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Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, de Brot S, van der Weyden L. Clinical Use of Molecular Biomarkers in Canine and Feline Oncology: Current and Future. Vet Sci 2024; 11:199. [PMID: 38787171 PMCID: PMC11126050 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH&Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Vasilatis DM, Ghosh PM. Clinicopathologic Characterization of Prostatic Cancer in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:588. [PMID: 38396556 PMCID: PMC10886256 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinicopathologic data in dogs with prostate cancer (PCa) may aid in the differentiation between tumor types and subsequent treatment decisions; however, these data are often unreported. Demographic, clinicopathologic, cytologic, histologic and survival data from dogs with primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (PRAD) (n = 56) and primary prostatic transitional cell carcinoma (P-TCC) (n = 74) were acquired from a tertiary veterinary teaching hospital from 1992 to 2022. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) to albumin ratio (RAR) was evaluated for diagnostic utility in differentiating between PRAD and P-TCC. Sections from PRAD tumors (n = 50) were stained for androgen receptor (AR) expression, and laboratory data were compared between AR positive (AR+) and AR negative (AR-) groups. RDW was increased in PRAD, while albumin was decreased (p < 0.05). P-TCC was associated with Melamed-Wolinska bodies (MWB) and necrosis on cytology (p < 0.05). RAR had acceptable diagnostic utility in the differentiation of PCa tumors (AUC = 0.7; p < 0.05). Survival rates and metastases were equivocal. AR+ and AR- PRAD tumors did not differ in clinicopathologic data or survival (p > 0.05). In conclusion, hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with PRAD and decreased survival, while MWB and necrosis were significantly associated with P-TCC on cytology. These clinicopathologic data may help clinicians differentiate between these tumors ante mortem to guide appropriate treatment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demitria M. Vasilatis
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA;
- Veterans Affairs (VA)—Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA;
- Veterans Affairs (VA)—Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
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Files R, Okwu V, Topa N, Sousa M, Silva F, Rodrigues P, Delgado L, Prada J, Pires I. Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) and Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:519. [PMID: 38338162 PMCID: PMC10854732 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a significant neoplasm in dogs, characterized by a poor prognosis and a high metastatic potential. These canine spontaneous tumors share many characteristics with human transitional cell carcinoma, making them an excellent comparative model. The role of inflammatory infiltration in tumor development and progression is frequently contradictory, especially concerning tumor-associated tissue eosinophils (TATE) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). This study aims to analyze TATE and TAMs in canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Congo Red staining was used to identify TATE, and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect TAMs in 34 cases of canine transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder carcinomas, categorized into low and high grades. Statistically significant differences were observed between the number of eosinophils and macrophages in the two groups of tumors. The number of TATE was higher in low-grade malignant tumors, but the number of TAMs was higher in high-grade tumors. Our findings suggest the importance of TATEs and TAMs in the aggressiveness of canine transitional cell carcinoma and propose their potential use as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Files
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Victor Okwu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Nuno Topa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Marisa Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Filipe Silva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Leonor Delgado
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences—CESPU (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- Pathology Department, INNO Specialized Veterinary Services, 4710-503 Braga, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Hildebrandt I, Culp WTN, Griffin MA. A Systematic Review of Canine Cystectomy: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2896. [PMID: 37760296 PMCID: PMC10525623 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a summary of the literature encompassing partial and total cystectomy procedures in dogs and subsequent conclusions that can be drawn. Surgical excision as a component of treatment for lower urinary tract neoplasia in dogs may enhance survival time and result in acceptable quality of life, though risk for surgical complications is substantial, particularly following total cystectomy procedures. However, for dogs with urothelial carcinoma, cystectomy is generally not considered curative and disease progression is common. Appropriate case selection and thorough preoperative discussion with owners regarding potential risks and benefits of cystectomy are imperative for successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Hildebrandt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William T. N. Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Garrod Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maureen A. Griffin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Thomas R, Wiley CA, Droste EL, Robertson J, Inman BA, Breen M. Whole exome sequencing analysis of canine urothelial carcinomas without BRAF V595E mutation: Short in-frame deletions in BRAF and MAP2K1 suggest alternative mechanisms for MAPK pathway disruption. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010575. [PMID: 37079639 PMCID: PMC10153751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular profiling studies have shown that 85% of canine urothelial carcinomas (UC) harbor an activating BRAF V595E mutation, which is orthologous to the V600E variant found in several human cancer subtypes. In dogs, this mutation provides both a powerful diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target; however, due to their relative infrequency, the remaining 15% of cases remain understudied at the molecular level. We performed whole exome sequencing analysis of 28 canine urine sediments exhibiting the characteristic DNA copy number signatures of canine UC, in which the BRAF V595E mutation was undetected (UDV595E specimens). Among these we identified 13 specimens (46%) harboring short in-frame deletions within either BRAF exon 12 (7/28 cases) or MAP2K1 exons 2 or 3 (6/28 cases). Orthologous variants occur in several human cancer subtypes and confer structural changes to the protein product that are predictive of response to different classes of small molecule MAPK pathway inhibitors. DNA damage response and repair genes, and chromatin modifiers were also recurrently mutated in UDV595E specimens, as were genes that are positive predictors of immunotherapy response in human cancers. Our findings suggest that short in-frame deletions within BRAF exon 12 and MAP2K1 exons 2 and 3 in UDV595E cases are alternative MAPK-pathway activating events that may have significant therapeutic implications for selecting first-line treatment for canine UC. We developed a simple, cost-effective capillary electrophoresis genotyping assay for detection of these deletions in parallel with the BRAF V595E mutation. The identification of these deletion events in dogs offers a compelling cross-species platform in which to study the relationship between somatic alteration, protein conformation, and therapeutic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Wiley
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Droste
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Robertson
- Office of Research (Biostatistics), College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brant A. Inman
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Urinary Tract Infections Treatment/Comparative Therapeutics. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:581-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Butty EM, Hahn S, Labato MA. Presumptive malignant transformation of chronic polypoid cystitis into an apical transitional cell carcinoma without BRAF mutation in a young female dog. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1551-1557. [PMID: 33739477 PMCID: PMC8163141 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3-year-old spayed female English Springer Spaniel was presented twice 4 months apart for investigation of hematuria and pollakiuria without urinary tract infection. Both ultrasound examinations identified a stable craniodorsal bladder wall thickening. The first cystoscopic biopsy samples indicated lymphoplasmacytic cystitis and the second polypoid cystitis. The dog was represented 8 months later for recurrent clinical signs despite medical management. Although the ultrasound examination showed stable disease, repeat cystoscopic biopsy identified transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), confirmed on tissue removed by partial cystectomy. No BRAF mutation was ever detected in urine or tissue samples. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of presumptive malignant transformation of polypoid cystitis into an apical TCC in a dog. Dogs with polypoid cystitis should be followed closely and surgical management considered if rapid resolution is not achieved with medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Marie Butty
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shelley Hahn
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Anna Labato
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Internal Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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