41688530del, NP_001274080:p.(Asp576ThrfsTer124)). Three retrospectively identified NSDTRs with sudden death before 2 years of age and severe myocardial fibrosis were also homozygous for the deletion. One 5 year old with sudden death and myocardial fibrosis was heterozygous for the deletion. This variant was not identified in 722 dogs of other breeds, nor was it identified to be homozygous in 784 NSDTR. LMNA codes for lamin A/C proteins, which are type V intermediate filaments that provide structural support to the nuclear membrane. In humans, LMNA variants can cause DCM with sudden death as well as diseases of striated muscles, lipodystrophy, neuropathies, and accelerated aging disorders. This frameshift deletion is predicted to affect processing of prelamin A into lamin A. Pedigree analysis in the NSDTR and functional evaluation of heterozygotes is consistent with a predominantly recessive mode of inheritance and possibly low penetrance in heterozygotes in contrast to people, where most pathogenic LMNA variants are dominantly inherited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika L Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Danielle T Oertle
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julia Vo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin L Batcher
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanna L Kaplan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ronald H L Li
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Indiana E Madden
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Christen
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Rishniw M, Pion PD, Valeika S. Diet-associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy-The Issue Remains Unresolved. J Nutr 2023; 153:3341-3342. [PMID: 37716604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rishniw
- From the Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Paul D Pion
- From the Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Steve Valeika
- From the Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA, United States
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Mandour AS, Farag A, Helal MAY, El-Masry G, Al-Rejaie S, Takahashi K, Yoshida T, Hamabe L, Tanaka R. Non-Invasive Assessment of the Intraventricular Pressure Using Novel Color M-Mode Echocardiography in Animal Studies: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2452. [PMID: 37570261 PMCID: PMC10417806 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of diastolic function has received great interest in order to comprehend its crucial role in the pathophysiology of heart failure and for the early identification of cardiac events. Silent changes in the intraventricular flow (IVF) dynamics occur before the deterioration of the cardiac wall, although they cannot be detected using conventional echocardiography. Collective information on left ventricular (LV) pressures throughout the cardiac cycle has great value when dealing with patients with altered hemodynamics. Accurate pressure measurement inside the ventricle can be obtained by invasive methods to determine the LV diastolic pressures, which reflect the myocardial relaxation and compliance. However, catheterization is only feasible in the laboratory setting and is not suitable for clinical use due to its disadvantages. In contrast, echocardiography is simple, safe, and accessible. Color M-mode echocardiography (CMME) is an advanced cardiac evaluation technique that can measure the intraventricular pressure differences (IVPDs) and intraventricular pressure gradients (IVPGs) based on the Doppler shift of the IVF. Recently, the assessment of IVPD and IVPG has gained growing interest in the cardiovascular literature in both animal and human studies as a non-invasive method for the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunctions, especially diastolic ones. The usability of IVPD and IVPG has been reported in various surgically induced heart failure or pharmacologically altered cardiac functions in rats, dogs, cats, and goats. This report aims to give an overview of the current studies of CMME-derived IVPD and IVPG in animal studies and its feasibility for clinical application in veterinary practice and to provide the prospects of the technique's ability to improve our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Mandour
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Ahmed Farag
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A. Y. Helal
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
- Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Benha 13736, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Masry
- Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yoshida
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Division of Veterinary Research, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Lina Hamabe
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
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Bokshowan E, Olver TD, Costa MDO, Weber LP. Oligosaccharides and diet-related dilated cardiomyopathy in beagles. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183301. [PMID: 37565080 PMCID: PMC10411538 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2018 the US Food and Drug Administration reported a potential link between grain-free, legume-containing dog foods and the development of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in atypical breeds. One hypothesis was that high oligosaccharide content in legumes reduced bioavailability of taurine, an amino acid with some previous links to canine dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods To address this hypothesis, in the present study, 8 Beagle dogs consumed four diets: a husbandry commercial dental diet, and three test diets formulated with either 30% rice (control), 30% pea (grain-free) or 30% rice with the addition of 1% raffinose (the predominant oligosaccharide found in peas). The study was conducted in a randomized, crossover design with 5 week feeding periods. Measurement of basic health parameters (weight, body condition score, complete blood cell count, chemistry panel), plasma amino acids, cardiac biomarkers (plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac-specific troponin I), fecal bile acids and echocardiographic exams were completed pre-study after feeding the husbandry diet as well as after each test feeding period. Results Echocardiography showed 9-11% reduction in ejection fraction and 17- 20% greater left ventricular end systolic volume with the husbandry diet compared to both grain-containing test diets. Concentrations of plasma NT-proBNP were 1.3-2 times greater after the husbandry diet compared to the grain-based diet, with the oligosaccharide and pea-based diets showing intermediate levels. Plasma taurine levels were unchanged across diets, while plasma methionine levels were highest and cysteine/cystine levels were lowest after dogs ate the husbandry diet. Discussion Results indicate that raffinose in the diet is sufficient, but not required to see an increase NT-proBNP, but did not induce any changes in cardiac function after 5 weeks of feeding. Whether this could progress to reduction in cardiac function with longer term feeding is uncertain. A reduced cardiac function along with the greatest increase in NT-proBNP was observed after feeding the husbandry diet that contained the highest amount of insoluble fiber but did not contain legumes or oligosaccharide. Further research into the impact of insoluble fiber in the dental diet is needed to support these novel observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bokshowan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - T. Dylan Olver
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Matheus de O. Costa
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn P. Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Brethel S, Locker S, Girens R, Rivera P, Meurs K, Adin D. The effect of taurine supplementation on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of dogs with congestive heart failure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10700. [PMID: 37400490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of taurine in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs without systemic deficiency is unexplored. Taurine might have beneficial cardiac effects aside from deficit replacement. We hypothesized that oral taurine supplementation administered to dogs with naturally-occurring CHF would suppress the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Oral taurine was administered to 14 dogs with stable CHF. Serum biochemical variables, blood taurine concentrations, and comprehensive analysis of RAAS variables were compared before and 2 weeks after taurine supplementation added to background furosemide and pimobendan therapy for CHF. Whole blood taurine concentrations increased after supplementation (median 408 nMol/mL, range 248-608 before and median 493 nMol/mL, range 396-690 after; P = .006). Aldosterone to angiotensin II ratio (AA2) was significantly decreased after taurine supplementation (median 1.00, range 0.03-7.05 before and median 0.65, range 0.01-3.63 after; P = .009), but no other RAAS components significantly differed between timepoints. A subset of dogs showed marked decreases in RAAS metabolites after supplementation and these dogs were more likely to have been recently hospitalized for CHF treatment than dogs that did not show marked decreases in classical RAAS metabolites. Overall, taurine only lowered AA2 in this group of dogs, however, response heterogeneity was noted, with some dogs showing RAAS suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brethel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Charlotte Animal Referral and Emergency, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Seth Locker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Renee Girens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Summit Veterinary Referral Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Paulo Rivera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Singh P, Banton S, Raheb S, Templeman JR, Saunders-Blades J, Kostiuk D, Kelly J, Marinangeli CP, Verbrugghe A, Verton-Shaw S, Shoveller AK. The Pulse of It: Dietary Inclusion of Up to 45% Whole Pulse Ingredients with Chicken Meal and Pea Starch in a Complete and Balanced Diet Does Not Affect Cardiac Function, Fasted Sulfur Amino Acid Status, or Other Gross Measures of Health in Adult Dogs. J Nutr 2023; 153:1461-1475. [PMID: 36972833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulses are an attractive alternative protein source for all mammals; however, recent reports suggest that these ingredients may be related to developing dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to quantify the effects of dietary pulse intake by adult dogs on cardiac function using echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Second, to investigate the effects of pulse consumption on plasma sulfur amino acid (SAA) concentrations as pulses are generally low in SAA and may limit taurine synthesis. Last, to assess the general safety and efficacy of feeding pulse-containing diets on canine body composition and hematological and biochemical indices. METHODS Twenty-eight privately-owned domestic Siberian Huskies (13 females; 4 intact, and 15 males; 6 intact) with a mean age of 5.3 ± 2.8 y (± SD) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 7/treatment), with equal micronutrient supplementation and increasing whole pulse ingredient inclusion (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%) with pea starch used to balance protein and energy. RESULTS After 20 wks of feeding, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in echocardiographic parameters, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and cTnI concentrations among treatments or across time within treatment (P > 0.05), indicating no differences in cardiac function among treatments. Concentrations of cTnI remained below the safe upper limit of 0.2 ng/mL for all dogs. Plasma SAA status, body composition, and hematological and biochemical indices were similar among treatments and over time (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that increasing the inclusion of pulses up to 45% with the removal of grains and equal micronutrient supplementation does not impact cardiac function concurrent with dilated cardiomyopathy, body composition, or SAA status and is safe for healthy adult dogs to consume when fed for 20 wks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawanpreet Singh
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sydney Banton
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shari Raheb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shoshana Verton-Shaw
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Karp SI, Freeman LM, Rush JE, Karlin ET, LaMastro JN, Hicks JM. Comparison of echocardiography, biomarkers and taurine concentrations in cats eating high- or low-pulse diets. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231154859. [PMID: 36803067 PMCID: PMC10812079 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231154859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are ongoing investigations into diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, but there has been minimal investigation into possible diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in cats. The objective of this study was to compare cardiac size and function, cardiac biomarkers and taurine concentrations in healthy cats eating high- vs low-pulse diets. We hypothesized that cats eating high-pulse diets would have larger hearts, lower systolic function and higher biomarker concentrations than cats eating low-pulse diets and that there would be no difference in taurine concentrations between the diet groups. METHODS Echocardiographic measurements, cardiac biomarkers, and plasma and whole-blood taurine concentrations were compared between cats eating high- and low-pulse commercial dry diets in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS There were no differences between the high- (n = 21) and low-pulse (n = 31) diet groups with regard to age, sex and breed, but more cats in the high-pulse group were overweight or obese (67% vs 39%; P = 0.05). Diet duration was not different in the groups, but the range was wide (6-120 months). No differences were found between the diet groups for key cardiac measurements, biomarker concentrations, or plasma or whole-blood taurine concentrations. However, there were significant negative correlations between diet duration and measures of left ventricular wall thickness in the high-pulse, but not the low-pulse, diet group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study did not detect significant associations between high-pulse diets and cardiac size, function and biomarkers, but the secondary observation of significant negative correlations between time on high-pulse diets and left ventricular wall thickness warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby I Karp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Lisa M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Emily T Karlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Joey N LaMastro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Clark SD, Hsu C, McCauley SR, de Godoy MRC, He F, Streeter RM, Taylor EG, Quest BW. The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad268. [PMID: 37555615 PMCID: PMC10464515 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made with varying amounts of animal protein and carbohydrates: 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Thirty-two Beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design that lasted 180 d. All diets were similar in chemical composition and well-digested by the animals. In general, for fecal metabolites, mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia and lower indole concentration than Beagles (P < 0.05). In mixed-breed hounds, LA-GF had a greater (P < 0.05) total SCFA concentration than HA-GI and LA-GI; however, this was not observed in Beagles. There were greater concentrations of ammonia, phenol, and indole in HA-GI than in LA-GF (P < 0.05). Breed-affected fecal primary bile acid (BA) concentration, as mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of cholic acid (CA) than Beagles (P < 0.05). Mixed-breed hounds fed LA-GF resulted in greater CA concentrations than HA-GI and LA-GI (P < 0.05). Dogs who consumed LA-GF had lower fecal secondary BA content than the other groups (P < 0.05). The distribution of the fecal microbiota community differed in LA-GF compared with the other groups, with lower α-diversity. However, dogs fed LA-GF had the largest difference in composition with greater Selenomonadaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Megamonas, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Bifidobacterium sp. than the other groups. A significant breed effect was noted on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota. A treatment effect was observed in LA-GF as it resulted in greater fecal SCFA, lower protein fermentative end products, greater fecal primary BAs, lower fecal secondary BA concentrations, and shifts in fecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare Hsu
- Department of AnimalSciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of AnimalSciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Fei He
- Department of AnimalSciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Smith CE, Parnell LD, Lai CQ, Rush JE, Adin DB, Ordovás JM, Freeman LM. Metabolomic profiling in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy eating non-traditional or traditional diets and in healthy controls. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22585. [PMID: 36585421 PMCID: PMC9803641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), caused by genetic and environmental factors, usually progresses to heart failure, a major cause of death in elderly people. A diet-associated form of DCM was recently identified in pet dogs eating non-traditional (NT) diets. To identify potential dietary causes, we analyzed metabolomic signatures and gene set/pathway enrichment in (1) all dogs based on disease, diet, and their interactions and (2) dogs with DCM based on diet. Metabolomic analysis was performed in 38 dogs with DCM eating NT diets (DCM-NT), 8 dogs with DCM eating traditional diets, 12 healthy controls eating NT diets, and 17 healthy controls eating traditional diets. Overall, 153 and 63 metabolites differed significantly between dogs with DCM versus healthy controls and dogs eating NT versus traditional diets, respectively, with 12 metabolites overlapping both analyses. Protein-protein interaction networks and gene set enrichment analysis identified 105 significant pathways and gene sets including aging-related pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-kappa B, oxidative damage, inflammation). Seventeen metabolites differed significantly in dogs with DCM eating NT versus traditional diets (e.g., fatty acids, amino acids, legume biomarkers), suggesting different mechanisms for primary versus diet-associated DCM. Our multifaceted metabolomic assessment of DCM in dogs highlighted diet's role in some forms of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E. Smith
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Laurence D. Parnell
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - John E. Rush
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
| | - Darcy B. Adin
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - José M. Ordovás
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lisa M. Freeman
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA USA
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15
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Owens EJ, LeBlanc NL, Freeman LM, Scollan KF. Comparison of echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers in healthy dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 37:37-46. [PMID: 36482834 PMCID: PMC9889624 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a recent association between nontraditional diets and development of diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare echocardiographic measurements and cardiac biomarkers between healthy dogs eating nontraditional vs traditional diets. We hypothesized that dogs eating nontraditional diets would have lower measures of systolic myocardial performance compared to dogs eating traditional diets. ANIMALS Forty-six healthy dogs: 23 eating nontraditional diets and 23 eating traditional diets. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional study. Dogs were divided into groups based on diet ingredients. Dogs underwent 2-dimensional (2D), 3-dimensional (3D), and Doppler echocardiographic examinations and analysis of plasma N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide, serum cardiac troponin I, and whole blood and plasma taurine concentrations. RESULTS Mean 2D ejection fraction (EF) was lower for dogs eating nontraditional diets (48.65 ± 7.42%) vs dogs eating traditional diets (56.65 ± 4.63%; P < .001; mean difference 8.0% [4.0%-12.0%] 95% confidence interval [CI]). Mean 3D EF was lower for dogs eating nontraditional diets (45.38 ± 7.35%) vs dogs eating traditional diets (57.58 ± 4.84%; P < .001; 12.0% [8.0%-16.0%] 95% CI). Mean 2D left ventricular end-systolic volumes, indexed to body weight, were significantly higher in dogs eating nontraditional diets (1.46 ± 0.08 mL/kg) vs dogs eating traditional diets (1.06 ± 0.08 mL/kg; P = .002; 0.4 mL/kg [0.18-0.62 mL/kg] 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets had lower indices of systolic function and larger left ventricular volumes compared to dogs eating traditional diets. Screening of apparently healthy dogs eating nontraditional diets might allow for early detection of diet-associated DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Owens
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA,Present address:
Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists, 8042 Katy FreewayHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Nicole L. LeBlanc
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA,Present address:
Summit Veterinary Referral Center, 2505 S 80th StreetTacomaWashingtonUSA
| | - Lisa M. Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts University, 200 Westboro RoadNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Katherine F. Scollan
- Carlson College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State University, 700 SW 30th StreetCorvallisOregonUSA
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A Case of a Small-Breed Dog with Diet-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy Showing Marked Improvements in Cardiac Morphology and Function after Dietary Modification. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110593. [DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An 11-year-old intact female Papillion weighing 2.1 kg was referred to our institution with the main complaint of shallow, rapid breathing. At the first visit (day 0), although clinical signs improved due to the use of medication from the primary hospital, transthoracic radiography and echocardiography revealed left heart enlargement and left ventricular dysfunction. A clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was made and oral administration of pimobendan, temocapril, and taurine was initiated. However, on day 10, the respiratory status worsened and furosemide was prescribed. On day 54, no significant improvement in heart size was observed. Additionally, the diet that this patient received met the recommendation for diet-related DCM by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the patient’s diet was changed from a grain-free diet to a grain-containing diet. On day 1191, the patient’s respiratory status was stable and no clinical signs were observed. Transthoracic radiography and echocardiography revealed an improvement in left heart size. Additionally, improvements in the left and right ventricular myocardial strains were observed after changing the diet. We suggest that it may be necessary to suspect a dietary association with dilated cardiomyopathy, and a good prognosis might be expected by dietary modification, even in small-breed dogs.
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17
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Wesselowski S, Blake AB, Gordon SG, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Whole blood and plasma taurine reference intervals in adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and correlations between taurine concentration, diet and mitral valve disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:S71-S76. [PMID: 36136933 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.07.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine breed-specific reference intervals for whole blood (WB) and plasma taurine concentrations in adult, overtly healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs) and determine whether taurine concentrations differ across preclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) stages or between CKCSs eating diets that meet World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) nutritional guidelines versus other diets. ANIMALS 200 privately owned CKCSs. PROCEDURES Clinically healthy adult CKCSs were recruited prospectively. Diet and supplement history was collected. Dogs were staged by echocardiography using MMVD consensus guidelines. Taurine concentrations were measured in deproteinized lithium heparin WB and plasma samples with the postcolumn ninhydrin derivatization method on a dedicated amino acid analyzer. RESULTS There were 12 stage A (6%), 150 stage B1 (75%), and 38 stage B2 (19%) CKCSs. Seventy-eight dogs (39%) were reported by their owners to be eating diets meeting WSAVA nutritional guidelines; 116 (58%) were not. Taurine concentrations in plasma (P = .444) and WB (P = .073) were not significantly different across MMVD stages or between CKCSs eating diets meeting WSAVA nutritional guidelines versus other diets (P = .345 and P = .527, respectively). Reference intervals for WB taurine (152 to 373 µM) and plasma taurine (51 to 217 µM) concentrations in CKCSs were generated. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In CKCSs, taurine concentrations do not differ significantly based on preclinical MMVD stage, nor do they differ significantly based on consumption of a diet that does or does not meet WSAVA nutritional guidelines.
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18
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Bakke AM, Wood J, Salt C, Allaway D, Gilham M, Kuhlman G, Bierer T, Butterwick R, O'Flynn C. Responses in randomised groups of healthy, adult Labrador retrievers fed grain-free diets with high legume inclusion for 30 days display commonalities with dogs with suspected dilated cardiomyopathy. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:157. [PMID: 35484585 PMCID: PMC9047289 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early responses in healthy adult dogs fed grain-free diets with high inclusion of split peas (20%) and lentils (40%) that may lead to canine diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) were investigated. To help understand the clinical relevance of the findings, a survey of electronic health records (EHR) was conducted of dogs with and without suspected DCM for comparison. Control and Test diets were fed to Labrador retriever dogs for 30 days (n = 5 and 6, respectively). Blood and urine samples collected at baseline and days 3, 14 and 28/30 were analyzed for hematology, clinical biochemistry and taurine concentrations. The EHRs of dogs at Banfield® Pet Hospitals in the 2-year period 2018-2019 were surveyed, revealing 420 dogs diagnosed with DCM, which were compared with 420 breed, gender and age-matched healthy control dogs. Compared to baseline values, feeding the Test diet for 28 days caused progressive, significant (p < 0.001) decreases in red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit and total hemoglobin by 7.7, 8.3 and 6.3%, respectively, and a 41.8% increase in plasma inorganic phosphate. Commonalities in these parameters were observed in clinical DCM cases. Regarding taurine status, Test dogs transiently increased whole-blood (23.4%) and plasma (47.7%) concentrations on day 14, while taurine:creatinine ratio in fresh urine and taurine in pooled urine were reduced by 77 and 78%, respectively, on day 28/30. Thus grain-free, legume-rich Test diets caused reduced RBC and hyperphosphatemia, findings also indicated in dogs with suspected DCM. Changes in taurine metabolism were indicated. The data will aid in generating hypotheses for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Bakke
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - Joshua Wood
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Carina Salt
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - David Allaway
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Matt Gilham
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Butterwick
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Ciaran O'Flynn
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Mars Petcare UK, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
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Haimovitz D, Vereb M, Freeman L, Goldberg R, Lessard D, Rush J, Adin D. Effect of diet change in healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac biomarker or echocardiographic abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1057-1065. [PMID: 35420218 PMCID: PMC9151466 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent study showed higher high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) concentrations in healthy dogs eating grain‐free (GF) compared to those eating grain‐inclusive (GI) diets. Hypothesis/Objectives Healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities eating GF diets at baseline will show improvements in cardiac biomarkers and echocardiographic variables after diet change, whereas healthy dogs eating GI diets at baseline will not improve. Animals Twenty healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (12 Golden Retrievers, 5 Doberman Pinschers, 3 Miniature Schnauzers). Methods This prospective study included dogs with increased hs‐cTnI or N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentrations, or echocardiographic abnormalities. Mixed modeling was used to evaluate echocardiographic, hs‐cTnI, and NT‐proBNP differences between groups (GF or GI diet at baseline) over time (1 y after diet change). Results Ten GF and 10 GI dogs were evaluated. There were statistically significant time: group interactions for hs‐cTnI (P = .02) and normalized left ventricular internal systolic diameter (LVIDsN; P = .02), with GF dogs showing larger decreases in these variables than GI dogs. Median (range) hs‐cTnI (ng/mL) for GF dogs was 0.141 (0.012‐0.224) at baseline and 0.092 (0.044‐0.137) at 1 y, and for GI dogs was 0.051 (0.016‐0.195) at baseline and 0.060 (0.022‐0.280) at 1 y. Median LVIDsN for GF dogs was 1.01 (0.70‐1.30) at baseline and 0.87 (0.79‐1.24) at 1 y, and for GI dogs was 1.05 (0.84‐1.21) at baseline and 1.10 (0.85‐1.28) at 1 y. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Decreased hs‐cTnI and LVIDsN in GF dogs after diet change supports reversibility of these subclinical myocardial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Haimovitz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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20
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Freeman L, Rush J, Adin D, Weeks K, Antoon K, Brethel S, Cunningham S, Santos LD, Girens R, Goldberg R, Karlin E, Lessard D, Lopez K, Rouben C, Vereb M, Yang V. Prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:451-463. [PMID: 35297103 PMCID: PMC8965249 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have investigated dogs with presumed diet‐associated dilated cardiomyopathy (daDCM), but prospective studies of multiple breeds are needed. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate baseline features and serial changes in echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets (NTDs) or traditional diets (TDs), and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (SCA) eating NTD. Animals Sixty dogs with DCM (NTD, n = 51; TDs, n = 9) and 16 dogs with SCA eating NTDs. Methods Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and measurement of taurine, cardiac troponin I, and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide were performed in dogs with DCM or SCA. Diets were changed for all dogs, taurine was supplemented in most, and echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers were reassessed (3, 6, and 9 months). Results At enrollment, there were few differences between dogs with DCM eating NTDs or TDs; none had low plasma or whole blood taurine concentrations. Improvement in fractional shortening over time was significantly associated with previous consumption of a NTD, even after adjustment for other variables (P = .005). Median survival time for dogs with DCM was 611 days (range, 2‐940 days) for the NTD group and 161 days (range, 12‐669 days) for the TD group (P = .21). Sudden death was the most common cause of death in both diet groups. Dogs with SCA also had significant echocardiographic improvements over time. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with DCM or SCA previously eating NTDs had small, yet significant improvements in echocardiographic parameters after diet changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Freeman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Rush
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelsey Weeks
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen Antoon
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Brethel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Suzanne Cunningham
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luis Dos Santos
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renee Girens
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emily Karlin
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darleen Lessard
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Lopez
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Camden Rouben
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Vereb
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Vicky Yang
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Li Q. Metabolic Reprogramming, Gut Dysbiosis, and Nutrition Intervention in Canine Heart Disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:791754. [PMID: 35242837 PMCID: PMC8886228 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.791754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a state-of-the-art overview on recent advances in systems biology in canine cardiac disease, with a focus on our current understanding of bioenergetics and amino acid metabolism in myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Cross-species comparison is drawn to highlight the similarities between human and canine heart diseases. The adult mammalian heart exhibits a remarkable metabolic flexibility and shifts its energy substrate preference according to different physiological and pathological conditions. The failing heart suffers up to 40% ATP deficit and is compared to an engine running out of fuel. Bioenergetics and metabolic readaptations are among the major research topics in cardiac research today. Myocardial energy metabolism consists of three interconnected components: substrate utilization, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP transport and utilization. Any disruption or uncoupling of these processes can result in deranged energy metabolism leading to heart failure (HF). The review describes the changes occurring in each of the three components of energy metabolism in MMVD and HF. It also provides an overview on the changes in circulating and myocardial glutathione, taurine, carnitines, branched-chain amino acid catabolism and tryptophan metabolic pathways. In addition, the review summarizes the potential role of the gut microbiome in MMVD and HF. As our knowledge and understanding in these molecular and metabolic processes increase, it becomes possible to use nutrition to address these changes and to slow the progression of the common heart diseases in dogs.
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22
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Karp SI, Freeman LM, Rush JE, Arsenault WG, Cunningham SM, DeFrancesco TC, Karlin ET, Laste NJ, Lefbom BK, Plante C, Rodriguez KT, Tyrrell WD, Yang VK. Dilated cardiomyopathy in cats: survey of veterinary cardiologists and retrospective evaluation of a possible association with diet. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 39:22-34. [PMID: 34963075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES The objectives were to conduct a survey of cardiologists on their recent experiences with cats that have dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and to retrospectively review individual cases of feline DCM. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Part one: A survey was distributed to cardiologists with questions regarding caseload and clinical management of cats with DCM diagnosed over the past two years. Part two: Cardiologists completing the survey were invited to submit data from cats recently diagnosed with DCM. Data on signalment, clinical signs, diet, echocardiographic measurements and outcome were recorded. RESULTS Part one: From 52 completed surveys, many cardiologists responded that measuring and supplementing taurine and recommending a diet change in cats with DCM are common practices. Few (15%) cardiologists reported an increase in the number of feline DCM cases over the past two years, although some had cases that improved even if taurine deficiency was not present. Part two: Twenty of 37 (54%) cats ate low pea/lentil (low PL) diets, and 14/37 (38%) ate high PL diets at the time of diagnosis; three had incomplete diet information. Two of 13 cats (15%) in which taurine was measured had levels below the reference range. After adjusting for other variables, cats eating high PL diets that changed diets after diagnosis had a significantly longer survival time than that of cats eating high PL diets that did not change diets after diagnosis (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Additional research is warranted to determine whether there could be a possible association between diet and DCM in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Karp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - L M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
| | - J E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - W G Arsenault
- Southwest Florida Veterinary Specialists, 28400 Old 41 Road, Suite 1, Bonita Springs, FL, 34135, USA
| | - S M Cunningham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - T C DeFrancesco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - E T Karlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - N J Laste
- Bulger Veterinary Hospital, 141 Winthrop Avenue, Lawrence, MA, 01843, USA
| | - B K Lefbom
- CVCA Vienna Cardiac Care for Pets, 140 Park St, Vienna, VA, 22180, USA
| | - C Plante
- University of Montreal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - K T Rodriguez
- Nashville Veterinary Specialists, 2971 Sidco Drive, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - W D Tyrrell
- CVCA Leesburg Cardiac Care for Pets, 165 Fort Evans Road NE, Leesburg, VA, 20176, USA
| | - V K Yang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
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23
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Cobb ML, Otto CM, Fine AH. The Animal Welfare Science of Working Dogs: Current Perspectives on Recent Advances and Future Directions. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666898. [PMID: 34722690 PMCID: PMC8555628 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Working dogs are prevalent throughout our societies, assisting people in diverse contexts, from explosives detection and livestock herding, to therapy partners. Our scientific exploration and understanding of animal welfare have grown dramatically over the last decade. As community attitudes toward the use of animals continue to change, applying this new knowledge of welfare to improve the everyday lives of working dogs will underpin the sustainability of working with dogs in these roles. The aim of this report was to consider the scientific studies of working dogs from the last decade (2011–2021) in relation to modern ethics, human interaction, and the five domains of animal welfare: nutrition, environment, behavioral interaction, physical health, and mental state. Using this framework, we were able to analyze the concept and contribution of working dog welfare science. Noting some key advances across the full working dog life cycle, we identify future directions and opportunities for interdisciplinary research to optimize dog welfare. Prioritizing animal welfare in research and practice will be critical to assure the ongoing relationship between dogs and people as co-workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia L Cobb
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cynthia M Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aubrey H Fine
- College of Education and Integrative Studies, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
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24
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Smith CE, Parnell LD, Lai CQ, Rush JE, Freeman LM. Investigation of diets associated with dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs using foodomics analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15881. [PMID: 34354102 PMCID: PMC8342479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that affects both humans and dogs. Certain canine diets have been associated with DCM, but the diet-disease link is unexplained, and novel methods are needed to elucidate mechanisms. We conducted metabolomic profiling of 9 diets associated with canine DCM, containing ≥ 3 pulses, potatoes, or sweet potatoes as main ingredients, and in the top 16 dog diet brands most frequently associated with canine DCM cases reported to the FDA (3P/FDA diets), and 9 non-3P/FDA diets. We identified 88 named biochemical compounds that were higher in 3P/FDA diets and 23 named compounds that were lower in 3P/FDA diets. Amino acids, amino acid-derived compounds, and xenobiotics/plant compounds were the largest categories of biochemicals that were higher in 3P/FDA diets. Random forest analyses identified the top 30 compounds that distinguished the two diet groups with 100% predictive accuracy. Four diet ingredients distinguished the two diet groups (peas, lentils, chicken/turkey, and rice). Of these ingredients, peas showed the greatest association with higher concentrations of compounds in 3P/FDA diets. Moreover, the current foodomics analyses highlight relationships between diet and DCM in dogs that can identify possible etiologies for understanding diet-disease relationships in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E Rush
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Lisa M Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA.
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25
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Gizzarelli M, Calabrò S, Vastolo A, Molinaro G, Balestrino I, Cutrignelli MI. Clinical Findings in Healthy Dogs Fed With Diets Characterized by Different Carbohydrates Sources. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:667318. [PMID: 33969043 PMCID: PMC8100497 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.667318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, pet owners have become more interested in the ingredients, and quality of pet-food, and several studies have demonstrated that feed management could affect healthy status. Recently, some authors indicated that commercial diets formulated without cereals, or using unconventional protein, and starch sources, can cause a reduction in taurine levels in both whole blood, and plasma. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism by means of which nutritional factors determine this reduction is not completely clear. Thirty neutered half-breed dogs were recruited at a kennel in the province of Naples (Italy) to investigate the influence of carbohydrates sources, and dietary density of nutrients on healthy status of dogs in terms of blood count, and biochemical parameters. The dogs were housed in the kennel and divided into three distinct groups. Three iso-energy, and iso-nitrogen commercial kibble diets (named GF1, GF2, and CB) with different protein, and carbohydrates contents, and carbohydrates sources were chosen for the trial. The chemical composition and amino acid profile of each of the three tested diets were analyzed. Moreover, blood samples of each dog were collected to evaluate the hematological and biochemical profiles. The taurine level was determined both on plasma and whole blood. The effect of the diets was analyzed statistically, and all tested diets were compared to the control one. There were significant differences between the three tested diets as regards their chemical composition. The concentrations of all amino acids seem to reflect protein content diets. The hematological profile resulted within the ranges considered physiological for the canine species for all subjects. Compared to the control diet, the three tested diets showed significant differences in blood count for MCHC and platelets. The biochemical profile showed significant differences between the diets, particularly their AST, fructosamine, lipase, and triglycerides values. The diets did not affect the blood and plasma taurine levels. They resulted in higher than optimal reserve levels. Preliminary results showed that the sources of carbohydrates and use of balanced diets affected only some biochemical parameters and did not alter the levels of taurine in healthy adult dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gizzarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Calabrò
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vastolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Molinaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Balestrino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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