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Burrows D, Slavic D, Miltenburg C, Ojkic D, Brooks AS, Caswell JL. Laboratory investigation of cases of fatal bacterial pneumonia in dairy cows. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2022; 63:845-850. [PMID: 35919462 PMCID: PMC9281884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial bronchopneumonia occurs in mature dairy cows but much of the information is extrapolated from knowledge of the disease in calves. The study was prompted by perceptions of an increasing occurrence and a paucity of information on fatal Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia in dairy cows in Ontario. The study objectives were to describe the seasonality, main pathogens involved, and suggested predisposing factors for cases of fatal bacterial bronchopneumonia in mature dairy cows submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory, and to evaluate if the frequency of such submissions has increased over time. ANIMALS Mature dairy cows. PROCEDURE Retrospective study of cases submitted for postmortem examination to a diagnostic laboratory from 2007-2020 that were diagnosed as bacterial bronchopneumonia. RESULTS Most of the postmortem cases of bacterial bronchopneumonia in dairy cows were submitted from November to February (54% of cases). Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from lung of 61/101 cases. Viruses were only identified in 8/55 cases tested. A minority (29/92) of bacterial isolates had in vitro resistance to antimicrobials used to treat pneumonia. Frequently suggested predisposing factors included recent introductions or movement of animals, recent or imminent calving, inclement weather, concurrent diseases, and poor ventilation in barns. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study describes seasonal and annual trends, major pathogens, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and suggested predisposing factors in Ontario dairy cows submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for postmortem investigation of pneumonia and provides insights for understanding why outbreaks occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeLenn Burrows
- Department of Pathobiology (Burrows, Caswell) and Animal Health Laboratory (Slavic, Ojkic, Brooks), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Miltenburg)
| | - Durda Slavic
- Department of Pathobiology (Burrows, Caswell) and Animal Health Laboratory (Slavic, Ojkic, Brooks), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Miltenburg)
| | - Cynthia Miltenburg
- Department of Pathobiology (Burrows, Caswell) and Animal Health Laboratory (Slavic, Ojkic, Brooks), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Miltenburg)
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Department of Pathobiology (Burrows, Caswell) and Animal Health Laboratory (Slavic, Ojkic, Brooks), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Miltenburg)
| | - Andrew S Brooks
- Department of Pathobiology (Burrows, Caswell) and Animal Health Laboratory (Slavic, Ojkic, Brooks), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Miltenburg)
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology (Burrows, Caswell) and Animal Health Laboratory (Slavic, Ojkic, Brooks), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Miltenburg)
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Lachowicz-Wolak A, Klimowicz-Bodys MD, Płoneczka-Janeczko K, Bykowy M, Siedlecka M, Cinciała J, Rypuła K. The Prevalence, Coexistence, and Correlations between Seven Pathogens Detected by a PCR Method from South-Western Poland Dairy Cattle Suffering from Bovine Respiratory Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081487. [PMID: 35893545 PMCID: PMC9332621 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a very important disease that contributes to economic losses in dairy and beef cattle breeding worldwide. The molecular testing of material from 296 calves showing BRD symptoms from 74 dairy herds located in south-western Poland was performed in 2019–2021. Molecular tests were performed using a commercial kit “VetMAXTM Ruminant Respiratory Screening Kit” (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for the simultaneous detection of genetic material of seven pathogens responsible for BRD. At least one pathogen was detected in 95.95% of herds. The overall prevalence was: Pasteurella multocida 87.84%, Mannheimia haemolytica 44.59%, bovine coronavirus (BcoV) 32.43%, Mycoplasma bovis 29.73%, Histophilus somni 28.38%, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) 13.51%, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) 10.81%. Twenty-nine configurations of pathogen occurrences were found. Bacterial infections were the most frequently recorded as 56.7% of all results. Coinfections mainly consisted of two pathogens. Not a single purely viral coinfection was detected. The most frequent result was a single P. multocida infection accounting for 18.31% of all results. The statistically significant correlation (p = 0.001) with the highest strength of effect (ϕ 0.38) was between M. bovis and H. somni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lachowicz-Wolak
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.-W.); (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Małgorzata D. Klimowicz-Bodys
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.-W.); (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Płoneczka-Janeczko
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.-W.); (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Bykowy
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.-W.); (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Magdalena Siedlecka
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.-W.); (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Jagoda Cinciała
- Student Scientific Society “AnthraX”, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Rypuła
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.-W.); (M.D.K.-B.); (K.P.-J.); (M.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Effects of inflammatory stimuli on responses of macrophages to Mycoplasma bovis infection. Vet Microbiol 2021; 262:109235. [PMID: 34530231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the respiratory tract is thought to worsen the disease response to Mycoplasma bovis infection. This study investigated the cells involved in this response with a focus on proteases and cytokines as harmful effector mechanisms. By immunohistochemistry, Mac387-positive macrophages were the main cell type comprising the foci of caseous necrosis in cattle with M. bovis pneumonia. Thus, the study evaluated how priming of different types of macrophages with bacterial lysate (or pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by the bacterial lysate) affected their responses to M. bovis infection. Inducible responses were detected in monocyte-derived macrophages (M1-MDMs and M2-MDMs), whereas pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were minimally affected by priming or infection. M. bovis-infected MDMs secreted MMP-12 and SPLA2, and priming with pro-inflammatory cytokines increased the secretion of cathepsin B in response to M. bovis infection. Of these, there were higher concentrations of cathepsin B and SPLA2 in lungs with M. bovis pneumonia compared to healthy lungs, and these are potential mechanisms for macrophage-induced lung damage in M. bovis infection. Priming of MDMs with either bacterial lysate or with pro-inflammatory cytokines caused an enhanced response to M. bovis infection with respect to IL-8 and IL-1β secretion. The findings of this study suggest proteases, lipases and cytokines derived from monocyte-derived macrophages as possible mediators by which prior inflammation in the respiratory tract worsen disease outcomes from M. bovis infection.
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