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Ekstrand C, Pettersson H, Gehring R, Hedeland M, Adolfsson S, Lilliehöök I. Prednisolone in Dogs-Plasma Exposure and White Blood Cell Response. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666219. [PMID: 34179161 PMCID: PMC8219870 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids such as prednisolone are commonly used in dogs but there is sparse quantitative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information of this drug in this species. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the concentration-effect relationship for prednisolone in dogs on neutrophil and lymphocyte trafficking and cortisol suppression. Nine beagles, 2–12 years old and part of a group for teaching/research were used in a 4-way crossover experiment including two treatments, active or placebo, administered either per os (PO) or intravenously (IV). Plasma was analyzed for prednisolone and cortisol using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Leucocyte counts were performed in whole blood. Data was then analyzed by non-linear mixed effect modeling to estimate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. After administration of prednisolone sodium succinate IV, the typical value (between subject variation) for total body prednisolone clearance was 1,370 ml/h·kg (13.4%). The volumes of the central and peripheral compartment were 2,300 ml/kg (10.7%) and 600 ml/kg (16.0%), respectively. The terminal plasma half-life was 1.7 h. The prednisolone plasma concentration producing 50% of the maximum response was 10 ng/mL (90.3%), 22.5 ng/ml (52.3%) and 0.04 ng/mL (197.3%) for neutrophil, lymphocyte and cortisol response, respectively. The administered dose (1 mg/kg) increased neutrophil and decreased lymphocyte numbers but not over the entire dosage interval of 24 h, due to the short half-life. However, glucocorticoids have a wide range of responses. An anti-inflammatory response due to altered gene transcription might have a longer duration. Future studies on the anti-inflammatory potency together with data presented are needed to optimize future dosage recommendations in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Ekstrand
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Pettersson
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Veterinary and Comparative Pharmacology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Adolfsson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Lilliehöök
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Clinical Pathology Laboratory, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Knych HK, Weiner D, Arthur RM, Baden R, McKemie DS, Kass PH. Serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling, and effects of dexamethasone on inflammatory mediators following intravenous and oral administration to exercised horses. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1087-1101. [PMID: 32436346 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs and as such are commonly administered to performance and racehorses. The objectives of the current study were to describe blood and urine concentrations and the pharmacokinetics and effects on cortisol and inflammatory mediator concentrations, following intravenous and oral administration to 12 exercised horses. Horses received an intravenous administration of 40 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and 20 mg of dexamethasone tablets with a 4 week washout in between administrations. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for up to 96 hours post drug administration. Whole blood samples were collected at various time points and challenged with lipopolysaccharide or calcium ionophore to induce ex vivo synthesis of eicosanoids. The concentrations of dexamethasone and eicosanoids were measured using LC-MS/MS and the concentrations from both routes of administration fit simultaneously using a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model. A turnover model with inhibition of Kin gave an adequate fit to the dexamethasone-cortisol PKPD data. Serum and urine dexamethasone concentrations were at the limit of quantitation at 96 and 48 hours post administration, respectively. The volume of distribution, systemic clearance, and terminal half-life was 0.907 L/kg, 7.89 mL/h/kg, and 1.34 h, respectively. The IC50 for cortisol suppression was 0.007 ng/mL. Stimulation of dexamethasone treated blood with lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore resulted in an inhibition of inflammatory biomarker production for a prolonged period of time post drug administration. The results of this study suggest that dexamethasone has a prolonged anti-inflammatory effect following intravenous or oral administration to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Rick M Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Russell Baden
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Ekstrand C, Bondesson U, Giving E, Hedeland M, Ingvast-Larsson C, Jacobsen S, Löfgren M, Moen L, Rhodin M, Saetra T, Ranheim B. Disposition and effect of intra-articularly administered dexamethasone on lipopolysaccharide induced equine synovitis. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:28. [PMID: 31221173 PMCID: PMC6585085 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dexamethasone is used for the intra-articular route of administration in management of aseptic arthritis in horses. Despite its widespread use there is very little quantitative data of the disposition and response to dexamethasone. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the synovial fluid and plasma dexamethasone concentration over time and to explore the relation between synovial fluid concentration and response using clinical endpoints as response biomarkers after IA injection of dexamethasone disodium salt solution in an equine model of synovitis. Results Inflammation was induced in the radiocarpal joint of six horses by injection of 2 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two hours later either saline or dexamethasone was injected in the same joint in a two treatment cross over design. Each horse was treated once with one of the six doses dexamethasone used (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 or 3 mg) and once with saline. Dexamethasone was quantified by means of UHPLC–MS/MS. Dexamethasone disposition was characterised by means of a non-linear mixed effects model. Lameness was evaluated both objectively with an inertial sensor based system and subjectively scored using a numerical scale (0–5). Joint circumference, skin temperature over the joint and rectal temperature were also recorded. The LPS-challenge induced lameness in all horses with high inter-individual variability. Dexamethasone significantly decreased lameness compared with saline. Other variables were not statistically significant different between treatments. Objective lameness scoring was the most sensitive method used in this study to evaluate the lameness response. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was successfully fitted to experimental dexamethasone and lameness data. The model allowed characterization of the dexamethasone synovial fluid concentration–time course, the systemic exposure to dexamethasone after intra-articular administration and the concentration–response relation in an experimental model of synovitis. Conclusions The quantitative data improve the understanding of the pharmacology of dexamethasone and might serve as input for future experiments and possibly contribute to maintain integrity of equine sports.
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Held F, Ekstrand C, Cvijovic M, Gabrielsson J, Jirstrand M. Modelling of oscillatory cortisol response in horses using a Bayesian population approach for evaluation of dexamethasone suppression test protocols. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 46:75-87. [PMID: 30673914 PMCID: PMC6394511 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-018-09617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone relevant to immune function in horses and other species and shows a circadian rhythm. The glucocorticoid dexamethasone suppresses cortisol in horses. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a disease in which the cortisol suppression mechanism through dexamethasone is challenged. Overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) protocols are used to test the functioning of this mechanism and to establish a diagnosis for PPID. However, existing DST protocols have been recognized to perform poorly in previous experimental studies, often indicating presence of PPID in healthy horses. This study uses a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling approach to analyse the oscillatory cortisol response and its interaction with dexamethasone. Two existing DST protocols were then scrutinized using model simulations with particular focus on their ability to avoid false positive outcomes. Using a Bayesian population approach allowed for quantification of uncertainty and enabled predictions for a broader population of horses than the underlying sample. Dose selection and sampling time point were both determined to have large influence on the number of false positives. Advice on pitfalls in test protocols and directions for possible improvement of DST protocols were given. The presented methodology is also easily extended to other clinical test protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Held
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Carl Ekstrand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marija Cvijovic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Jirstrand
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ekstrand C, Falkenö U, Kallings P, Tvedten H, Lilliehöök I. Plasma Dexamethasone Concentration in Relation to Glucose Response in the Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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