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Coggins SJ, Kimble B, Malik R, Thompson MF, Norris JM, Govendir M. Assessing in vitro stability of remdesivir (GS-5734) and conversion to GS-441524 in feline plasma and whole blood. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-9. [PMID: 38288972 PMCID: PMC10829815 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2305731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a potentially fatal coronavirus-driven disease of cats. Treatment with nucleoside analogue GS-441524 and or prodrug remdesivir (RDV) have produced remission in both experimentally induced and naturally occurring FIP, yet information regarding metabolism of RDV into GS-441524 in cats is scarce. This study assessed possible phase I metabolism of RDV in cats, utilising an in vitro feline microsome model with in vitro t1/2 and in vitro Clint calculated using the substrate depletion method. A previously validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fluorescence method was utilised for detection and analysis of RDV and GS-441524. Qualitative yield of RDV and intermediate metabolite GS-441524 were determined following microsome incubation, then compared to whole blood and plasma incubations. In vitro microsome incubation resulted in rapid depletion of RDV, though it did not appear to resemble a conventional phase I-dependent reaction in cats, as it is in humans and dogs. Depletion of RDV into GS-441524 was demonstrated in whole blood in vitro, suggesting cats convert RDV to GS-441524, likely via blood esterases, as observed in mice and rats. RDV metabolism is unlikely to be impacted by impaired liver function in cats. Furthermore, as RDV depletes within minutes, whereas GS-441524 is very stable, whole blood or plasma GS-441524 concentrations, rather than plasma RDV concentrations, are more appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in cats receiving RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally J. Coggins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Benjamin Kimble
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Mary F. Thompson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Chou AA, Lin CH, Chang YC, Chang HW, Lin YC, Pi CC, Kan YM, Chuang HF, Chen HW. Antiviral activity of Vigna radiata extract against feline coronavirus in vitro. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-13. [PMID: 38712855 PMCID: PMC11078076 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2349665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal illness caused by a mutated feline coronavirus (FCoV). This disease is characterized by its complexity, resulting from systemic infection, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and challenges in accessing effective therapeutics. Extract derived from Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (VRE) exhibits various pharmacological effects, including antiviral activity. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral potential of VRE against FCoV, addressing the urgent need to advance the treatment of FIP. We explored the anti-FCoV activity, antiviral mechanism, and combinational application of VRE by means of in vitro antiviral assays. Our findings reveal that VRE effectively inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by FCoV, reduced viral proliferation, and downregulated spike protein expression. Moreover, VRE blocked FCoV in the early and late infection stages and was effective under in vitro ADE infection. Notably, when combined with VRE, the polymerase inhibitor GS-441524 or protease inhibitor GC376 suppressed FCoV more effectively than monotherapy. In conclusion, this study characterizes the antiviral property of VRE against FCoV in vitro, and VRE possesses therapeutic potential for FCoV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ai Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hui Lin
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TACS-alliance Research Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lin
- King’s Ground Biotech Co., Ltd., Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Pi
- King’s Ground Biotech Co., Ltd., Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Kan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Fen Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Animal Resource Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sase O, Iwami T, Sasaki T, Sano T. GS-441524 and molnupiravir are similarly effective for the treatment of cats with feline infectious peritonitis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1422408. [PMID: 39091389 PMCID: PMC11291256 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1422408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although not registered for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in Japan, nucleoside analogs have shown efficacy and we have been offering them to owners of cats with FIP at our clinic since January 2020. The aim of this study was to investigate outcomes in cats with FIP who received GS-441524 or molnupiravir. Diagnosis of FIP was based on clinical signs, laboratory test results, and the presence of feline coronavirus RNA in blood or effusion aspirate. After providing verbal and written information, owners of cats with a presumptive diagnosis of FIP with a were offered antiviral treatment with commercially sourced GS-441524 from June 2020, and either GS-441524 or compounded molnupiravir from January 2022. Dosing was 12.5-25 mg/kg/day for GS-441524 and 20-40 mg/kg/day for molnupiravir, depending on the presence of effusion and neurological and/or ocular signs, and continued for 84 days. Overall, 118 cats with FIP (effusive in 76) received treatment, 59 with GS-4421524 and 59 with molnupiravir. Twenty cats died, 12/59 (20.3%) in the GS-441524 group and 8/59 (13.6%) in the molnupiravir group (p = 0.326), with most deaths within the first 10 days of starting treatment. Among survivors, neurological and ocular signs resolved in all but one cat, who had persistent seizures. Of the cats completing treatment, 48/48 in the GS-441524 group and 51/52 in the molnupiravir group achieved remission. Laboratory parameters normalized within 6 to 7 weeks of starting drug administration. Adverse events, such as primarily hepatic function abnormalities, were transient and resolved without specific intervention. Our data indicate that GS-441524 and molnupiravir show similar effects and safety in cats with FIP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tadashi Sano
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Hokkaido, Japan
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Zuzzi-Krebitz AM, Buchta K, Bergmann M, Krentz D, Zwicklbauer K, Dorsch R, Wess G, Fischer A, Matiasek K, Hönl A, Fiedler S, Kolberg L, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Spiri AM, Helfer-Hungerbuehler AK, Felten S, Zablotski Y, Alberer M, von Both U, Hartmann K. Short Treatment of 42 Days with Oral GS-441524 Results in Equal Efficacy as the Recommended 84-Day Treatment in Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis with Effusion-A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Viruses 2024; 16:1144. [PMID: 39066306 PMCID: PMC11281457 DOI: 10.3390/v16071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV) was considered fatal. Today, highly efficient drugs, such as GS-441524, can lead to complete remission. The currently recommended treatment duration in the veterinary literature is 84 days. This prospective randomized controlled treatment study aimed to evaluate whether a shorter treatment duration of 42 days with oral GS-441524 obtained from a licensed pharmacy is equally effective compared to the 84-day regimen. Forty cats with FIP with effusion were prospectively included and randomized to receive 15 mg/kg of GS-441524 orally every 24h (q24h), for either 42 or 84 days. Cats were followed for 168 days after treatment initiation. With the exception of two cats that died during the treatment, 38 cats (19 in short, 19 in long treatment group) recovered with rapid improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters as well as a remarkable reduction in viral loads in blood and effusion. Orally administered GS-441524 given as a short treatment was highly effective in curing FIP without causing serious adverse effects. All cats that completed the short treatment course successfully were still in complete remission on day 168. Therefore, a shorter treatment duration of 42 days GS-441524 15 mg/kg can be considered equally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-M. Zuzzi-Krebitz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Buchta
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Daniela Krentz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Katharina Zwicklbauer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Gerhard Wess
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Andrea Fischer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Anne Hönl
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Sonja Fiedler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Laura Kolberg
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (L.K.); (M.A.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.S.); (A.K.H.-H.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.S.); (A.K.H.-H.)
| | - Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.S.); (A.K.H.-H.)
| | - A. Katrin Helfer-Hungerbuehler
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (M.L.M.); (A.M.S.); (A.K.H.-H.)
| | - Sandra Felten
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Martin Alberer
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (L.K.); (M.A.); (U.v.B.)
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany; (L.K.); (M.A.); (U.v.B.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.B.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (K.Z.); (R.D.); (G.W.); (A.F.); (A.H.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
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Chang WT, Chen PY, Lo PY, Chen HW, Lin CH. Detection of Feline Coronavirus in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Cats with Atypical Lower Airway and Lung Disease: Suspicion of Virus-Associated Pneumonia or Pneumonitis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1219. [PMID: 38672364 PMCID: PMC11047629 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The premortem understanding of the role of feline coronavirus (FeCoV) in the lungs of cats is limited as viruses are seldom inspected in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens of small animal patients. This study retrospectively analyzed the prevalence of FeCoV in BAL samples from cats with atypical lower airway and lung disease, as well as the clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings, and follow-up information. Of 1162 clinical samples submitted for FeCoV RT-nPCR, 25 were BAL fluid. After excluding 1 case with chronic aspiration, FeCoV was found in 3/24 (13%) BAL specimens, with 2 having immunofluorescence staining confirming the presence of FeCoV within the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages. The cats with FeCoV in BAL fluid more often had pulmonary nodular lesions (66% vs. 19%, p = 0.14) and multinucleated cells on cytology (100% vs. 48%, p = 0.22) compared to the cats without, but these differences did not reach statistical significance due to the small sample size. Three cats showed an initial positive response to the corticosteroid treatment based on the clinical signs and radiological findings, but the long-term prognosis varied. The clinical suspicion of FeCoV-associated pneumonia or pneumonitis was raised since no other pathogens were found after extensive investigations. Further studies are warranted to investigate the interaction between FeCoV and lung responses in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Chang
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
- Lab of Small Animal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, TACS-Alliance Research Center, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yen Chen
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
- Lab of Small Animal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, TACS-Alliance Research Center, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lo
- Lab of Small Animal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, TACS-Alliance Research Center, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Animal Resource Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hui Lin
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
- Lab of Small Animal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Medicine, TACS-Alliance Research Center, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Allinder M, Tynan B, Martin C, Furbish A, Austin G, Bartges J, Lourenço BN. Uroliths composed of antiviral compound GS-441524 in 2 cats undergoing treatment for feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:370-374. [PMID: 38032049 PMCID: PMC10800210 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) historically has been a fatal disease in cats. Recent unlicensed use of antiviral medication has been shown to markedly improve survival of this infection. An 8-month-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat undergoing treatment for presumptive FIP with the antiviral nucleoside analog GS-441524 developed acute progressive azotemia. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified multifocal urolithiasis including renal, ureteral, and cystic calculi. Unilateral ureteral obstruction progressed to suspected bilateral ureteral obstruction and subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) was performed along with urolith removal and submission for analysis. A 2-year-old male neutered domestic medium-haired cat undergoing treatment for confirmed FIP with GS-441524 developed dysuria (weak urine stream, urinary incontinence, and difficulty expressing the urinary bladder). This cat also was diagnosed sonographically with multifocal urolithiasis requiring temporary tube cystostomy after cystotomy and urolith removal. In both cases, initial urolith analysis showed unidentified material. Additional testing confirmed the calculi in both cats to be 98% consistent with GS-441524. Additional clinical studies are required to determine best screening practices for cats presented for urolithiasis during treatment with GS-441524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Allinder
- Clinical Veterinary PharmacyCharleston Veterinary Referral CenterCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Beth Tynan
- Critical CareCharleston Veterinary Referral CenterCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cara Martin
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Amelia Furbish
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of PharmacyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Joe Bartges
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Bianca N. Lourenço
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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Müller TR, Penninck DG, Webster CRL, Conrado FO. Abdominal ultrasonographic findings of cats with feline infectious peritonitis: an update. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231216000. [PMID: 38095890 PMCID: PMC10811767 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231216000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the abdominal ultrasonographic findings in cats with confirmed or presumed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). METHODS This was a retrospective study performed in an academic veterinary hospital. The diagnosis of FIP was reached on review of history, signalment, clinical presentation, complete blood count, biochemistry panel, peritoneal fluid analysis, cytology and/or histopathology results from abnormal organs, and/or molecular testing (immunohistochemical or FIP coronavirus [FCoV] RT-PCR). Cats with confirmed FIP by molecular testing or with a highly suspicious diagnosis of FIP were included. Abdominal ultrasound examination findings were reviewed. RESULTS In total, 25 cats were included. Common clinical signs/pathology findings included hyperglobulinemia (96%), anorexia/hyporexia (80%) and lethargy (56%). Abdominal ultrasound findings included effusion in 88% and lymphadenopathy in 80%. Hepatic changes were noted in 80%, the most common being hepatomegaly (58%) and a hypoechoic liver (48%). Intestinal changes were noted in 68% of cats, characterized by asymmetric wall thickening and/or loss of wall layering, with 52% being ileocecocolic junction and/or colonic in location. Splenic changes were present in 36% of cats, including splenomegaly, mottled parenchyma and hypoechoic nodules. Renal changes were present in 32%, encompassing a hypoechoic subcapsular rim and/or cortical nodules. Mesenteric and peritoneal abnormalities were seen in 28% and 16% of cats, respectively. Most cats (92%) had two or more locations of abdominal abnormalities on ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The present study documents a wider range and distribution of ultrasonographic lesions in cats with FIP than previously reported. The presence of effusion and lymph node, hepatic and/or gastrointestinal tract changes were the most common findings, and most of the cats had a combination of two or more abdominal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R Müller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Dominique G Penninck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia RL Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Francisco O Conrado
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Tasker S, Addie DD, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Truyen U, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Möstl K, Hartmann K. Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases Guidelines. Viruses 2023; 15:1847. [PMID: 37766254 PMCID: PMC10535984 DOI: 10.3390/v15091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Independent Researcher, 64000 Pyrénées Aquitaine, France;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
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Barua S, Kaltenboeck B, Juan YC, Bird RC, Wang C. Comparative Evaluation of GS-441524, Teriflunomide, Ruxolitinib, Molnupiravir, Ritonavir, and Nirmatrelvir for In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:513. [PMID: 37624300 PMCID: PMC10459838 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), caused by feline coronavirus (FcoV), is considered one of the most enigmatic diseases in cats. Developing effective drugs for FIP is crucial due to its global prevalence and severity. In this study, six antiviral drugs were tested for their cytotoxicity, cell viability, and antiviral efficacies in Crandell-Reese feline kidney cells. A cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that these drugs were safe to be used with essentially no cytotoxicity with concentrations as high as 250 µM for ruxolitinib; 125 µM for GS441524; 63 µM for teriflunomide, molnupiravir, and nirmatrelvir; and 16 µM for ritonavir. GS441524 and nirmatrelvir exhibited the least detrimental effects on the CRFK cells, with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values of 260.0 µM and 279.1 µM, respectively, while ritonavir showed high toxicity (CC50 = 39.9 µM). In the dose-response analysis, GS441524, nirmatrelvir, and molnupiravir demonstrated promising results with selectivity index values of 165.54, 113.67, and 29.27, respectively, against FIPV. Our study suggests that nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir hold potential for FIPV treatment and could serve as alternatives to GS441524. Continued research and development of antiviral drugs are essential to ensure the well-being of companion animals and improve our preparedness for future outbreaks of coronaviruses affecting animals and humans alike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830, USA; (S.B.); (B.K.); (Y.-C.J.); (R.C.B.)
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Cosaro E, Pires J, Castillo D, Murphy BG, Reagan KL. Efficacy of Oral Remdesivir Compared to GS-441524 for Treatment of Cats with Naturally Occurring Effusive Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Blinded, Non-Inferiority Study. Viruses 2023; 15:1680. [PMID: 37632022 PMCID: PMC10458979 DOI: 10.3390/v15081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs GS-441524 and remdesivir (GS-5734) are effective in treating cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). However, no studies have compared the efficacy between antiviral medications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of orally administered GS-442514 (12.5-15 mg/kg) compared to orally administered remdesivir (25-30 mg/kg) in a double-blinded non-inferiority trial. Eighteen cats with effusive FIP were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either GS-442514 or remdesivir. Cats were treated daily for 12 weeks and evaluated at week 0, 12, and 16. Survival and disease remission at week 16 were compared between groups. Five of 9 (55%) cats treated GS-441524 and 7/9 (77%) cats treated with remdesivir survived, with no difference in survival rate (p = 0.2). Remdesivir fulfilled the criteria for non-inferiority with a difference in survival of 22% (90% CI; -13.5-57.5%). Three of the 18 cats died within 48 h of enrollment. Excluding these cats, 5/6 (83%) of the cats treated with GS-441524 and 7/9 (77%) of the cats treated with remdesivir survived. These findings suggest that both orally administered GS-441524 and remdesivir are safe and effective anti-viral medications for the treatment of effusive FIP. Further optimization of the first 48 h of treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cosaro
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jully Pires
- Veterinary Center for Clinical Trials, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.C.); (B.G.M.)
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.C.); (B.G.M.)
| | - Krystle L. Reagan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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