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Mfoafo K, Mittal R, Eshraghi A, Omidi Y, Omidian H. Improved inner ear drug delivery using hydrogel carriers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Beuve MS, Espana B, Pin D, Prouillac C. Ex-vivo study of the percutaneous absorption of a tramadol formulation through feline inner pinna skin. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:57-63. [PMID: 35868201 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oral medication of small animals, particularly cats, is often challenging. The transdermal route may provide an easier option for owners to administer chronic treatment. Tramadol is an analgesic mainly used in humans; it is also commonly used in dogs, despite some controversy over its clinical efficacy. Recent studies have suggested that tramadol is efficacious for pain management in cats. In cats, the inner pinna is the most commonly used site for transdermal drug therapy; the use of this site has been validated in experimental studies of methimazole and mirtazapine treatment. This ex vivo study aimed to characterise the percutaneous absorption pharmacokinetics of a formulation of tramadol in Pentravan through feline inner pinna skin. METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography was used to assess the stability of the tramadol formulation (100 mg/ml in Pentravan) over three months at room temperature. Forced degradation was also assessed in neutral, acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions. A Franz cell system was employed to evaluate percutaneous absorption of a finite dose of tramadol. RESULTS The tramadol formulation was stable for three months at room temperature. Tramadol penetrated through ex vivo feline inner pinna skin, but considerable intra- and inter-individual variability in kinetics was observed. Comparison with another vehicle, Lipoderm, revealed no significant difference in the percutaneous absorption of tramadol. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The Pentravan formulation assessed in this study supported tramadol absorption across the feline inner ear skin. In vivo studies are necessary to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of this formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Pin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Aldrich LA, Roush JK, KuKanich B. Plasma concentrations of tramadol after transdermal application of a single metered dose of a compounded tramadol gel to cats. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:840-845. [PMID: 34554876 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.10.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine plasma tramadol concentrations in cats following a single dose of oral and transdermal formulations and the pharmacokinetics for and the concentration of tramadol in the transdermal formulation. ANIMALS 8 healthy client-owned domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES 1 cat was orally administered 1 dose of tramadol (2 mg/kg), and 7 cats received 1 dose of a proprietary compounded tramadol gel product (median actual dose, 2.8 mg/kg) applied to their inner pinnae. Plasma tramadol concentrations were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at fixed times over 24 hours. RESULTS Plasma tramadol concentrations were undetectable or much lower (range, < 1 to 4.3 ng/mL) following application of the transdermal formulation, compared with those following oral administration (maximum plasma tramadol concentration, 261.3 ng/mL [at 4 hours]). Tramadol pharmacokinetics for the transdermal formulation could not be determined. Tramadol concentrations of the transdermal gel product exceeded the estimated label dose in all analyzed gel samples, with concentrations greater than the 90% to 110% United States Pharmacopeia standard for compounded drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Application of 1 dose of the proprietary transdermal formulation did not yield clinically relevant plasma tramadol concentrations in cats. Although this proprietary formulation is currently available to prescribing veterinarians, it should be used with caution.
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Adrian D, Papich MG, Baynes R, Stafford E, Lascelles BDX. The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1996-2002. [PMID: 30307652 PMCID: PMC6271300 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gabapentin is the most commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in cats. Despite this common and chronic usage, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic data is lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of clinically relevant dosing regimens of gabapentin in cats. ANIMALS Eight research-purpose mixed-breed cats. METHODS Cats were enrolled in a serial order, non-randomized pharmacokinetic study. Gabapentin was administered as an IV bolus (5 mg/kg), orally (10 mg/kg) as a single dose or twice daily for 2 weeks, or as a transdermal gel (10 mg/kg) in serial order. Serial blood samples were collected up to 48 hours. Plasma concentrations were determined using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Compartmental analysis was used to generate gabapentin time-concentration models. RESULTS After IV administration CL (median (range)) and terminal half-life were 160.67 mL/kg*hr (119.63-199.11) and 3.78 hours (3.12-4.47), respectively. The oral terminal half-life was 3.63 hours (2.96-4.77), and 3.72 hours (3.12-4.51) for single and repeated dosing. TMAX and CMAX , as predicted by the model were 1.05 hours (0.74-2.11), and 12.42 μg/mL (8.31-18.35) after single oral dosing, and 0.77 hours (0.58-1.64), and 14.78 μg/mL (9.70-18.41) after repeated oral dosing. Bioavailability after a single oral dose was 94.77% (82.46-122.83). IMPORTANCE Repeated oral dosing of gabapentin did not alter the drug's pharmacokinetics, making dose adjustments unnecessary with long-term treatment. As prepared, the transdermal route is an inappropriate choice for drug administration. These relevant data are important for future studies evaluating potential efficacy of the medication for treating chronic pain states in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Adrian
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mark G Papich
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ronald Baynes
- Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Emma Stafford
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Veterinary Clinical Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.,Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Center for Translational Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Blubaugh A, Rissi D, Elder D, Denley T, Eguiluz-Hernandez S, Banovic F. The anti-inflammatory effect of topical tofacitinib on immediate and late-phase cutaneous allergic reactions in dogs: a placebo-controlled pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:250-e93. [PMID: 29512229 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition is a promising therapeutic target for several inflammatory skin diseases of humans. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of tofacitinib, a JAK 1/3 inhibitor, on immediate and late-phase skin reactions in dogs. ANIMALS Five healthy laboratory beagle dogs. METHODS Topical tofacitinib (total daily dosage: 0.5 mg/cm2 ) or its gel vehicle were applied on either the left or right lateral thorax of each dog for eight days. Three days before application and after eight days of topical treatment, intradermal injections of histamine and anticanine-IgE antibodies were performed on both sides; they were evaluated by an investigator blinded to the interventions. RESULTS The tofacitinib gel was well-tolerated; one dog developed mild erythema at Day 5 that resolved by the next application. Treatment with tofacitinib reduced histamine and anticanine-IgE global wheal scores (one-way ANOVA, P ≤ 0.005 for both) compared to baseline; there was no significant difference for the vehicle placebo (histamine; P = 0.163; IgE, P = 0.223). Late-phase reactions (LPRs) were markedly, but not significantly reduced after tofacitinib treatment (P = 0.071). A blinded histological evaluation of 6 h-anti-IgE-associated LPRs revealed a significant reduction in the total leucocyte superficial dermal cellularity (P = 0.022), as well as eosinophil (P = 0.022) and mast cell (P = 0.022) counts at tofacitinib-treated sides compared with pretreatment values. Post-treatment complete blood counts and serum chemistry profiles did not show relevant tofacitinib-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that topical tofacitinib exerts an inhibitory effect on activated canine skin-emigrating immune cells; this drug should be investigated further as a topical immunosuppressive drug in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Blubaugh
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel Rissi
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Deborah Elder
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 250 W. Green Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tara Denley
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sitka Eguiluz-Hernandez
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, and the NCSU Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Hill KE, Chambers JP, Jones BR, Bolwell CF, Aberdein D, Mills PC. Regional variations in percutaneous absorption of methimazole: an in vitro study on cat skin. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:616-8. [PMID: 25728360 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of transdermal gel medications in cats has become popular in veterinary medicine due to the ease of administration compared to oral medication. The research to support systemic absorption of drugs after transdermal gel administration and the preferred skin region to apply these drugs in cats is limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of different skin regions on the percutaneous absorption pharmacokinetics of a commercially available transdermal methimazole after a finite dose was applied to feline skin in vitro. A commercial formulation of methimazole (10 mg) was applied to four skin regions (the inner stratum corneum of the ear, groin, neck, and thorax regions) from six cats. The receptor medium was sampled up to 36 h postapplication, and methimazole concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Methimazole was absorbed more completely across the pinnal skin, compared to the groin, neck, and thorax (P < 0.001), which justifies application to the pinna to maximize efficacy and also to minimize the effects of grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hill
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J P Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B R Jones
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C F Bolwell
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D Aberdein
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
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